This dissertation is the result of studies concerning the prerequisites for Finnish to survive in contemporary Sweden. When the Sweden Finnish parents want instruction in Finnish for their children the only choice available in Swedish municipal schools is between two language programs: one giving instruction in Swedish classes with 1-2 hours of home language training in Finnish per week, and the other giving instruction in and of Finnish in Finnish classes. In a four part study I investigate whether Sweden Finnish pupils who take part in these programs use and have a command of both languages. The focus of the dissertation is nonetheless on Finnish and the possibilities for Sweden Finns to preserve and develop their language and culture. A total of 560 second generation Sweden Finns from Botkyrka participated in the studies and are divided by language programs into Finnish classes (273) and Swedish classes (287). The introduction of the dissertation gives a picture of the composition of the Sweden Finnish group, cultural aspirations and education possibilities. It also discusses the official position of the Swedish authorities as well as their efforts in relation to the Sweden Finnish aspirations. For comparison 411 Finland Swedish pupils from Turku as well as monolingual control groups in Finland and Sweden are also investigated. Questionnaires, tests, and essays were collected on two occasions, in 1980 and 1995. Command of reading and writing skills in Finnish and Swedish are compared among the Sweden Finnish, the Finland Swedish, and the monolingual pupils. The most bilingual were the Finland Swedish pupils. This group achieved better results on the Swedish tests than the other groups. On the Finnish tests they were better than the Sweden Finnish pupils in the Swedish classes. Compared to the Sweden Finnish pupils in Finnish classes, the Finland Swedish pupils read just as well or better but wrote less well. In the studies the Sweden Finnish pupils' language use in school and at home and the changes which had taken place during the fifteen years which had passed between the times of data collection were scrutinized. Compared to the Sweden Finnish pupils in Swedish classes in 1980 the Sweden Finnish pupils use much more Swedish today (1995) while the Sweden Finnish pupils in Finnish classes nowadays use both languages more often than those who took part in the same language program in 1980. In one study 41 former Sweden Finnish informants with an average age of 27 were re-visited. Those who had been in the Swedish classes tended to let Swedish take over at home while those who had been in the Finnish classes used both languages. Sixteen of the former informants had children of their own. The language chosen to use when speaking to their children correlated with their own language skills and the language of their partner. None of those who had been in the Swedish classes spoke Finnish with their children. Among those who were in Finnish classes various combinations of languages were applied: 40% spoke Finnish, 25% spoke both languages and 33% spoke Swedish. Nearly 90% of those who had been in Finnish classes wanted their children to learn Finnish in school while not quite 60% of those who took part in home language training wanted their children to learn Finnish in school. Judging from the results of the study, attendance in Finnish classes was of great significance for the preservation of Finnish in Sweden because only this program seemed to guarantee many-sided language skills in Finnish. The number of pupils in Finnish classes has decreased sharply since 1980, and nowadays such classes exist only in a few places in Sweden. Swedish school political practices have contributed strongly to the difficulties Finnish is having and will have surviving beyond the coming two or three generations.

Thesis--Faculty of Humanities, University of Jyväskylä, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [234]-249).

Thesis (doctoral)--Uppsala universitet, 1991. / Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-154).

Thesis--Berlin. / Lebenslauf.

This diploma thesis examines the colour terms hopea ('silver' ) and kulta ('gold') in Finnish place names. The aim is to find out about the distribution of the toponyms starting with Hopea- and Kulta- by type of place (e.g. oronyms, hydronyms, etc.) and about the motivation of naming in these place names, and also about possible similarites and differences based on the colour terms used as the specific part in these place names. The first part of this thesis provides the theoretical background of colour terms study in general and the situation of hopea and kulta used as colour terms in Finnish. The situation of Finnish toponomastics is also briefly introduced. In the second part, the Finnish place names starting with Hopea- and Kulta- are analyzed according to the type of place they refer to and according to the type of motivation that can be behind the naming. Keywords: place names, colour terms, gold, silver, Finland, the Names Archive

<p>Suomen kieli on yksi Ruotsin vähemmistökielistä. Lain mukaan kaikki lapset, joilla on suomenkielinen tausta ja perustavat taidot suomen kielessä, ovat oikeutettuja suomenkielen opetukseen.</p><p>Tämä opinnäytetyö on pieni muotoinen kvalitatiivinen kartoitus Ruotsin peruskoulun suomen kielen opetuksesta. Teoria perustuu Ruotsin lakiin ja Ruotsin suomen kielen opetushistoriaan. Empiirinen osuus koostuu suomen kielen opettajien ja suomea opiskelevien oppilaiden haastatteluista sekä ruotsinsuomalaisen vapaakoulun rehtorin ja suomalaistaustaisen vanhemman kanssa käymistäni keskusteluista. Olen myös kysynyt usealta kunnalta suomen kielen opetuksen järjestelyistä ja sen toteuttamisesta.</p><p>Työn tavoitteena on kartoittaa suomen kielen opetuksen tämänhetkinen tilanne Ruotsin peruskoulussa. Eräs tutkimustulokseni osoittaa, että kunta ei tiedota tarpeeksi suomen kielen opetuksesta. Olen saanut myös selville, että pätevistä suomen kielenopettajista on pulaa Ruotsissa. Lisäksi olen todennut, että suomen kielen oppituntien pituus ei joissakin kunnissa yllä edes yhteen tuntiin. Kiertävien suomen opettajien työolot ovat stressaavia ja työpäivät koostuvat lähes pelkästään opetustunneista.</p><p>Kaikesta tästä olen tehnyt johtopäätöksen: suomen kielen opetuksen tilaa on parannettava laadukkailla opetustunneilla ja pätevillä opettajilla, joilla on hyväksyttävät työolot. Lisäksi opetuksen määrää täytyisi lisätä.</p> / <p>Finska är ett av Sveriges nationella minoritetsspråk. Enligt svensk lag har barn som har finsk bakgrund och grundläggande kunskaper i finska språket rätt till att få undervisning i finska.</p><p>I detta examensarbete presenterar jag en kort kvalitativ kartläggning av undervisningen i finska i den svenska grundskolan. Teoridelen bygger på förordningstexter och andra styrdokument samt litteratur om den historiska bakgrunden till dagens finskundervising i Sverige. Den empiriska informationen består av intervjuer av finska lärare och elever som läser finska samt diskussioner med en rektor i en sverigefinsk friskola och en förälder till ett barn som har ansökt om finskundervisning. Jag har även frågat flera kommuner om deras sätt att organisera och genomföra finskundervisning.</p><p>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att kartlägga finska språkets situation i dagens svenska grundskola. Ett av mina resultat är att kommunen inte informerar tillräckligt om finskundervisningen. Jag har också fått reda på att det råder brist på behöriga finska lärare i Sverige. Jag har även kommit fram till att finska lektioner i vissa kommuner är kortare än en timma. Ambulerande lärarna har stressiga arbetsförhållanden och arbetsdagarna består nästan endast av undervisningstillfällen.</p><p>Med hjälp av allt detta har jag kommit fram till följande slutsats: man måste förbättra villkoren för finskundervisningen med hjälp av högkvalitativ undervisning och behöriga lärare, som arbetar under acceptabla arbetsförhållanden. Dessutom bör undervisningstiden utökas.</p> / <p>Finnish is one of the Swedish minority languages. According to Swedish law children who have a Finnish background and basic knowledge of the Finnish language have a right to Finnish education.</p><p>In this Degree Project I present a short qualitative survey of the field of teaching of Finnish in Swedish primary schools. The theoretical frame work is based on Swedish law and the literature on the history of Finnish teaching in Sweden. The empirical data consist of interviews with Finnish teachers and their pupils and some discussions with a principal of the Sweden Finnish independent school and a parent for a child who had applied for Finnish education. In addition, several municipalities were surveyed about their plans forteaching Finnish.</p><p>The purpose of this study is to document the situation of the Finnish language in Swedish primary schools today. One of my findings is that municipalities do not provide adequate information about teaching in Finnish. A further finding is that there is a shortage of competent Finnish teachers in Sweden. I have also established that in some Swedish states schools the Finnish lessons are not even an hour long. The travelling teachers have stressful circumstances at work and workdays consist almost only of lessons.</p><p>From this my conclusion is that we have to improve conditions for Finnish language teaching with high qualitative teaching and with competent teachers who have acceptable working conditions. Furthermore teaching time should be increased.</p>

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the distinctive character and variations in the landscape portraits in Synkkä yksinpuhelu, by the Finnish author Olavi Paavolainen, as well as investigate the significance of the landscape portraits for the work as a whole. Paavolainen calls his work a war diary. It comprises the years 1939-1944 when Finland suffered first the Winter War (Russo-Finnish War) and then the Continuation War with the Soviet Union. The author served at the front during the first year of the Continuation War and then afterwards at general staff headquaters. In the first part of the work the author focuses on describing the Karelian landscape which had become the battlefield. The latter part brings out the war time political events in Finland and in other parts of the warring world. As a form, the diary gives the author possibilities to use texts with various styles and content. In general, Synkkä yksinpuhelu can be said to contain history, autobiography, political and cultural essays, landscape portraits and travel sketches. The landscape portraits assume a central position in the book because of the scope, about a third of the total pages. In these portraits a few of the main themes of the work are developed. At the same time these themes build an antithetical relationship: nature creates and preserves life while war annihilates it. A number of the portraits, for exemple, descriptions of the moon and burial places, are a recurrent motif, giving the text structure and strengthening the theme of impermanence. In an exteded sense, Paavolainen's own concept of the thinking landscape can be used to characterize his portraits because the surrounding landscapes communicate his own moods and thoughts. This manner of describing nature ties together schools of art, such as romanticism, symbolism, expressionism and surrealism, where it is characteristic to allow the outer world to reflect the inner state of the soul. Paavolainen makes numerous references to works, authors and artists from the 19th and 20th centuries in his portraits. Using means such as irony and antithesis and with a sprinkling of ambivalence, the intertextual and interartistic relations illuminate the author's attitudes towards prevailing conditions. They also accentuate his thoughts about the purpose of existence.

The aim of this study is to show how some persons with one of the Swedish national minority languages as mother tongue use a library with regard to their mother tongue and culture. The research questions are: How do Sami-speaking, Finnish-speaking and Meänkieli-speaking (Tornedalen Finnish-speaking) persons use a library with regard to their mother tongue and their culture? What aspects do they find important in this use? As a theoretical frame I have used Marianne Andersson and Dorte Skot-Hansen’s model of the functions of the local library and Will Kymlicka’s theory of the value of maintenance of minority cultures. The study is a qualitative user study. Deep interviews have been conducted with 9 persons with Finnish, Meänkieli or Sami as mother tongue.The results show that the main use of the library is as a cultural centre and the most frequently used service is borrowing of literature. Most Finnish-speaking persons use the library this way and find it satisfactory. The Sami-speaking persons who read in Sami use the library but the small supply of Sami literature at the libraries is partly a limiting factor. The literature available in Meänkieli is limited, but some use the library to get access to this literature. Exhibitions and cultural arrangements are not attended very frequently and the library’s social function is not very prominent. Some persons use the library in their studies or in their profession to get access to literature in Finnish or Sami. The use of the library as information centre is minimal.The access to literature, the possibility to speak their mother tongue with the library staff and the highlighting of the literature and culture at the library are factors that are important and contribute to language-maintenance and strengthening of the identity. The accessibility to the literature itself and the children’s possibilities to use the library are also important factors. The study is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.

Abstract The present study focuses on the semantics of Finnish emotion words (e.g. joy, anger). My aim has been to investigate and describe what kinds of linguistic-semantic interpretations arise from an emotions vocabulary compiled using a questionnaire as a research instrument. Moreover, I was interested in finding out what kinds of emotions the Finns identify. The data used for the study consisted of the written responses of a hundred Finns of various ages to a questionnaire item, which asked them to name various emotions. Besides the two objectives above, male and female conceptual frameworks for emotions were compared in the study, as well as those of different age groups. Both a qualitative and a quantitative analysis of the data, which consists of 2020 responses, were carried out. The view of language adopted for this study draws from the basic notions of cognitive linguistics. I applied Anna Wierzbicka's ideas to the semantic grouping of emotion words. Moreover, the explanations given for the 51 most commonly used emotion words were based on Wierzbicka's idea of a natural semantic meta-language. I also used for the word descriptions the information provided by the Kielipankki newspaper corpus on the use of emotion words. The semantic contents of emotion words were explained as prototypical scenarios using the following semantic primitives: I, PERSON/SOMEONE, SOMETHING, THIS, OTHER, GOOD, BAD, THINK, KNOW, WANT, FEEL, CAN, DO, HAPPEN, THERE IS, WHEN, NOW, BEFORE, AFTER, A LONG TIME, A SHORT TIME, FOR SOME TIME, SOMETIMES, MIND, BODY, NEAR, INSIDE, NOT, TRUE, MAYBE, CAN, WOULD 'cond.', BECAUSE, IF, VERY, LIKE, MORE, SOME. The following semantic main categories were defined for emotion words: "Something good happened or will happen", "Something bad happened or will happen", "I want", "I don't want", "I think something about myself", "I think something about others", "I know / don't know". I investigated the status and significance of emotion words for the speakers of Finnish by using a cognitive significance index. The index has been developed by Urmas Sutrop particularly for the analysis of listing tasks. The cognitively most important emotion words for Finns were found to be: viha, ilo, rakkaus, suru, pelko, onnellisuus, kateus, ahdistus, väsymys, masennus, tuska, ihastus, tyytyväisyys, inho, jännitys, pettymys, kaipaus, rauhallisuus, ikävä, and toivo. According to this study, the emotions with the highest frequency of expression in the Finnish language are hatred, joy, love and sorrow. Women were found to have more words for emotions (23.0) than men (17.6). The emotion vocabulary includes more negative words (53%) than positive ones (43%). The findings of this study suggest that the Finns think more often good of other people than bad, and more often bad of themselves than good. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimukseni aiheena on suomen kielen tunteiden (esim. ilo, viha) semantiikka. Tavoitteenani on ollut tutkia ja kuvata, millainen lingvistinen semanttinen tulkinta tutkimukseni kyselyllä koostetusta tunnesanastosta muodostuu ja millaisia tunteita suomalaiset mieltävät olevan olemassa. Tutkimukseni perusaineiston muodostivat sadan eri-ikäisen suomalaisen kirjalliset vastaukset tehtävään, jossa he saivat vapaasti luetella tunteiden nimityksiä. Lisäksi olen vertaillut miesten ja naisten sekä eri ikäryhmien tunnekäsitteistyksiä. Tutkin saamaani 2 020 vastauksesta muodostunutta aineistoa sekä laadullisesti että määrällisesti. Työni kielinäkemys pohjautuu kognitiivisen kielentutkimuksen peruskäsityksiin. Sovelsin Anna Wierzbickan näkemyksiä tunnesanojen merkityksenmukaisessa ryhmittelyssä ja ajatusta luonnollisesta semanttisesta metakielestä 51 tyypillisimmän tunnesanan selittämisessä. Hyödynsin kuvauksissani myös Kielipankin lehtikorpusten antamaan tietoa tunnesanojen käytöstä. Selitin tunnesanojen merkityssisällöt prototyyppisinä skenaariona seuraavien semanttisten primitiivien avulla: MINÄ/ITSE, IHMINEN/HÄN/JOKU, ASIA/JOKIN, TÄMÄ, MUU/TOINEN, HYVÄ, PAHA/HUONO, AJATELLA, TIETÄÄ, HALUTA, TUNTEA, VOIDA, TEHDÄ, TAPAHTUA, OLLA / OLLA OLEMASSA, KUN, NYT, ENNEN, JÄLKEEN, KAUAN AIKAA, VÄHÄN AIKAA, JONKIN AIKAA, JOSKUS, MIELI, RUUMIS, LÄHELLÄ, SISÄLLÄ, EI/KIELTO, TOTTA, EHKÄ, SAATTAA, -ISI-, KOSKA/VUOKSI, JOS, HYVIN, KALTAISUUS, ENEMMÄN/LISÄÄ, VÄHÄN. Varsinaisista tunnesanoista hahmotin seuraavat päämerkitysryhmät: "Jotakin hyvää tapahtui tai tapahtuu", "Jotakin pahaa tapahtui tai tapahtuu", "Haluan", "En halua", "Ajattelen itsestäni jotain", "Ajattelen toisista jotain", "Tiedän / en tiedä". Selvitin aineistoni tunnesanojen asemaa ja tärkeyttä kielenpuhujien mielessä kognitiivisen tärkeyden indeksin avulla. Indeksin on kehitellyt Urmas Sutrop nimenomaan luettelointitehtävien analysointia varten. Suomalaisille kognitiivisesti tärkeimmiksi tunnesanoiksi osoittautuivat viha, ilo, rakkaus, suru, pelko, onnellisuus, kateus, ahdistus, väsymys, masennus, tuska, ihastus, tyytyväisyys, inho, jännitys, pettymys, kaipaus, rauhallisuus, ikävä, toivo. Tutkimukseni mukaan suomen kielen perustunteita ovat viha, ilo, rakkaus ja suru. Naisilla on runsaammin sanoja (23,0) tunteille kuin miehillä (17,6). Tunnesanastossa on enemmän negatiivisia (53 %) kuin positiivisia (43 %) sanoja. Tutkimukseni perusteella suomalaiset muun muassa ajattelevat toisista ihmistä enemmän hyvää kuin huonoa ja itsestä enemmän huonoa kuin hyvää.

The aim of this thesis is to study how public libraries can work to support and promote a national minority language. In the thesis Uppsala Library’s work with the Finnish language is reviewed from 2000 to present.  The data was collected through qualitative interviews with five key figures from Uppsala Library and the Uppsala municipality, visits in four local public libraries and the digital library during the spring 2019 and by examining the official documents of the municipality and information that the local public libraries have produced between 2000 and 2019. Uppsala Library’s work with the Finnish language is discussed in the thesis through themes of power, nationalism and identity processes and analyzed in terms of language revitalization. The findings show that during the first decade Uppsala treated the Finnish language as any other foreign language. It provided access to media in Finnish, but the Finnish language was not visible in the library policy or in the library’s information material and program activities in Finnish were few. A major change in Uppsala Library’s work with the Finnish language started in 2010 when the municipality joined the administrative area for the Finnish language. Since 2010 Uppsala Library has with special efforts supported and promoted the Finnish language. Finnish is used in the library’s information material and is visible in the municipality’s and the library’s documents. Uppsala Library offers many kinds of media in Finnish. The library has organized events where the Finnish language is used for children and adults. The events have also brought to light the Swedish Finns’ experiences and the historical connection the Finnish language has to Sweden. Information in Finnish in the physical and digital libraries, however, could be improved. The objective of the Swedish policy on minorities is to provide support for the historical minority languages so that they are kept alive. Uppsala Library’s work during the 2010s shows public libraries’ potential as a forum for minority politics and their importance in the work with minority language revitalization. This is a two years master’s thesis in Library and Information Science.