The topic of the submitted diploma thesis originates from the methodological concept of both historical anthropology and history of mentality as well as everyday life history. The aim of the thesis is the attempt to find a reply to the question what death meant in the lives of soldiers, in what ways they were coping with fear, pain, suffering, in what ways they perceived violence - the inevitable part of their wartime world. The topic of the thesis itself is a complex view of dying and death of Czechoslovak legionaries on the Russian frontline during the First World War, processed mainly on the basis of analysis of historic resources, stored in both the Central Military Archive and Historical Military Archive and on study of ego-documents (correspondence, diaries and personal records of particular participants of the war). In the first part the variety of forms of death have been analysed: death at the battlefront, death in field hospitals, voluntary death or death as a punishment. The second part deals with feelings and mood of fighting men in relation to death, how they accepted it and were able to cope with it, it analyses stress factors, which soldiers had to face and it studies possibilities of defence against the stress of war and death. The third part brings closer the facts concerning...

Cette thèse retrace les sentiments de soldats français et d’anciens combattants de la Grande Guerre en regard des soldats allemands. Elle se fonde sur des sources orales – témoignages oraux et vidéos –, manuscrites – correspondance, dossiers du contrôle postal –, imprimées – journaux des tranchées, presse nationale, régionale, notices communales, témoignages publiés. L’objectif est de classifier, graduer et évaluer la présence ou non de haine sur un échantillon représentatif des corps, métiers, grades, statuts, origines sociales et géographiques dans l’armée française.Les thématiques abordées inscrivent cette recherche à la confluence de deux champs historiographiques, celui de l’histoire culturelle et de l’histoire militaire, ainsi qu’à l’interface de la psychologie sociale.Il s’agit tout d’abord de présenter la part de l’assimilation culturelle notamment via la presse et la satire, d’étudier l’influence supposée ou réelle de l’éducation scolaire et familiale, sur l’état d’esprit des mobilisés et appelés au moment du départ à la guerre. Ensuite, au travers du conflit, les sentiments des soldats à l’égard de l’ennemi, empreints de fiel et d’animosité au moment des attaques, des prises de prisonniers, de la connaissance des exactions, peuvent se mouvoir par un processus d’identification, de prise en considération ou même de respect pour celui qui partage le même quotidien, et fluctuer tout au long de la belligérance. Ce caractère évolutif peut dénoter une certaine ambigüité et reflète surtout la part d’incertitude, inhérente à l’appréciation des sentiments humains. / This thesis traces back the feelings of French soldiers and First World War veterans towards German soldiers. It is based on oral sources- oral testimonies and videos-, handwritten sources - mail, postal censorship files – and printed sources – trench diaries, national and regional press, municipal records, published testimonies.The aim is to classify, rank, and evaluate the existence of Hate on a representative cohort of corps, occupations, positions, status, social and geographical backgrounds within the French Army.The tackled themes set at the confluence of two distinct historiographic fields, cultural History and military History, are in the meantime interfacing with social psychology.First, the work presents the part of cultural assimilation, mainly via press and satire. It studies the real or assumed influence of schooling or family education on the state of mind of the mobilised men or the conscripts at the time of war departure.Then, throughout the conflict, the feelings towards the Enemy, sometimes appalled and reviled during the attacks, the capture of prisoners, the awareness of exactions, are possibly changing by an identification process, a growing consideration or even respect towards the one who shares the same everyday life, and thus fluctuate all along the war.That evolution may reveal some ambiguity and particularly reflect the part of uncertainty inherent to any human feelings appreciation.

The main task of my thesis was to do research work on the British impact on the Argentine economy during the period 1880 to 1916. The research work was focused on the economic aspects and, in particular, on the export policy of the country that, at the given period of time, was one of the most significant centres of primary products manufacturing. The objective of my research work was to discover the reasons for Argentina's economic achievements in the context of British interests in the area of Río de la Plata. For a better understanding of the chosen topic, I subdivided my thesis into eight time-related chapters that besides the country's export and the income from this trade also addressed the urban development, the industrial achievements as well as the country's infrastructure. The work also considers the Britain's dominant impact, not only on Argentina's economy, but also on the country's politics. Great emphasis was also placed on other important events that took place during the defined period that effected Argentina both during the phases of the country's economic prosperity and the phases of recession. Key words: Argentina, economy, Great Britain, 19th century, the First World War

Esta dissertação trata da evolução do setor industrial brasileiro na Primeira Guerra Mundial e do seu desenvolvimento na década de 1920. A motivação deste trabalho foi a controvérsia existente acerca do tema, pois os principais trabalhos que tratam do assunto divergem a respeito dos efeitos da Guerra sobre o desenvolvimento industrial brasileiro, não existindo um consenso se esse choque externo iniciou um processo de substituição de importações. Partindo dessa motivação, o primeiro capítulo traz uma revisão dos principais autores que estudaram essa questão, evidenciando as diferentes interpretações existentes na historiografia. Além dessa análise, o capítulo também trata das diferenças da evolução industrial em São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. O segundo capítulo analisa os dados de produção, o comércio exterior e as informações presentes em mensagens oficiais da época, com o intuito de capturar os principais efeitos do conflito no setor industrial e na evolução do mesmo até a crise de 1929. Por fim, o último capítulo traz uma reflexão sobre as mudanças nas relações políticas com o ganho de importância da indústria na economia brasileira. Assim, o presente estudo permitiu observar um efeito positivo desse estrangulamento externo para a indústria nacional nas décadas de 1910 e 1920, com início de um processo de substituição de importações e aumento de importância do setor na economia e na política nacional. / This thesis covers the evolution of the Brazilian industrial sector in the First World War and its development in the 1920s. The motivation for this work is the controversy about this issue, because many works that deals with the subject diverge about the effects of war on the Brazilian industrial development, without a consensus whether this external shock started an import substitution process. From this motivation, the first chapter brings a review of the main authors, who have studied this question, showing the different interpretations in history. In this analysis, the chapter also deals with the differences in industrial development in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The second chapter, analyze the industrial production, foreign trade and the information contained in official message of that time, in order to capture the main effects of the conflict in the industrial sector and the evolution of the sector up to 1929. Finally, the last chapter brings a reflection on the changes in political relations because of the importance gained by the industrial sector to the Brazilian economy. Thus, from the results of Chapters 2 and 3, we have a positive effect of the external strangling in the domestic industry later on the 1910s and 1920s, with the beginning of an import substitution and the increased importance of the industrial sector to the economic and national policy.

Massage was professionalised in Britain in 1895 by the Society of Trained Masseuses (STM), a small group of nurses and midwives mainly concerned with giving general massage to neurasthenic women. By the end of the First World War the massage profession had been transformed - a key participant in the rehabilitation of the nation’s wounded soldiers; publically, medically and politically acclaimed; and a specialism fully embryonic of physiotherapy. This thesis examines the professionalisation of massage from c.1880-1920. It argues that in order to fully understand the development of the profession in this period we have to move away from institutional teleologies, linear narratives of ‘medical control’ and embrace the myriad of socio-cultural, economic, political and professional forces driving and shaping this process. To explore these wider forces this thesis looks beyond internal institutional dynamics and examines a number of locations where massage was practised. Beginning with an examination of how massage was translated from a traditionally lay-treatment into the language of medical orthodoxy, this thesis considers its adoption into British medicine, its development as a practice and a profession, and its entry into the First World War. Fiercely contested both medically and ethically throughout the period, the practice of massage offers a new lens through which to examine the complex socio-cultural and professional negotiations shaping the course of professionalisation. This thesis argues that debates about massage, gender and intimacy were intricately woven into the formulation of professional boundaries, conditioning the relationship between patient and masseuse as well as the masseuse and medical practitioner. Focus on practice also yields insights into broader socio-economic and political concerns about disability, productivity and military efficiency. It situates the evolution of massage, practically and professionally, as part of the wider development of rehabilitation within society and medicine during this period. By contextualising the early professionalisation of massage in this way, this thesis offers new perspectives on the complex interplay between the development of physiotherapy, society and medicine.

The dissertation examines Argentine immigration policy in 1852- 1914. It focuses on the immigration process itself, the attitude of the Argentine political cliques and population, the minority groups, the influence of immigration on the development of Argentina in the mentioned period, the living conditions of immigrants and the process of their acclimatisation. For a better understanding of the chosen topic, the work was divided into two parts, followed by individual chapters. As a result of the research of published and unpublished sources, professional literature and articles, historical publications and other available sources, the importance of European immigration to the country's economic development, modernisation, demographic and culture was confirmed. Although the immigration process was also linked to negative aspects, such as the disappearance of the indigenous population, social inequality and the significant influence of European societies on the domestic economy, the population growth, the integration of immigrants into the primary and secondary economic sectors and political consolidation made Argentina one of the world's fastest-growing economies.

During the First World War, ideas of duty and sacrifice were a dominant characteristic of public discourse in New Zealand. Specifically, concern centred on a perceived inequality of sacrifice, which saw brave soldiers die on the front lines, whilst other men remained on the home front, apparently avoiding duty. This thesis charts the prevailing and powerful ideas that circulated during wartime New Zealand around these two stereotypes; on the one hand there was the soldier, the ideal of service and duty; on the other, the conscientious objector, a target for the derogatory label of 'shirker'. While there are a few select critical works which examine the experiences of New Zealand World War One conscientious objectors, such We Will Not Cease (1939) and Armageddon or Calvary (1919), there is a near complete absence of studies which examine the home front and ask how conscientious objectors were perceived and consequently judged as they were. It is the contention of this thesis that ideas around the soldier and the 'shirker' were interrelated stereotypes and that both images emerged from the process of mass mobilisation; a highly organised war effort which was largely dependent for its success upon the cooperation of wider civilian society. In sum, the thesis examines and analyses the ideas within mainstream New Zealand society as they appeared in public sources (notably newspapers, cartoons and government publications), and in doing so, tracks how social mores and views towards duty, sacrifice and service were played out at a time of national and international crisis.

This dissertation examines how the paradoxical process takes place whereby women are both integrated and segregated within male-dominated sites of social action, here in the Swedish labor market, national economy and military during the First World War. The potential of the First World War to change the societal gender distribution of labor in Sweden is limited by the fact that Sweden was not a belligerent state, and that the mobilization of men thus was limited. It is in social planning activity, and in the general state of preparedness for war and crisis, that this study has sought to analyze contemporaneous understandings of womens’ "tasks" in times of war and crisis. Earlier research has shown that women can be integrated in several different ways which can reproduce the gender order. This order can be re-created either in that women and men gain access to different "arenas" on different conditions, or in that women and men gain access to the same arena on different conditions (to mens’ advantage). From a gender-theoretical perspective, re-segregative integration is analyzed both at the level of conceptions and of practices. The study consists of three studies, regarding the domains of the labor market, the national economy (or economizing activity), and the military. The concept of the (social) task is used to capture those activities which voluntary organizations, the state, and/or womens’ organizations offered or enjoined/assigned to women in times of war and crisis. Women were offered tasks in e.g. the military medical service and in war veterinary care services, within so-called "time expense economizing" activities organized for the economy’s household sector, and with sewing articles of uniform clothing for older reserve troops (the landstormen). In addition, plans were laid up (although never carried out in practice) whereby women in wartime could be called upon to fill the "gaps" in the labor market left by men mobilized into the armed forces. In the domain of the labor market, womens’ integration was envisioned as taking place within an "extraordinary arena" on other conditions than those applying to men. Womens’ tasks were related to mens’ peacetime tasks, then being called "replacement work"; in relation to mens’ military service, placed into a context of "civil preparedness". In the domain of the national economy (or economizing activity), within the state National Economizing Commission, women were also integrated into a “special arena” on other conditions than those applying to men. Women were recruited into "womens’ administrations", or as the "only woman" to otherwise completely male-dominated administrations, and their tasks were limited to dealing with "the private households". In the domain of the military, women were still integrated into a "special arena" auxiliary to a male regular arena. Tasks were constituted as voluntary, were offered by voluntary organizations, and were focused on the provision of care services. In all these societal domains, a qualitative difference was created between what men did and what women did, or were envisioned to do. Womens’ tasks were constituted as feminized tasks. The tasks were however designed in a way which both challenged and confirmed more traditional conceptions of the "male defender", the "male provider", and the "masculine state and public sphere". One can reason here in terms of the gender order’s having been maintained, despite integration. In theory or in practice, this was done by tasks being recontextualized, whereby the existing order was maintained. By placing womens’ tasks into another context, order was secured, enabling the claim that "nothing has really happened". This could be expressed by saying that, when the gender order is threatened, a type of "assisting logic" intervened which placed threatening phenomena into a new context: the consequence of this was that tasks which women did, or were to do, became diminished.

This is a study of six women who lived in Britain during the early twentieth century. A mother and five daughters, they immigrated to Britain from Russia in 1909, and their letters provide a window into the lives of women during times of great strain and changes. The daughters attended school in Britain and expected to live a comfortable upper-class lifestyle funded by their family’s business in Russia. However, World War I and the February and October Revolutions in Russia made that future impossible. Instead the women became both military and civilian nurses, adopting professional careers and remaining unmarried. Their letters allow one to examine issues ranging from the cultural identities of émigrés and exiles to the effects of gender roles on life choices. This paper serves as a case study of their family, examining how larger political, social, and cultural events affected the practical and emotional facets of their lives. / text

Ma recherche vise, d’une part, à appréhender le phénomène de la publication des correspondances des « poilus » (les soldats français de la Première Guerre mondiale) et d’autre part, à déterminer leur rôle dans la mémoire collective de la Grande Guerre. Précédé d’un bilan historiographique, mon travail se divise en trois chapitres autour de trois thèmes principaux, la correspondance, l’édition et la mémoire. Le premier chapitre met en contexte la production des lettres et identifie les facteurs l’influençant. Le deuxième chapitre se penche sur les buts éditoriaux des publications de correspondances et sur leur transformation au fil des époques. Finalement, le dernier chapitre analyse la place de ces publications dans le cadre de la commémoration de la Grande Guerre. La recherche va au-delà de l’analyse des lettres et s’intéresse davantage aux desseins éditoriaux des recueils. Les sources utilisées sont des ouvrages collectifs publiant des lettres de poilus, édités entre 1922 (La dernière lettre) et 2006 (Paroles de Verdun). / My research aims to address the phenomenon of the publication of the “poilus” correspondences (French soldiers of the First World War) and to determine their role in the collective memory of the Great War. Preceded by a historiographic review, my work is divided into three chapters around three main themes, correspondences, publishing and memory. The first chapter puts into context the production of letters and identifies the factors influencing it. The second chapter considers the leading goals of publishing correspondences and their transformation over time. Finally, the last chapter analyzes the need for these publications for commemoration of the Great War. Research goes beyond the analysis of letters and focuses on the leading intentions of the editions. The sources used are anthologies of the “poilus” letters, published between 1922 (La dernière lettre) and 2006 (Paroles de Verdun).