Developing complex software systems often involves multiple stakeholder interactions, coupled with frequent requirements changes while operating under time constraints and budget pressures. Such conditions can lead to hidden problems, manifesting when software modifications lead to unexpected software component interactions that can cause catastrophic or fatal situations. A critical step in ensuring the success of software systems is to verify that all requirements can be traced to the design, source code, test cases, and any other software artifacts generated during the software development process. The focus of this research is to improve on the trace matrix generation process and study how human analysts create the final trace matrix using traceability information generated from automated methods. This dissertation presents new results in the automated generation of traceability matrices and in the analysis of analyst actions during a tracing task. The key contributions of this dissertation are as follows: (1) Development of a Proximity-based Vector Space Model for automated generation of TMs. (2) Use of Mean Average Precision (a ranked retrieval-based measure) and 21-point interpolated precision-recall graph (a set-based measure) for statistical evaluation of automated methods. (3) Logging and visualization of analyst actions during a tracing task. (4) Study of human analyst tracing behavior with consideration of decisions made during the tracing task and analyst tracing strategies. (5) Use of potential recall, sensitivity, and effort distribution as analyst performance measures. Results show that using both a ranked retrieval-based and a set-based measure with statistical rigor provides a framework for evaluating automated methods. Studying the human analyst provides insight into how analysts use traceability information to create the final trace matrix and identifies areas for improvement in the traceability process. Analyst performance measures can be used to identify analysts that perform the tracing task well and use effective tracing strategies to generate a high quality final trace matrix.

Flexibilitet utgör en delgrund för svensk operationskonst. Tidigare empirisk forskning om flexibilitet efterfrågar en samlad teori för flexibilitet. Den israeliske teoretikern Meir Finkel presenterar en flexibilitetsteori som hävdas bidra till att återta initiativ efter teknologisk eller doktrinär överraskning. Teorin utgår från ett arméperspektiv. Denna teoriprövande fallstudie undersöker flexibilitetsteorins förklaringskraft gällande luftstridskrafterna under Falklandskriget 1982. Syftet är dels att förstå flexibilitetsteorins användbarhet ur ett luftmaktsperspektiv och hur den kan bidra till problemlösning. Både brittiska och argentinska förehavanden studerades. Studien visar att flexibilitetsteorins skikt ett, tre och fyra har god förklaringskraft i det studerade fallet. Det andra skiktet har svag förklaringskraft vilket härleds till teorins koppling till markstrid och arméperspektiv. Analysen betonar att ledare bidrog till flexibilitet genom egna beslut men också genom att uppmuntra öppenhet för nytänkande och lärande. Även inhemsk försvarsindustri bidrog till flexibilitet genom snabb anpassning och integrering av tekniska vapensystem. Studien visar även att flexibilitetsteorin kan ses beskriva förutsättningar som bidrog till kreativ problemlösning underkriget.

Today's technological and unstable society places greater demands on military organizations to deal with military surprises and uncertainties. One method of dealing with these problems is by incorporating flexibility. Researcher Meir Finkel presents a theoretical framework that advances flexibility as a governing principle that enables military organizations to handle surprises and uncertainties. However, for military organisations there are two main problems with applying new methods on how they should act, firstly to translate it into concepts and operations, secondly to infuse the range of doctrines and regulations to influence the entire organization. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge of how flexibility is applied in central military governing documents. And, to discuss any correlation between the documents and what effect the implementation may have on the organization’s flexibility. Since the Swedish Armed forces explicitly strive for flexibility, Finkel's theoretical framework aims to illustrate how flexibility has been applied. This was achieved by examining Sweden’s operational and naval doctrine through a qualitative text analysis. The result shows that flexibility plays a significant role in both Sweden's operational and naval doctrine as it has successfully been applied. Nonetheless, both doctrines present elements that may affect flexibility negatively and could therefore, limit the efficiency to deal with military surprises and uncertainties.

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Future warfare will require military forces to cope with uncertainties by employing Finkel´s optimal flexibility and adaption if forces are to succeed. While flexibility is already crucial component of the Swedish warfare concept, the extent of implementation is unknown. This study investigates how flexibility is described and applied within the Swedish Armed Forces at an operational level, specifically within the Air Force and Navy. Using systematic text analysis this study shows that the theory is implemented at the operational level and partly in the Air Force and Navy. Specifically, and for both services in the conceptual and doctrinal flexibility stratum deficiencies are explained by using mission command. Regarding the lessons learning stratum, the services partially utilize rapid dissemination to compensate for the lack of mechanisms that encourage learning from mistakes. This research indicates the need for a comprehensive understanding of the theory at all levels to ensure successful implementation.