INTRODUÇÃO: Tumores indutores de osteomalácia (TIOs) são raros, geralmente apresentam origem mesenquimal, têm produção excessiva de fosfatoninas sendo a mais comum o FGF23 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 23) que, em níveis elevados, provoca osteomalácia hipofosfatêmica. A cura dos TIOs envolve a remoção completa do tumor, o que torna essencial sua localização. OBJETIVOS: (1) caracterizar nove pacientes com TIO ao diagnóstico e avaliá-los evolutivamente em longo prazo; (2) avaliar a eficácia da cintilografia com Octreotida (Octreoscan®) e a da cintilografia de corpo inteiro com Mibi (MIBI) na detecção dos TIOs. MÉTODOS: O acompanhamento dos pacientes consistiu na avaliação clínica, na avaliação laboratorial com ênfase no metabolismo ósseo e na realização de exames de imagem para caracterização das deformidades esqueléticas. Para a localização dos TIOs, os pacientes foram submetidos a exames de Octreoscan®, MIBI, ressonância magnética (RM) e tomografia computadorizada (TC). RESULTADOS: O período de observação dos pacientes variou de dois a 25 anos. Ao diagnóstico, todos exibiam fraqueza muscular, dores ósseas e fraturas de fragilidade. Em relação à avaliação laboratorial, apresentavam: hipofosfatemia com taxa de reabsorção tubular de fosfato reduzida, fosfatase alcalina aumentada e níveis elevados de FGF23. O Octreoscan® permitiu a identificação dos TIOs nos nove pacientes e o MIBI possibilitou a localização dos TIOs em seis pacientes, sendo que ambos os exames foram concordantes entre si e com os exames topográficos (RM ou TC). Os achados histopatológicos das lesões dos nove pacientes confirmaram tratar-se de oito tumores mesenquimais fosfatúricos (PMTs) benignos e um PMT maligno. Após a primeira intervenção cirúrgica para a remoção dos TIOs, quatro pacientes encontram-se em remissão da doença e cinco evoluíram com persistência tumoral. Dos cinco, quatro foram reoperados e um aguarda nova cirurgia. Dos que foram reoperados, um paciente se mantém em remissão da doença, um foi a óbito por complicações clínicas, uma teve doença metastática e o último apresentou recidiva tumoral três anos após a segunda cirurgia. Deformidades ósseas graves foram observadas nos pacientes cujo diagnóstico e/ou tratamento clínico foram tardios. O tratamento da osteomalácia foi iniciado com fosfato e perdurou até a ressecção tumoral, tendo sido reintroduzido nos casos de persistência/recidiva tumoral. Quatro pacientes que fizerem uso regular desse medicamento por mais de seis anos evoluíram com hiperparatireoidismo terciário (HPT). CONCLUSÕES: O estudo revelou que tanto o Octreoscan® como o MIBI foram capazes de localizar os TIOs. Por isso, incentivamos a realização do MIBI nos locais onde o Octreoscan® não for disponível. Uma equipe experiente é indispensável para o sucesso cirúrgico visto que os tumores, embora benignos, costumam ser infiltrativos. Recomendamos o seguimento por tempo indeterminado em função do risco de recidiva tumoral. Assim como o FGF23, consideramos o fósforo um excelente marcador de remissão, persistência e recidiva dos TIOs. O diagnóstico e o tratamento precoce são fundamentais para a melhora dos sintomas podendo minimizar as deformidades esqueléticas e as sequelas ósseas. O uso prolongado do fosfato no tratamento da osteomalácia hipofosfatêmica foi associado ao desenvolvimento do HPT / BACKGROUND: Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is rare. The tumor usually has mesenchymal origin and produces excessive phosphatonins, most commonly FGF23 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 23), which at high levels causes hyphophostatemic osteomalacia. The cure for TIO is achieved through complete removal of the tumor. It is therefore essential identify its location. OBJECTIVES: (1) to characterize nine patients with TIO at diagnosis and to evaluate their follow-up over a long-term period; (2) to evaluate the efficacy of whole-body scintigraphy 111In-octreotide (Octreoscan®) and 99mTc-sestamibi (MIBI) in TIO detection. METHODS: Evaluations consisted of clinical and laboratory testing of bone metabolism and imaging to characterize skeletal deformities. To locate TIO, patients underwent Octreoscan®, MIBI, magnetic resonance (MRI), and computed tomography (TC). RESULTS: Patients were followed-up from two to 25 years. At diagnosis, all patients presented with muscle weakness, bone pain and fragility fractures. Laboratorial evaluation revealed hypophosphatemia with reduced tubular reabsorption of phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase, and high levels of FGF23. TIO was identified in nine patients through Octreoscan® and in six patients through MIBI. Results of both types of scintigraphies matched one another as well with topographic examination (MR or CT). Histopathological findings of the lesions in the nine patients confirmed the existence of eight benign phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors (PMTs) and one malign PMT. After the first surgery for tumor resection, four patients were in remission, whereas five revealed tumoral persistence. Four of the latter five were re-operated, and one is still waiting for another surgery. Of those four patients, one became in remission, one died of clinical complications, one disclosed metastatic disease, and the last one had tumoral recurrence three years after the second surgery. Severe bone deformations were observed in patients whose diagnosis and/or clinical treatment were delayed. Osteomalacia treatment was initiated with oral phosphate, which continued until tumor resection. In case of tumor persistence or recurrence, oral phosphate was reintroduced. Four patients treated with this medication regularly for six years or more developed tertiary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that Octreoscan® and MIBI were able to locating TIO. Therefore, we suggest that MIBI should be encouraged in places where Octreoscan® is not available. An expert team of surgeons is essential to the success of TIO\'s treatment, because of their infiltrative, albeit benign nature. Long-term follow-up is important due to the risk of tumor recurrence. Along with FGF23, phosphorous was considered an excellent hallmarker of TIO remission, persistence and recurrence. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve symptoms and minimize skeletal deformities and skeletal disabilities. Long-term treatment of osteomalacia with oral phosphate was associated with the development of HPT

Introdução: Doador de rim em vida é uma importante fonte de órgão para os pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica (DRC). Os doadores experimentam uma redução abrupta da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) e adaptações ao metabolismo mineral demandam estudos nesta população. Nós avaliamos prospectivamente esta adaptação em doadores de rim em vida. Métodos: Entre janeiro de 2010 a agosto de 2011, no hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo e na Universidade de Miami, realizamos a avaliação prospectiva do metabolismo mineral e da função renal por 1 ano em 74 doadores de rim em vida. Medimos a taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG), fósforo (Pi), cálcio (Ca), paratohormônio (PTH), fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) e a fração de excreção do fósforo (FePO4) no pré-operatório e nos dias 1, 2, 14, 180 e 360 do pós-operatório. Resultados: Observamos uma redução, aproximadamente, de 40% da TFG nos dois primeiros dias após a cirurgia. No décimo quarto dia após a nefrectomia, observamos o início da recuperação da TFG, chegando ao máximo da recuperação com 1 ano, quando se atingiu 68,6% da função renal se comparado com o dia anterior a doação (75,3 ml/min/1,73m2, p < 0,001). O cálcio sérico apresentou seu nadir no dia 1 (7,99 mg/dL; p < 0,01) e o Pi sérico atingiu seu nadir no dia 2 (2,61 mg/dL; p < 0,01). Já no dia 14, os valores de Ca e Pi retornaram aos valores basais tendo o fósforo evoluído novamente com valores inferiores ao basal no último dia de seguimento (3,36mg/dL; p < 0,001). FGF23 e PTH apresentaram elevação no D1 (111,0144,6 percentil 25-75: 16-63 RU/ml 64,9 30,3pg/mL; p < 0,01). Os valores de FGF23 se mantiveram elevados até o final do estudo enquanto que o PTH retornou aos valores de base no segundo dia e, a partir de então, manteve sem diferença do valores basais até o último dia de estudo. FePO4 elevou de 11,45,2% para 15,28,1% entre o pré-operatório e D365 (p < 0,01). Conclusão: A nefrectomia para doação de rim em 74 pacientes saudáveis elevou os valores de FGF23 durante todo o estudo juntamente com a FePO4. O fósforo, cálcio e PTH séricos apresentaram queda nos seus valores na primeira semana após a nefrectomia, e, com duas semanas após a cirurgia, retornaram aos valores basais mantendo-se estáveis até o final do estudo / Introduction: Living kidney donors (LKDs) experience an abrupt decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Mineral metabolism adaptations in early CKD are still debated and not well studied in LKDs. We prospectively studied acute and long term mineral metabolism adaptation of LKDs. Materials and Methods: We measured renal function and mineral metabolites longitudinally for 1 year (days (D) 1, 2, 14, 180, & 365 post-operatively) in 74 healthy individuals who underwent kidney live donation. Results: eGFR (MDRD) decreased to 59% of its baseline on day 2 and started to increase at day 3, to its maximum at day 360 (75.3±15.6 ml/min/1.73m2, p < 0.01) wile FGF23 increased from 60.6 (25th-75th percentile 19-81 RU/mL) at baseline to 111.0±144.6 (p < 0.01) on day 1 and keep higher than baseline throwout the study. PTH rose maximally on day 1 (64.9 ± 30.3pg/ml) and returned to its base line on D2 and did not change after that. Total serum Calcium levels decreased from 9,40±0,48 mg/dL to a nadir of 7.99±0,51 mg/dL on day 1 (p < 0.001). Serum Phosphate levels reached their nadir on day 2 (2.61±0,52 mg/dL; p < 0.01). At D14 total calcium and phosphate levels had returned to baseline, but phosphate levels returned down on D360 (3.36±0,52 mg/dL; p < 0.001). Phosphate excretion fraction (FePO4) increased from base line (11.4±5.2%) up to 15.2±8.1% until D360 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Abrupt reduction in eGFR induces physiological increases in FGF23 and PTH, and decreases in serum Ca and Pi in the first week. The changes in FGF23 and Pi urinary fractional excretion of Pi remain modestly yet significantly different from baseline throughout the first year after nephrectomy. Wile Ca, PTH and Pi serum levels are not significantly different from the baseline

INTRODUÇÃO: Tumores indutores de osteomalácia (TIOs) são raros, geralmente apresentam origem mesenquimal, têm produção excessiva de fosfatoninas sendo a mais comum o FGF23 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 23) que, em níveis elevados, provoca osteomalácia hipofosfatêmica. A cura dos TIOs envolve a remoção completa do tumor, o que torna essencial sua localização. OBJETIVOS: (1) caracterizar nove pacientes com TIO ao diagnóstico e avaliá-los evolutivamente em longo prazo; (2) avaliar a eficácia da cintilografia com Octreotida (Octreoscan®) e a da cintilografia de corpo inteiro com Mibi (MIBI) na detecção dos TIOs. MÉTODOS: O acompanhamento dos pacientes consistiu na avaliação clínica, na avaliação laboratorial com ênfase no metabolismo ósseo e na realização de exames de imagem para caracterização das deformidades esqueléticas. Para a localização dos TIOs, os pacientes foram submetidos a exames de Octreoscan®, MIBI, ressonância magnética (RM) e tomografia computadorizada (TC). RESULTADOS: O período de observação dos pacientes variou de dois a 25 anos. Ao diagnóstico, todos exibiam fraqueza muscular, dores ósseas e fraturas de fragilidade. Em relação à avaliação laboratorial, apresentavam: hipofosfatemia com taxa de reabsorção tubular de fosfato reduzida, fosfatase alcalina aumentada e níveis elevados de FGF23. O Octreoscan® permitiu a identificação dos TIOs nos nove pacientes e o MIBI possibilitou a localização dos TIOs em seis pacientes, sendo que ambos os exames foram concordantes entre si e com os exames topográficos (RM ou TC). Os achados histopatológicos das lesões dos nove pacientes confirmaram tratar-se de oito tumores mesenquimais fosfatúricos (PMTs) benignos e um PMT maligno. Após a primeira intervenção cirúrgica para a remoção dos TIOs, quatro pacientes encontram-se em remissão da doença e cinco evoluíram com persistência tumoral. Dos cinco, quatro foram reoperados e um aguarda nova cirurgia. Dos que foram reoperados, um paciente se mantém em remissão da doença, um foi a óbito por complicações clínicas, uma teve doença metastática e o último apresentou recidiva tumoral três anos após a segunda cirurgia. Deformidades ósseas graves foram observadas nos pacientes cujo diagnóstico e/ou tratamento clínico foram tardios. O tratamento da osteomalácia foi iniciado com fosfato e perdurou até a ressecção tumoral, tendo sido reintroduzido nos casos de persistência/recidiva tumoral. Quatro pacientes que fizerem uso regular desse medicamento por mais de seis anos evoluíram com hiperparatireoidismo terciário (HPT). CONCLUSÕES: O estudo revelou que tanto o Octreoscan® como o MIBI foram capazes de localizar os TIOs. Por isso, incentivamos a realização do MIBI nos locais onde o Octreoscan® não for disponível. Uma equipe experiente é indispensável para o sucesso cirúrgico visto que os tumores, embora benignos, costumam ser infiltrativos. Recomendamos o seguimento por tempo indeterminado em função do risco de recidiva tumoral. Assim como o FGF23, consideramos o fósforo um excelente marcador de remissão, persistência e recidiva dos TIOs. O diagnóstico e o tratamento precoce são fundamentais para a melhora dos sintomas podendo minimizar as deformidades esqueléticas e as sequelas ósseas. O uso prolongado do fosfato no tratamento da osteomalácia hipofosfatêmica foi associado ao desenvolvimento do HPT / BACKGROUND: Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is rare. The tumor usually has mesenchymal origin and produces excessive phosphatonins, most commonly FGF23 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 23), which at high levels causes hyphophostatemic osteomalacia. The cure for TIO is achieved through complete removal of the tumor. It is therefore essential identify its location. OBJECTIVES: (1) to characterize nine patients with TIO at diagnosis and to evaluate their follow-up over a long-term period; (2) to evaluate the efficacy of whole-body scintigraphy 111In-octreotide (Octreoscan®) and 99mTc-sestamibi (MIBI) in TIO detection. METHODS: Evaluations consisted of clinical and laboratory testing of bone metabolism and imaging to characterize skeletal deformities. To locate TIO, patients underwent Octreoscan®, MIBI, magnetic resonance (MRI), and computed tomography (TC). RESULTS: Patients were followed-up from two to 25 years. At diagnosis, all patients presented with muscle weakness, bone pain and fragility fractures. Laboratorial evaluation revealed hypophosphatemia with reduced tubular reabsorption of phosphate, increased alkaline phosphatase, and high levels of FGF23. TIO was identified in nine patients through Octreoscan® and in six patients through MIBI. Results of both types of scintigraphies matched one another as well with topographic examination (MR or CT). Histopathological findings of the lesions in the nine patients confirmed the existence of eight benign phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors (PMTs) and one malign PMT. After the first surgery for tumor resection, four patients were in remission, whereas five revealed tumoral persistence. Four of the latter five were re-operated, and one is still waiting for another surgery. Of those four patients, one became in remission, one died of clinical complications, one disclosed metastatic disease, and the last one had tumoral recurrence three years after the second surgery. Severe bone deformations were observed in patients whose diagnosis and/or clinical treatment were delayed. Osteomalacia treatment was initiated with oral phosphate, which continued until tumor resection. In case of tumor persistence or recurrence, oral phosphate was reintroduced. Four patients treated with this medication regularly for six years or more developed tertiary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that Octreoscan® and MIBI were able to locating TIO. Therefore, we suggest that MIBI should be encouraged in places where Octreoscan® is not available. An expert team of surgeons is essential to the success of TIO\'s treatment, because of their infiltrative, albeit benign nature. Long-term follow-up is important due to the risk of tumor recurrence. Along with FGF23, phosphorous was considered an excellent hallmarker of TIO remission, persistence and recurrence. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve symptoms and minimize skeletal deformities and skeletal disabilities. Long-term treatment of osteomalacia with oral phosphate was associated with the development of HPT

INTRODUÇÃO: Os níveis séricos de fósforo (P) têm sido associados a doenças cardiovasculares e mortalidade em pacientes com doença renal crônica e na população geral. Estudos in vitro demonstram que altas concentrações de fósforo extracellular são capazes de induzir calcificação vascular e disfunção endotelial. O Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF-23) é um hormônio fosfatúrico e foi relacionado à presença de aterosclerose em pacientes idosos. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as relações entre P, FGF-23 e outros atores do metabolismo mineral e a ocorrência de doença arterial coronariana em pacientes com função renal preservada. MÉTODOS: Duzentos e noventa pacientes clinicamente estáveis com indicação de cineangiocoronariografia eletiva e clearance de creatinina superior a 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 foram submetidos à Tomografia Computadorizada Multislice para avaliação da calcificação coronariana e coleta de sangue para dosagens bioquímicas. A calcificação coronariana foi quantificada através do Escore de Agatston (EA) e os Escores de Friesinger e Gensini foram calculados para quantificar a obstrução coronariana. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos pacientes foi 58,1± 9,3 anos, 81% eram hipertensos e 35,5% diabéticos. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupos de acordo com o EA utilizando-se como ponto de corte o valor de 10 Unidades Hounsfield (HU). O P sérico foi maior no grupo de pacientes com EA > 10 HU (3,63 0,55 vs 3,49 0,52mg/dL; p=0,019). Cada 1 mg/dL de elevação no P sérico associou-se a um aumento de 92% no risco de apresentar o EA > 10HU [Odds Ratio (OR) =1,92, CI 1,56-3,19; p=0,01]. Quando os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com a mediana do Escore de Friesinger (4 pontos), o grupo com valores superiores à mediana apresentou P sérico maior (3,6 0,5 vs. 3,5 0,6 mg/dl; p=0,04) e FGF-23 menor (mediana 40,3 pg/mL intervalo interquartil 24,1-62,2 vs. 45,7 pg/mL intervalo interquartil 31,7-76,1; p=0,01) quando comparado àquele com valores menores ou iguais a 4. Pacientes no tercil mais alto do escore de Gensini também apresentaram P sérico mais elevado que os demais (p<0,05). Nas análises de regressão logística uni e multivariadas, cada 1 mg/dL de elevação no P sérico implicou em um aumento de 74% no risco de apresentar o Escore de Friesinger superior à mediana (OR 1,74, CI 1,06- 2,88; p=0,03) e o FGF-23 sérico foi preditor negativo do Escore de Friesinger (OR 0,26, CI 0,11-0,63; p=0,002) Os níveis séricos de cálcio e paratormônio não mostraram associação com a presença de doença coronariana. CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes com suspeita de doença arterial coronariana e função renal preservada, o fósforo sérico foi preditor da presença de calcificação e obstrução coronariana e houve uma associação negativa entre o FGF-23 sérico e a presença de obstrução coronariana. / INTRODUCTION: Serum phosphorus (P) has been associated with cardiovascular diseases and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients and in the general population. In vitro studies suggest that excessive phosphorus induces vascular calcification and endothelial dysfunction. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is a phosphaturic hormone and has been correlated to atherosclerosis in the community. AIM: This study intended to investigate the associations between P, FGF-23 and other mineral metabolism players and coronary artery disease in patients with preserved renal function. METHODS: Two-hundred ninety patients with a creatinine clearance higher than 60ml/min/1,73m2 undergoing elective coronary angiography were submitted to Multislice Computed Tomography in order to evaluate coronary calcification and blood was collected for biochemical analyses. Coronary artery calcification was quantified using the Agatston Score (AS). Friesinger (FS) and Gensini Scores (GS) were calcutalet to quantify coronary obstruction. RESULTS: Considering the whole population, mean age was 58.1±9.3 anos, 81% were hypertensive and 35.5% were diabetics. Patients were divided according to AS using the value of 10 Hounsfield Units (HU) as the cutoff.point. Serum phosphorus was higher in patients with an AS > 10HU when compared to the group with an AS 10 HU (3.63 0.55 vs 3.49 0.52mg/dL, p=0.019). Each 1 mg/dL of elevation in the serum phosphorus implied a 92% additional risk of presenting an AS > 10 HU [Odds Ratio (OR) =1.92, CI 1.56-3.19; p=0.01]. Patients were also divided using the median Friesinger score (4 points) as the cutoff value. Serum phosphorus was higher (3.6 0.5 vs. 3.5 0.6 mg/dl, p=0.04) and intact FGF-23 was lower (median 40.3 interquartile range 24.1-62.2 pg/mL vs. 45.7 interquartile range 31.7- 76.1 pg/mL, p=0.01) in the FS > 4 group. Patientis in the higher Gensini Score tertile presented elevated serum phosphorus when compared to the other groups (p<0,05). In the uni and multivariate logistic regression analyses, a rise of 1 mg/dL of serum phosphorus carried a 74% increase in the risk of having a FS higher than 4 (OR 1.74, CI 1.06-2.88; p=0.03) and FGF-23 was a negative predictor of FS (OR 0.26, CI 0.11-0.63; p=0.002). Serum calcium and parathormone were not associated with the presence of coronary artery disease. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with suspected coronary artery disease and preserved renal function, phosphorus was predictive of both coronary artery calcification and obstruction. There was a negative association between FGF-23 and coronary obstruction

Introdução: Doador de rim em vida é uma importante fonte de órgão para os pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica (DRC). Os doadores experimentam uma redução abrupta da taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) e adaptações ao metabolismo mineral demandam estudos nesta população. Nós avaliamos prospectivamente esta adaptação em doadores de rim em vida. Métodos: Entre janeiro de 2010 a agosto de 2011, no hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo e na Universidade de Miami, realizamos a avaliação prospectiva do metabolismo mineral e da função renal por 1 ano em 74 doadores de rim em vida. Medimos a taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG), fósforo (Pi), cálcio (Ca), paratohormônio (PTH), fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) e a fração de excreção do fósforo (FePO4) no pré-operatório e nos dias 1, 2, 14, 180 e 360 do pós-operatório. Resultados: Observamos uma redução, aproximadamente, de 40% da TFG nos dois primeiros dias após a cirurgia. No décimo quarto dia após a nefrectomia, observamos o início da recuperação da TFG, chegando ao máximo da recuperação com 1 ano, quando se atingiu 68,6% da função renal se comparado com o dia anterior a doação (75,3 ml/min/1,73m2, p < 0,001). O cálcio sérico apresentou seu nadir no dia 1 (7,99 mg/dL; p < 0,01) e o Pi sérico atingiu seu nadir no dia 2 (2,61 mg/dL; p < 0,01). Já no dia 14, os valores de Ca e Pi retornaram aos valores basais tendo o fósforo evoluído novamente com valores inferiores ao basal no último dia de seguimento (3,36mg/dL; p < 0,001). FGF23 e PTH apresentaram elevação no D1 (111,0144,6 percentil 25-75: 16-63 RU/ml 64,9 30,3pg/mL; p < 0,01). Os valores de FGF23 se mantiveram elevados até o final do estudo enquanto que o PTH retornou aos valores de base no segundo dia e, a partir de então, manteve sem diferença do valores basais até o último dia de estudo. FePO4 elevou de 11,45,2% para 15,28,1% entre o pré-operatório e D365 (p < 0,01). Conclusão: A nefrectomia para doação de rim em 74 pacientes saudáveis elevou os valores de FGF23 durante todo o estudo juntamente com a FePO4. O fósforo, cálcio e PTH séricos apresentaram queda nos seus valores na primeira semana após a nefrectomia, e, com duas semanas após a cirurgia, retornaram aos valores basais mantendo-se estáveis até o final do estudo / Introduction: Living kidney donors (LKDs) experience an abrupt decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Mineral metabolism adaptations in early CKD are still debated and not well studied in LKDs. We prospectively studied acute and long term mineral metabolism adaptation of LKDs. Materials and Methods: We measured renal function and mineral metabolites longitudinally for 1 year (days (D) 1, 2, 14, 180, & 365 post-operatively) in 74 healthy individuals who underwent kidney live donation. Results: eGFR (MDRD) decreased to 59% of its baseline on day 2 and started to increase at day 3, to its maximum at day 360 (75.3±15.6 ml/min/1.73m2, p < 0.01) wile FGF23 increased from 60.6 (25th-75th percentile 19-81 RU/mL) at baseline to 111.0±144.6 (p < 0.01) on day 1 and keep higher than baseline throwout the study. PTH rose maximally on day 1 (64.9 ± 30.3pg/ml) and returned to its base line on D2 and did not change after that. Total serum Calcium levels decreased from 9,40±0,48 mg/dL to a nadir of 7.99±0,51 mg/dL on day 1 (p < 0.001). Serum Phosphate levels reached their nadir on day 2 (2.61±0,52 mg/dL; p < 0.01). At D14 total calcium and phosphate levels had returned to baseline, but phosphate levels returned down on D360 (3.36±0,52 mg/dL; p < 0.001). Phosphate excretion fraction (FePO4) increased from base line (11.4±5.2%) up to 15.2±8.1% until D360 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Abrupt reduction in eGFR induces physiological increases in FGF23 and PTH, and decreases in serum Ca and Pi in the first week. The changes in FGF23 and Pi urinary fractional excretion of Pi remain modestly yet significantly different from baseline throughout the first year after nephrectomy. Wile Ca, PTH and Pi serum levels are not significantly different from the baseline

<p>The regulation of serum phosphate (Pi) concentrations is a complex process and our current models are far from complete. Due to major advancements in biotechnology and the development of more powerful research tools, recent advances in the field of genetics has led to the identification of several candidates for the long sought-after phosphatonin(s), or Pi regulating hormones. One of these candidates is fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and this thesis is based upon studies of the role of FGF-23 in Pi homeostasis. We demonstrate that FGF-23 is a secreted protein which is highly expressed in tumors giving rise to oncogenic hypophosphatemic osteomalacia (OOM). Furthermore, we have developed a two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of circulating FGF-23 and established that FGF-23 is present in the circulation of healthy individuals. Also, FGF-23 serum levels are elevated in patients with disturbances in Pi homeostasis such as OOM, X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) and chronic kidney disease and are likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of these disorders. A transgenic mouse model that express human FGF-23 under the control of the α1(I) collagen promoter exhibit similar clinical and biochemical characteristics as do patients with OOM, XLH and autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets indicating that FGF-23 is an important determinant of Pi homeostasis, vitamin D metabolism and bone mineralization.</p>

The regulation of serum phosphate (Pi) concentrations is a complex process and our current models are far from complete. Due to major advancements in biotechnology and the development of more powerful research tools, recent advances in the field of genetics has led to the identification of several candidates for the long sought-after phosphatonin(s), or Pi regulating hormones. One of these candidates is fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and this thesis is based upon studies of the role of FGF-23 in Pi homeostasis. We demonstrate that FGF-23 is a secreted protein which is highly expressed in tumors giving rise to oncogenic hypophosphatemic osteomalacia (OOM). Furthermore, we have developed a two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of circulating FGF-23 and established that FGF-23 is present in the circulation of healthy individuals. Also, FGF-23 serum levels are elevated in patients with disturbances in Pi homeostasis such as OOM, X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH) and chronic kidney disease and are likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of these disorders. A transgenic mouse model that express human FGF-23 under the control of the α1(I) collagen promoter exhibit similar clinical and biochemical characteristics as do patients with OOM, XLH and autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets indicating that FGF-23 is an important determinant of Pi homeostasis, vitamin D metabolism and bone mineralization.

Short summary: Background: High cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease is partly due to mineral dysbalance, microinflammation and oxidative stress. CKD patients accumulate traditional and non-traditional CV risk factors. FGF23, MMPs and PlGF belong among these non-traditional biomarkers of CV risk. FGF23 is a phosphaturic hormone and inhibitor of calcitriol synthesis. It is associated with vascular calcifications. Matrix-metalloproteinases (e.g. MMP-2, MMP-9) are proteolytic, proinflammatory enzymes, contributing to myocardial remodelation. Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a proangiogenic cytokine that is associated with LV hypertrophy in animal model. Plasmatic FGF23, MMPs and PlGF are elevated in CKD. Aim: We aimed to describe dynamic changes between several novel biomarkers of CV risk (FGF23, MMP-2, MMP-9 and PlGF) in CKD stages 1-5, to describe their mutual correlations and possible association with traditional CV risk markers. We studied possible association of laboratory and echocardiographic parameters in patients with CKD stages 2-4. Methods: In a cross-sectional study we evaluated 80 patiens with CKD 1-5 and 44 healthy controls. In a prospective study we evaluated echocardiographic and laboratory parameters in 62 patients with CKD 2-4 for an average study period of 36±10...

Short summary: Background: High cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease is partly due to mineral dysbalance, microinflammation and oxidative stress. CKD patients accumulate traditional and non-traditional CV risk factors. FGF23, MMPs and PlGF belong among these non-traditional biomarkers of CV risk. FGF23 is a phosphaturic hormone and inhibitor of calcitriol synthesis. It is associated with vascular calcifications. Matrix-metalloproteinases (e.g. MMP-2, MMP-9) are proteolytic, proinflammatory enzymes, contributing to myocardial remodelation. Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a proangiogenic cytokine that is associated with LV hypertrophy in animal model. Plasmatic FGF23, MMPs and PlGF are elevated in CKD. Aim: We aimed to describe dynamic changes between several novel biomarkers of CV risk (FGF23, MMP-2, MMP-9 and PlGF) in CKD stages 1-5, to describe their mutual correlations and possible association with traditional CV risk markers. We studied possible association of laboratory and echocardiographic parameters in patients with CKD stages 2-4. Methods: In a cross-sectional study we evaluated 80 patiens with CKD 1-5 and 44 healthy controls. In a prospective study we evaluated echocardiographic and laboratory parameters in 62 patients with CKD 2-4 for an average study period of 36±10...