It is very important to protect buildings against fire. Especially older wooden buildings and areas with a historically important heritage, i.e. areas that cannot be restored to their original condition upon loss. In Eskilstuna one such area is located - Rademachersmedjorna. On behalf of Eskilstuna Kommunfastigheter AB a documentation of Rademachersmedjorna’s constructional fire protection has been conducted in this report in order to have the area's fire protection level documented. The purpose of this study has been, via systematic field studies, to provide an overview of Rademachersmedjorna and document the area’s current fire protection level. Based on this information, a visualization of the area's constructional fire protection and risk zones has been developed to give a simple overview for users, managers and owners. The inventory can be used by Eskilstuna Kommunfastigheter AB for a quick and easy visualization of Rademachersmedjorna’s fire protection level and risk zones. Furthermore, this information could be used as a basis for planning future safety prevention efforts. The documentation over the area is based on the assessment method Bedömning av brandskydd i kulturbebyggelse (hereafter referred to as BSV-k) and the parts this method includes. There are a total of 16 buildings at the Rademacher area and only one building achieved an acceptable fire protection level according to BSV-k. There are several zones in the area that pose a higher risk for the occurrence of fire and fire spread. These higher vulnerable fire hazard zones are spread out over Rademachersmedjorna which means that the whole area quickly can get involved in case of fire. In this context it is important to avoid fire what so ever may arise. Removing combustible material in escape routes, in attics and combustible materials nearby the buildings are some fire prevention measures which can be applied. It is also important to note objects such as bins and wooden planks that exist between the buildings being potential fire carriers. In cases where the buildings distance to a nearby located building is very short, the potential fire carriers pose little threat as the fire can spread directly from building to building. To achieve an acceptable level of fire protection for Rademachersmedjorna - according to this study's assessment method - is sufficient in many cases to apply fire prevention.

As vigas mistas de madeira e concreto são formadas pela união de vigas de madeira a lajes de concreto armado por meio de conectores de cisalhamento. Quando os pisos mistos de madeira e concreto são comparados aos pisos construídos unicamente em madeira ou àqueles confeccionados somente em concreto armado é possível destacar algumas vantagens, incluindo o bom desempenho em situações de incêndio. Os elementos estruturais quando submetidos a ações térmicas sofrem redução de resistência e rigidez, sendo, desta forma, necessário conhecer as modificações sofridas por cada um de seus componentes, que para o caso estudado são: a madeira, o concreto e os conectores de cisalhamento. Desta forma, foi elaborada uma estratégia de modelagem numérica para o estudo de vigas mistas de madeira e concreto em situação de incêndio, utilizando o programa computacional ABAQUS, o qual é baseado no método dos elementos finitos. Em uma primeira etapa da pesquisa foram realizadas modelagens numéricas de vigas de madeira e mistas de madeira e concreto em temperatura ambiente, encontrando-se boa correlação entre as curvas força versus deslocamento no meio do vão obtida numericamente e por meio de ensaios disponíveis na literatura. Em seguida procedeu-se a calibração das propriedades térmicas e mecânicas da madeira brasileira, alcançando-se resultados numéricos próximos aos experimentais, seja em relação às temperaturas do elemento analisado seja em relação à curva de deslocamento vertical em função do tempo de incêndio. Por fim, a estratégia de modelagem termoestrutural desenvolvida para a viga mista de madeira e concreto forneceu curva de deslocamento vertical em função do tempo de incêndio semelhante à curva obtida por meio de modelo analítico disponível na literatura. Por meio do modelo elaborado foi possível observar que a elevação do nível de carregamento reduz o tempo de resistência do elemento estrutural e que a proteção térmica do concreto é essencial para aumentar o tempo até a ruptura da viga. / Timber-concrete composite beams are formed by the union of timber beams to reinforced concrete slabs through of shear connectors. When timber-concrete composite floors are compared to timber floors or reinforced concrete floors it is possible to highlight some advantages, including good performance in fire situations. When subjected to thermal actions, structural elements suffer strength and stiffness reductions, being, therefore, necessary to know the modifications suffered by each of its components, which for the case studied are: timber, concrete and shear connectors. Thus, it is developed a numerical modeling strategy using the computational program ABAQUS, which is based on the finite element method, for the study of timber-concrete composite beams in fire situation. In the first stage of the research it was carried out a numerical modeling of timber beam and timber-concrete composite beam at room temperature, finding good correlation between the force versus displacement curves in the middle of the span obtained numerically and through tests available in the literature. Then, it was carried out the calibration of the thermal and mechanical properties of the Brazilian wood, reaching numerical results close to the experimental ones, either in relation to the temperatures of the analyzed element or in relation to the vertical displacement curve as a function of the fire time. Finally, the thermo-structural modeling strategy developed for the timber-concrete composite beam provided a vertical displacement curve as a function of the fire time similar to the curve obtained through an analytical model available in the literature. Through of the elaborated model it was possible to observe that the load level increase reduces the resistance fire time of the structural element and that the thermal protection of the concrete is essential to increase the rupture time of the beam.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2019-03-22T17:02:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Manfredini Bueno_.pdf: 3882428 bytes, checksum: 21f15ed53f487897437091a0f77fdfc5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-22T17:02:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Manfredini Bueno_.pdf: 3882428 bytes, checksum: 21f15ed53f487897437091a0f77fdfc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-01-17 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / itt Performance - Instituto Tecnológico em Desempenho da Construção Civil / Situações de incêndio possuem um grande potencial destrutivo para a sociedade. Um esforço significativo tem sido feito no Brasil para a avaliação da resistência ao fogo de alguns elementos. Entretanto, em relação às paredes de vedação ou com função estrutural, compostas por alvenarias de tijolos ou blocos, gesso ou concreto, há poucos estudos acadêmicos no país em escala real e ainda não foram feitas pesquisas com elementos de instalações prediais no interior de sistemas de compartimentação. Isto evidencia a importância desta pesquisa que buscou avaliar a resistência ao fogo de paredes através da ABNT NBR 10636: 1989, verificando a influência de aberturas destinadas a instalações elétricas e hidráulicas. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, foram confeccionadas amostras em escala real e ensaiadas no forno vertical do Instituto Tecnológico em Desempenho e Construção Civil (itt Performance), levando em consideração a curva de aquecimento padrão ISO 834/99 para verificação dos critérios de estabilidade, estanqueidade e isolamento térmico. A amostra referência (P-1) fora executada com blocos cerâmicos e revestimento argamassado, não possuindo instalação predial e, para fins de comparação, a amostra 2 (P-2) possuía aberturas com dimensões de 120 mm x 80 mm, contendo caixas de PVC para tomadas e componentes elétricos e a amostra 3 (P-3) aberturas de diâmetro 30 mm no ponto de saída de água das instalações hidráulicas. Durante a etapa de caracterização dos materiais, foram encontradas variações nas propriedades da argamassas utilizadas no revestimento das amostras. Conforme os resultados experimentais, todas as paredes mantiveram sua estabilidade e estanqueidade durante os 240 minutos de ensaio, entretanto, a capacidade de isolar termicamente foi comprometida em determinado instante. A P-1, P-2 e P-3 foram qualificadas como TRF 134 minutos, TRF 124 minutos e P-3 com TRF 193 minutos, respectivamente. O desempenho da amostra referência (P-1) foi comprometido devido ao desplacamento do revestimento argamassado e o lascamento dos blocos cerâmicos no decorrer do ensaio, o que também ocorreu na P-2. Logo, não se pode isolar os efeitos combinados da dilatação térmica diferencial, do desplacamento do revestimento, lascamento do substrato cerâmico, das propriedades dos materiais empregados, assim como da transferência de calor pelas aberturas nas amostras com instalações, que influenciaram no desempenho das paredes. Concluiu-se que, nas regiões com aberturas de instalações prediais que permitem a passagem de gases quentes, a superfície não exposta às altas temperaturas perde sua capacidade de isolamento em um menor tempo em comparação à superfície no entorno, o que reduz a resistência ao fogo de sistemas de compartimentação / Fire situations have great destructive potential for society. A significant effort has been made in Brazil to evaluate the fire resistance of some elements. However, regarding walls, composed of masonry bricks or blocks, plaster or concrete, there are few national academic studies in full scale and no research has been done with elements of buildings built inside partitioning systems. This implies the urge of this research that sought to evaluate the performance of compartmentation walls with a fire resistance rate function, verifying the influence of openings for electrical and hydraulic installations. In order to reach the proposed objective, full scale samples were constructed and tested according to the ABNT NBR 10636:1989 in the vertical furnace of the Technological Institute in Civil Construction Performance (itt Performance - UNISINOS), taking into consideration the ISO 834/14 standard heating curve to verify stability, sealing and thermal insulation criteria. The reference sample (P-1) was performed with clay blocks and coating mortar, without any type of building installation, and for comparison purposes, sample 2 (P-2) contained openings with dimensions of 120 mm x 80 mm, containing electrical installations and sample 3 (P-3) openings of 30 mm diameter for hydraulic installations. During the materials characterization stage, there were variations in the properties of the mortars used in the coating of the samples. According to the experimental results, all systems maintained their stability and sealing during the 240 minutes of test, however, the ability to thermally insultating was compromised at a certain moment. P- 1, P-2 and P-3 were qualified as TRF 134 minutes, TRF 124 minutes and P-3 with TRF 193 minutes, respectively. The performance of the reference sample (P-1) was compromised due to the mortar coating displacement and spalling of the blocks. Therefore, it is not possible to isolate the combined effects of the thermal expansion, coating displacement, spalling of the ceramic blocks, the properties of the materials employed, as well as the heat transfer from the openings in the samples with installations, which influenced in the performance of the walls. It was concluded that in regions with openings of building installations that allow the passage of hot gases, the surface not exposed to high temperatures loses its insulation capacity in a shorter time compared to the surrounding surface, which reduces the fire resistance of the compartmentation systems.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-05-11T15:43:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FABRICIO LONGHI BOLINA_.pdf: 12122006 bytes, checksum: 94b786347b29331df85e06c63ee3a387 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-11T15:43:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FABRICIO LONGHI BOLINA_.pdf: 12122006 bytes, checksum: 94b786347b29331df85e06c63ee3a387 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Nenhuma / As recentes tragédias ocorridas no Brasil motivaram a revisão de leis e diretrizes sobre segurança contra incêndio das edificações. Paralelamente, novos requisitos de segurança foram exigidos pela norma de desempenho (ABNT, 2013a), fortalecendo o debate. Estes fatores, reforçados pela intensificação da fiscalização e das exigências para o licenciamento edilício, acentuou o dever de prever a segurança contra incêndio em projeto. Nas estruturas de concreto, as normas que definem as especificações de durabilidade, a NBR 6118 (ABNT, 2014) e NBR 12655 (ABNT, 2015), não consentem os parâmetros de segurança contra incêndio da NBR 15200 (ABNT, 2012), e vice-versa. Este trabalho visa avaliar, experimentalmente, o tempo de resistência ao fogo (TRF) de protótipos de pilares pré-fabricados produzidos com parâmetros normativos de durabilidade do concreto, comparando-os com as recomendações da NBR 15200 (ABNT, 2012). O estudo foi feito em 16 pilares, 4 para cada classe de agressividade ambiental, com seção transversal 25x25cm e altura 300cm, com diferentes classes de resistência e produzidos numa indústria de pré-fabricados, ensaiados na idade de 28 dias por 240 minutos, sem carregamento, com a curva de aquecimento da ISO 834 (ISO, 2014). Para cada pilar de mesma classe, uma espessura de cobrimento distinta foi adotada. Concluiu-se que os parâmetros de durabilidade do concreto influenciaram no grau de desplacamento, havendo, contudo, preponderância do diâmetro das barras e da espessura de cobrimento no TRF destes pilares. Os maiores diâmetros, apesar de desenvolverem temperaturas médias menores durante o ensaio, intensificaram o desplacamento de aresta, que aumentou em paralelo com a resistência à compressão nos concretos de até 63MPa, diminuindo nas resistências superiores a esta. O método analítico de verificação da NBR 15200 (ABNT, 2012) se mostrou seguro, notando-se um grau de conservadorismo intrínseco. Após o ensaio, as armaduras principais e o concreto apresentaram perda residual de resistência. / Recent tragedies in Brazil have set off a revision of laws and technical practices on fire safety in buildings. At the same time, new security requirements have become required by the brazilian performance standard (ABNT, 2013). This set of factors, enhanced by strong supervision and project approval requirements, intensified the commitment to provide fire safety in the initial design of buildings, along with other design requirements. In concrete structures, the standards that stablish the durability specifications - the NBR 6118 (ABNT, 2014) and NBR 12655 (ABNT, 2015), do not cogitate the parameters of fire safety design of the NBR 15200 (ABNT, 2012), and vice versa. This study aims to evaluate the fire resistance time of elements produced with standard durability parameters, comparing them with the NBR 15200 (ABNT, 2012) criteria. The experiment was done on 16 columns, 4 for each standard environmental aggressiveness class, with cross section of 25x25 cm and a height of 300 cm, with different resistance classes and produced in a industry, tested at the age of 28 days for 240 minutes without load, with temperature evolution attending to the ISO 834 (ISO 2014) curve. Moreover, a different thickness of concrete cover was used for each column with the same environmental aggression class. The results showed that the durability parameters influence the degree of spalling, whereas the nominal diameter and the thickness of concrete cover have greater importance in fire resistance time. While the biggest diameters of the bars produced lower temperatures, they intensified the degree of spalling that simultaneously increased with the compressive strength of the concrete up to 63MPa. The analytical verification method of NBR 15200 (ABNT, 2012) proved to be safe, with a degree of intrinsic conservatism. The reinforcement and the concrete had residual loss of strength.

Ce travail de thèse est consacré à l’évaluation et l’amélioration des modèles à zones, utilisés dans l’ingénierie de la sécurité incendie pour simuler la propagation des fumées dans un bâtiment en situation d’incendie. Il a pour ambition d’améliorer la compréhension des écoulements des fumées dans un bâtiment. Le mémoire de thèse est divisé en deux parties. La première est essentiellement consacrée à l’état de l’art et à une évaluation de la capacité du code CFAST, code à zones largement utilisé dans l’ingénierie de la sécurité incendie, à simuler les écoulements de fumées dans un bâtiment. Le code à zones CFAST est confronté aux résultats d’une campagne expérimentale à échelle réelle réalisée dans un bâtiment d’habitation de type R+3. La seconde partie du manuscrit, plus académique, consiste à étudier les écoulements de fumée dans un bâtiment. Dans un premier temps, deux phénomènes sont étudiés : le phénomène de remplissage d’un local par des fumées d’incendie, et le phénomène de remplissage / vidange simultanés d’un local ventilé naturellement. Des modèles à zones permettant de décrire ces phénomènes sont présentés. Deux campagnes expérimentales ont été menées à échelle réduite sur des maquettes thermiques de locaux, afin d’étudier les deux phénomènes et d’évaluer et améliorer les modèles à zones. De plus, des simulations numériques complémentaires avec le code à champs FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) sont réalisées pour étendre le domaine d’étude du phénomène de remplissage. Enfin, des améliorations du modèle à zones sont proposées. Après l’étude des phénomènes liés aux écoulements de fumée dans un local unique, les écoulements de fumées dans une configuration multi-compartiments, constituée de deux locaux reliés par une cage d’escalier, sont étudiés expérimentalement à l’échelle du laboratoire / This work is devoted to the evaluation and improvement of zone models, used in fire safety engineering to simulate the smoke propagation in a building in a fire situation. It aims at improving the understanding of the smoke flow in a building. The PhD work is divided into two parts. The first part is essentially devoted to a bibliographical survey and an evaluation of the ability of a zone code CFAST, widely used in fire safety engineering, to simulate smoke flows in a building. Numerical results with CFAST are compared with the data of a real-scale experimental campaign carried out on a three-storey residential building. The second part, more academic, consists of studying the smoke flows in a building. Two phenomena are first studied, namely the smoke filling of a room, and the simultaneous filling and emptying of a naturally ventilated room. Zone models describing these phenomena are presented. Two experimental campaigns are conducted on reduced scale room models, in order to study the two phenomena and to evaluate and improve the zone models. Furthermore, numerical simulations with the CFD code FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) are performed to extend the study field of the smoke filling. Finally, improvements to the zone model are proposed. After studying the phenomena related to smoke flows in a single room, the smoke flows in a multi-compartment configuration, consisting of two rooms connected by a stairwell, are experimentally studied at the laboratory scale

Ces travaux de thèse, répondent à la problématique liée à la sécurité incendie des bâtiments ventilés naturellement, et notamment au comportement des fumées chaudes lorsqu’elles interagissent avec le vent. Le premier chapitre concerne la mise en exergue de la problématique bâtimentaire, au travers de la présentation des moteurs de la ventilation naturelle, d’une analyse règlementaire croisée sécurité incendie / confort thermique, et de multiples retours d’expériences. La nécessité d’étudier les régimes d’écoulement interne lorsque le vent interagit avec la fumée est mise en évidence. Ainsi, dans le second chapitre, les verrous scientifiques, associés à l’identification des régimes d’écoulement en convection mixte, sont soulevés à l’aide d’une analyse de la littérature. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous nous intéressons à la caractérisation des régimes d’écoulement internes lorsque le vent oppose le tirage thermique dans un volume contenant une source constante générant les forces de flottabilité. Une expérimentation densimétrique, air/hélium, à échelle réduite est proposée. Trois régimes d’écoulement internes stables sont mis en évidence. Les transitions entre ces régimes sont caractérisées par une loi puissance, mettant en jeu le nombre de Froude, relatif à la source générant les forces de flottabilité, et le rapport entre la pression dynamique de la source et celle du vent. Dans le quatrième chapitre, ces régimes sont également identifiés, expérimentalement et numériquement, lors de la vidange de fluide léger lorsque le vent oppose le tirage thermique. Une relation entre le nombre de Richardson et un temps de vidange caractéristique est identifiée. L’étude numérique nous permet d’analyser des dynamiques particulières de vidange de manière quantitative. Dans la dernière partie, les lois de transitions entre régimes d’écoulement permettent d’introduire un indicateur de sécurité dépendant des conditions de vent. Une méthode d’analyse, qui considère à la fois la sécurité et le confort, est alors proposée pour éviter les conflits mis en avant dans les retours d’expériences du chapitre 1. / This thesis work presents deals with the issue of fire safety consideration in naturally ventilated buildings. The particular case of the interaction between the wind and hot smoke movement is pinpointed. In the first chapter, basics of natural ventilation mechanisms are shown. Then, the analysis of building’s regulations, relating to fire safety and thermal comfort, allows to highlight potential conflicts and normative gaps. Theses gaps and conflicts are illustrated through real buildings feedbacks. The challenge of indoor flow pattern studies for safety purpose is hence underline. In the second chapter, scientific’s barriers in relation with the transitions between existing flow pattern, when wind and buoyancy are opposed, are identified thought a literature review. A scaled experiment is proposed in the third chapter, using density difference between air and helium, to identify internal flow pattern when wind opposes buoyancy. Three stable internal flow patterns are identified. A power law characterizing the transitions between identified flow pattern, involving source Froude number and dynamic pressure ratio between source jet and wind, is found. In the fourth chapter, the identified flow pattern are observed when the tested volume is emptied, and a relation between the initial Richardson number Ri and the characteristic emptied time θ is found. Furthermore, specific behaviour of internal flow, when the volume is emptied, is quantitatively study thanks to a numerical model. In the last part of this thesis, transitions law between internal flow patterns allows to introduce a new wind dependent fire safety index. A methodology is then proposed to both analyse fire safety and thermal comfort in building. The presented method gives the opportunity to avoid conception conflicts underlined in the first chapter of the present work.

As vigas mistas de madeira e concreto são formadas pela união de vigas de madeira a lajes de concreto armado por meio de conectores de cisalhamento. Quando os pisos mistos de madeira e concreto são comparados aos pisos construídos unicamente em madeira ou àqueles confeccionados somente em concreto armado é possível destacar algumas vantagens, incluindo o bom desempenho em situações de incêndio. Os elementos estruturais quando submetidos a ações térmicas sofrem redução de resistência e rigidez, sendo, desta forma, necessário conhecer as modificações sofridas por cada um de seus componentes, que para o caso estudado são: a madeira, o concreto e os conectores de cisalhamento. Desta forma, foi elaborada uma estratégia de modelagem numérica para o estudo de vigas mistas de madeira e concreto em situação de incêndio, utilizando o programa computacional ABAQUS, o qual é baseado no método dos elementos finitos. Em uma primeira etapa da pesquisa foram realizadas modelagens numéricas de vigas de madeira e mistas de madeira e concreto em temperatura ambiente, encontrando-se boa correlação entre as curvas força versus deslocamento no meio do vão obtida numericamente e por meio de ensaios disponíveis na literatura. Em seguida procedeu-se a calibração das propriedades térmicas e mecânicas da madeira brasileira, alcançando-se resultados numéricos próximos aos experimentais, seja em relação às temperaturas do elemento analisado seja em relação à curva de deslocamento vertical em função do tempo de incêndio. Por fim, a estratégia de modelagem termoestrutural desenvolvida para a viga mista de madeira e concreto forneceu curva de deslocamento vertical em função do tempo de incêndio semelhante à curva obtida por meio de modelo analítico disponível na literatura. Por meio do modelo elaborado foi possível observar que a elevação do nível de carregamento reduz o tempo de resistência do elemento estrutural e que a proteção térmica do concreto é essencial para aumentar o tempo até a ruptura da viga. / Timber-concrete composite beams are formed by the union of timber beams to reinforced concrete slabs through of shear connectors. When timber-concrete composite floors are compared to timber floors or reinforced concrete floors it is possible to highlight some advantages, including good performance in fire situations. When subjected to thermal actions, structural elements suffer strength and stiffness reductions, being, therefore, necessary to know the modifications suffered by each of its components, which for the case studied are: timber, concrete and shear connectors. Thus, it is developed a numerical modeling strategy using the computational program ABAQUS, which is based on the finite element method, for the study of timber-concrete composite beams in fire situation. In the first stage of the research it was carried out a numerical modeling of timber beam and timber-concrete composite beam at room temperature, finding good correlation between the force versus displacement curves in the middle of the span obtained numerically and through tests available in the literature. Then, it was carried out the calibration of the thermal and mechanical properties of the Brazilian wood, reaching numerical results close to the experimental ones, either in relation to the temperatures of the analyzed element or in relation to the vertical displacement curve as a function of the fire time. Finally, the thermo-structural modeling strategy developed for the timber-concrete composite beam provided a vertical displacement curve as a function of the fire time similar to the curve obtained through an analytical model available in the literature. Through of the elaborated model it was possible to observe that the load level increase reduces the resistance fire time of the structural element and that the thermal protection of the concrete is essential to increase the rupture time of the beam.

1994 ändrades den svenska lagstiftningen så att trä blev tillåtet i byggnader över tvåvåningar. Det finns vissa funktionskrav som ska uppfyllas för brandsäkerhet. Dettaarbete innehåller intervjuer med aktörer från byggbranschen som berör deras ochandra aktörers kunskapsnivå i ämnet. Möjligheter att bygga högt med träfasadpresenteras. Studien visar att flera möjligheter för att använda träfasader i höga husges i Boverkets byggregler. Olika aktörerna i byggbranschen uppfattar att de självahar goda kunskaper men att kunskapsbrister i branschen gällande brandskyddskravfinns. / The Swedish legislation of building code was changed in 1994, allowingconstruction of wooden buildings over two floors. To do so there are certainfunctional requirements that must be fulfilled to obtain fire safety. This studydetermines the level of knowledge of different contractors in the constructionindustry in the subject through interviews. The possibilities of using wooden facadesin high-rise building are also presented. The study shows that several possibilities touse wooden facades i high rise buildings are possible according to the legislation.Contractors in the industry consider their knowledge to be sufficient but believesthere is a general lack of knowledge in the industry regarding fire safetyrequirements.

Dans le cadre de la sécurité incendie, les produits industriels destinés au marché dela construction doivent être soumis à des essais de résistance au feu standardisés. Enparticulier, des critères de température limite à ne pas dépasser sont à satisfaire en face nonexposéedes produits. De plus, une attention est à apporter aux déformations hors plan del’élément testé. Ces essais de résistance au feu peuvent être contraignants et coûteux pour lesindustriels ce qui peut freiner leur démarche de Recherche et Développement. À ce titre, unprogramme de recherche a été lancé par la société EFECTIS France, laboratoire agréé enrésistance au feu, en collaboration avec le laboratoire I2M de l’Université de Bordeaux, dontl'objectif est de mettre au point un outil de simulation numérique d’essais de résistance au feu(four virtuel) appliqué à un bloc-porte en bois et produits dérivés (panneaux de particules etpanneaux de fibres). Le modèle thermomécanique développé prend en compte l’évolution despropriétés thermiques et mécaniques du matériau en fonction de l’avancement des réactionsde vaporisation et de pyrolyse ainsi que l’impact de ces réactions en termes d’énergiesconsommées et fournies. Ce modèle s’appuie notamment sur différents programmesexpérimentaux, comportant entre autre de la mesure de champ par corrélation d’images, dansle but de mesurer les données nécessaires à son bon fonctionnement. En se basant sur lecalcul du champ de température et sur l'estimation des déformations thermiques du bloc-portecoupe-feu, le modèle permet d’évaluer les performances au feu du produit. / In the context of fire safety, industrial products used in the building constructionmarket have to satisfy to standard fire resistance tests. In particular, a temperature criterionmust be satisfied on the unexposed side of the product and attention should be given to thedeformation of the product during fire. These tests are restrictive and costly for manufacturerswhich can slow down their R&D program. In this context, a research program was initiatedby the company EFECTIS France in collaboration with the laboratory I2M from theUniversity of Bordeaux whose main objective is to develop a numerical thermomechanicalmodel for simulating a fire resistance test (virtual furnace) on a fire door composed of woodand wood-based materials (particles and fibres boards). Thermomechanical model takes intoaccount the variation of thermal and mechanical properties as a function of vaporization andpyrolysis reactions. Energy impacts of those reactions are also included in the model. Thenumerical model involves experimental data to complete material properties needed for itsutilisation. To achieve this, different experimental programs were carried out, in particularmeasurements using digital image correlation. Based on simulated temperature field andestimation of the global bending of the fire door, the model allows evaluating fireperformances of the product.

Sedan forskning inom ämnet brandskydd för byggnader inleddes på 1900-talets andra hälfthar intresset för att bygga allt högre och mer komplexa byggnader ökat. I och med detta harhögre krav på brandskydd samt lagar och regler som beskriver de olika krav som ställsutvecklats.Äldre kulturhistoriskt viktiga bebyggelser i Sverige har svårt att uppfylla dessa krav.Samtidigt som det ställs höga krav på såväl organisatoriskt som byggnadsteknisktbrandskydd spelar byggnadernas kulturhistoriska värde en avgörande roll i hur brandskyddettillåts implementeras och i vilken omfattning. Det blir därför en avvägning mellan vad som ärmöjligt att göra ur brandskyddssynpunkt och ur en kulturhistorisk aspekt. I både Sverige ochNorge har man vid brandskyddsinventeringar kommit fram till ett flertalbrandskyddslösningar som varit möjliga att tillämpa.Ett exempel på dessa kulturhistoriska trähusbebyggelser är Rademachersmedjorna iEskilstuna. På mitten av 1600-talet beordrade den dåvarande konungen Karl X Gustaf att ettflertal stensmedjor skulle uppföras i Eskilstuna. I samband med konungens död 1660 föllplanerna och endast ett 20-tal smedjebyggnader uppfördes och då istället i trä. Endast sex avdessa smedjebyggnader finns bevarade och utgör de Rademachersmedjor som området ärkänt för idag.Syftet med denna studie är att genom systematiska fältstudier skapa en översikt över ochdokumentera Rademachersmedjornas nuvarande brandskydd. Utifrån detta materialvisualiseras områdets byggnadstekniska brandskydd samt riskzoner på ett översiktligt sättför brukare, förvaltare och ägare. Vidare fokuseras arbetet på brandspridningsaspekten samtrespektive byggnads nuvarande brandskydd. Detta innebär att den kulturmässiga aspektenendast kommer att beröras översiktligt.Denna studie baseras på bedömningsmodellen Bedömning av brandskydd ikulturbebyggelse (härefter kallat BSV-k) och de delar denna omfattar. Detta innebär att detbefintliga brandskydd som inte omfattas av bedömningsmetoden inte kommer att bedömas,däremot kommer detta brandskydd översiktligt beröras i samband medbyggnadsbeskrivningarna.Av Rademacherområdets totalt 16 byggnader uppnår endast en byggnad brandskyddsnivånacceptabelt brandskydd. Detta medför att områdets totala brandskydd är bristfälligt sett urdagens brandskyddsperspektiv. På Rademacherområdet har uppmärksammats ett flertalzoner som utgör en högre risk för uppkomst av brand. Dessa högre utsatta riskzoner ärspridda över hela Rademacherområdet vilket innebär att en uppkommen brand i områdetsena del kan komma att spridas vidare till andra delar av området. I och med detta kan storadelar av området snabbt bli involverat. I dessa sammanhang är det viktigt att försöka undvikaatt brand över huvud taget kan uppstå. Sådana åtgärder är oftast av enklare karaktär och imånga fall de mest ekonomiskt fördelaktiga. Att ta bort brännbart material i anslutning tillbyggnaden, ta bort löst brännbart material på vindsutrymmen och i utrymningsvägar ärnågra brandförebyggande åtgärder som kan tillämpas på Rademacherområdet. Sådanabrandförebyggande åtgärder utgör delvis ett skydd mot brandspridning. I de fall därbyggnadernas avstånd till angränsande byggnader är mycket kort utgör potentiellabrandbärare, såsom papperskorgar och träplank, ett större hot till vidare brandspridning dåbranden har ett kortare avstånd till brandbäraren jämfört med den närliggande byggnaden.Det redan korta skyddsavståndet mellan två byggnader blir ännu mindre när en potentiellbrandbärare är placerad mellan byggnaderna. Detta innebär att branden kan spridassnabbare till närliggande byggnader och omfatta ett större område.För att nå en acceptabel brandskyddsnivå enligt BSV-k för Rademacherområdet i Eskilstunaräcker det i många fall att tillämpa brandförebyggande åtgärder, såsom att ta bort brännbartmaterial i vindsutrymmen och flytta undan papperskorgar från fasaderna. / It is very important to protect buildings against fire. Especially older wooden buildings andareas with a historically important heritage, i.e. areas that cannot be restored to their originalcondition upon loss. In Eskilstuna one such area is located - Rademachersmedjorna. Onbehalf of Eskilstuna Kommunfastigheter AB a documentation of Rademachersmedjorna’sconstructional fire protection has been conducted in this report in order to have the area'sfire protection level documented. The purpose of this study has been, via systematic fieldstudies, to provide an overview of Rademachersmedjorna and document the area’s currentfire protection level. Based on this information, a visualization of the area's constructionalfire protection and risk zones has been developed to give a simple overview for users,managers and owners. The inventory can be used by Eskilstuna Kommunfastigheter AB for aquick and easy visualization of Rademachersmedjorna’s fire protection level and risk zones.Furthermore, this information could be used as a basis for planning future safety preventionefforts. The documentation over the area is based on the assessment method Bedömning avbrandskydd i kulturbebyggelse (hereafter referred to as BSV-k) and the parts this methodincludes. There are a total of 16 buildings at the Rademacher area and only one buildingachieved an acceptable fire protection level according to BSV-k. There are several zones inthe area that pose a higher risk for the occurrence of fire and fire spread. These highervulnerable fire hazard zones are spread out over Rademachersmedjorna which means thatthe whole area quickly can get involved in case of fire. In this context it is important to avoidfire what so ever may arise. Removing combustible material in escape routes, in attics andcombustible materials nearby the buildings are some fire prevention measures which can beapplied. It is also important to note objects such as bins and wooden planks that existbetween the buildings being potential fire carriers. In cases where the buildings distance to anearby located building is very short, the potential fire carriers pose little threat as the firecan spread directly from building to building. To achieve an acceptable level of fire protectionfor Rademachersmedjorna - according to this study's assessment method - is sufficient inmany cases to apply fire prevention.