The rapid spread of digital information and communication technologies since the turn of the century has led to renewed debates about globalisation and the power of new media to connect users across national, political and cultural borders. Environmental campaigns like WWF's Earth Hour, which touts itself as “the world's largest grassroots movement for the environment,” often adopt a utopian view of globalisation that celebrates what Marshall McLuhan termed the ‘global village'. While this global ethos might be useful in engaging the publics in collective action, this article argues that the way Earth Hour and similar campaigns actively construct representations of a single global village overlooks the lived inequalities between and among peoples within this imagined community. This article explores this tension using a quantitative and qualitative mixed-methods approach that combines a semiotic analysis of the Earth Hour 2019 promotional video, social media analysis of the use of #Connect2Earth hashtag among South African Twitter users, and in-depth interviews with current and former WWF-South Africa employees. This strategic approach is designed to juxtapose socially constructed representations of Earth Hour with on-the-ground user engagement in South Africa, and then triangulating these findings with qualitative interviews. The dissertation aims to explore the research question: In what ways does WWF's Earth Hour embody Marshall McLuhan's ideal ‘global village' and in what ways might it engender a form of eco-imperialism? This research question is operationalised through three subquestions: What kind of environmentalism do global environmental campaigns like Earth Hour promote? How do audiences in South Africa engage with Earth Hour on social media? How do local WWF of ices adapt global environmental campaigns to suit local audiences? This research contributes to emerging scholarship, rooted in environmental justice and decolonial studies, that is critical of mainstream environmental movements not to discourage environmental consciousness but to ultimately reformulate it.

This thesis deals with rural furniture production in Skaraborg County, Sweden, where the community Tibro is analyzed as part of the rural furniture production. The period of investigation is 1910-1920, when the First World War contributed to a number of changes in furniture manufacturing. The analysis describes how and in what way furniture manufacturing could be further developed and how the domestic market was linked to trade and restrictions. In the survey, wood production is put in relation to price changes, and changes in wages. It also analyzes how innovations and technological changes affected furniture production, where electrification in mechanization within the manufacturing process was an important factor for continued development. The analysis also discusses how investments were affected by various crises and that in turn the manufacturing process and conditions for continued growth.

Using a qualitative text analysis tying into the hermeneutic tradition, this study aims to explain how Swedish military attachés, as part of the process of professionalization, reported information as possible proponents of their own armed service during WW1. Michael I. Handel’s taxonomy, including four definitions of politics in the intelligence process, will here be used to analyze how the interests of the Swedish army as a stakeholder in the competition for state funds came to light in intelligence reporting. Based on the perceived conflict between a “professional intelligence culture” and the political use of intelligence, Handel’s taxonomy will also be used to discuss the attachés attitudes regarding the relationship between professional military officers and political decision making. These conclusions are made to create a Swedish historical perspective in research geared towards the politicization of intelligence, a field dominated by Anglo-Saxon perspectives and generalizations based on empirical findings not necessarily relevant to Swedish conditions. This study is therefore an attempt at relating the Swedish intelligence history to the phenomenon of intelligence politicization in an era where the professionalization of the military trade was highly prevalent. The study concludes that the reports show a tendency, with slight exceptions, where the attachés defend and propagate the interests of the army. This especially in cases where there is a clear rival in the competition for state funding within a political bargaining process, here exemplified by the Swedish navy. Cultural ideals emphasizing professional judgements over political opportunism, where officers who can propagate military demands in spite of political opposition are idealized, come to light in the reports. This suggests that the socioprofessional change within the Swedish officer corps between 1890-1914 coincides with a will to speak truth to power in line with the interests of military professionals.

no / The First World War (1914–18) was a period of dramatic and rapid change for both staff and patients in asylums across the UK. Many British asylums were requisitioned by the army from 1915 for use as wartime hospitals, leading to mass evacuation of over 10,000 patients. Using contemporary resources, this article will review the impact of this and other significant changes that took place in wartime, which included variations in working practices, staff shortages, food rationing and a significant rise in the asylum death rate. Contributing factors will be considered with analysis and discussion of eye-witness, historical, documentary, parliamentary and meteorological evidence.

No description available.

This research is about innovation. Using the example of the British Army, which underwent great changes during the First World War, I focus on the role of soldiers and civilian in its process of adaptation to the new tools of warfare. Innovation was not a process forced from the top of the Army or produced solely by officers. Change came from a complex interaction between soldiers, army institutions, and civilians at home. Technology was the topic of this interaction: soldiers used technology to lobby for change and improve their effectiveness on the battlefield, civilians used it to help and participate to the war, while institutions transformed their own structures to adapt to the fast-paced changes, providing a common place to absorb and redistribute innovation. I try to break the common narrative that portrays the inventor producing a weapon, a committee of the army adopting it, and the weapon changing warfare. Ideas surfaced from a complex environment that looked for solutions in a constant dialogue between the experience of the battlefield, the personal competencies of soldiers and civilians, and the necessities of the British Army to simplify, streamline, and standardize. / History

Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, les puissances occidentales étaient obligées d’utiliser toutes leurs ressources afin de vaincre. Dans les colonies allemandes, les troupes coloniales, la Schutztruppe, la plupart étant des Africains noirs, avaient la responsabilité de défendre les colonies contre tout envahisseur. Pour sa part, la France craignait, depuis la fin de la guerre franco-allemande, l’écart démographique vis-à-vis de l’Allemagne. Elle a finalement pris la décision de renforcer ses troupes par des soldats africains, les Tirailleurs sénégalais étant les plus nombreux. Ce mémoire vise à analyser et à comparer le recrutement et le déploiement dans les deux cas, particulièrement l’idéologie qui soutenait ce recrutement, les relations entre Africains et Européens pendant la guerre, la contribution des Africains à l’effort de guerre, ainsi que les conséquences de la visibilité accrue des Africains dans la société européenne. En général, nous pouvons remarquer d’importantes ressemblances entre les deux cas, en particulier le fait que l’utilisation de troupes coloniales a eu pour fonction de justifier leurs politiques coloniales et de condamner celles de leur adversaire. / During World War I, the Western powers were forced to deploy every resource available to prevail. In the German colonies, the defence was conducted by the Schutztruppe, the protectorate forces composed mainly by black Africans. France, for her part, feared the demographic imbalance with Germany and so decided to reinforce her forces with African troops, the Tirailleurs Sénégalais being the most numerous. The present thesis aims to analyze and compare the recruitment and deployment of both countries, particularly the ideology that buttressed each case, the relations between Africans and Europeans during the war, the contribution of Africans to the war effort, as well as the implications of the increased visibility of Africans in European society. Overall, it is possible to observe remarkable similarities between France and Germany, particularly the fact that their utilization of colonial troops served to justify their own colonial policies and to demonize the opponent’s.

François Gervais né à Blois en 1885, reçu bachelier en lettres et philosophie, commença très tôt des études musicales, obtenant, dès 1905, le second prix de violoncelle au Conservatoire de Paris. Entré en 1913 à l’orchestre des Concerts Lamoureux dirigé alors par Paul Paray, il était en tournée aux Pays bas quand il apprit la déclaration de la guerre. F. Gervais fut d’abord mobilisé au 313ème régiment d’infanterie, puis au 329ème jusqu’à la fin de la guerre. Malgré le fait qu’il soit parti au front sans instrument, il se distingue comme musicien jusqu’à la fin de l’année 1914. Mais au printemps de l’année 1915, F. Gervais qui souffre de l’absence de pratique instrumentale réclame auprès de ses supérieurs la permission de réaliser un violoncelle. L’instrument, fabriqué à partir des rares matériaux collectés, s’avère de qualité étonnante sur le plan acoustique. Néanmoins, il a été conçu pour obvier à toute avarie due à la vie de soldat, peu sédentaire et exposée aux intempéries. Pendant les périodes de repos à l’arrière, F. Gervais anime les troupes (concerts, revues et spectacles) et ne tarde pas à gagner l’estime de ses camarades et de ses supérieurs. Le plaisir de la pratique musicale quasi quotidienne retrouvé, F. Gervais, seul ou en formation avec d’autres camarades musiciens, jouera tout au long de la guerre, pour la détente des soldats entre deux montées en ligne. Démobilisé, il rentre au foyer avec ses souvenirs et son violoncelle. Survivant de cette guerre, il réintègre l’orchestre des Concerts Lamoureux dont il sera violoncelle solo en 1920. Il enseignera, par la suite comme professeur indépendant, (P. Tortelier sera son élève) et dans ses dernières années, il sera professeur au Conservatoire de Tours. Après sa mort en 1956, sa fille aînée Françoise Gervais conservera pieusement à son domicile, documents et violoncelle avant d’en faire don en 1999 à l’Historial de la Grande Guerre de Péronne (80) ... / François Gervais was born in Blois in 1885. High school graduated in literature and philosophy he early started musical studies and obtained in 1905 the second prize of cello at the Conservatoire of Paris. In 1913 he joined the ochestra of the Concerts Lamoureux directed by Paul Paray. He was on tour in Netherlands when he heard the declaration of war. F. Gervais was first mobilized at the 313th infantry regiment then at the 329th till the end of the war. Above the fact that he went to the front without instrument, he’s distinguished as musician till the end of the year 1914. But in the spring of 1915, F. Gervais who’s suffering of the absence of music pratical, demand to his superiors the permission to build a cello. The instrument carried out with few collected material, reveals it’s surprising acoustic quality. Nevertheless, it’s been designed to obviate all damages caused by soldier’s living, quite sedentary and exposed to bad weather. During rest time behind the lines, F. Gervais entertains the troups (concerts, revues and shows) and rise in his friends and superiors’s estimation. The pleasure of pratical music regained nearly dayly, F. Gervais alone or in group with others musicians buddies, will play all during the war for the soldier’s relax between two moves to first line. Demobilized, he goes back home with his memories and his cello. Survivor of this war, he returns to the orchestra of Concerts Lamoureux and will become soloist cello in 1920. Later on, he will teach as independant professor (P. Tortelier will be his student) and in his last years, he will be professor at the conservatoire of Tours. After his death in 1956, his elder daughter Françoise Gervais will piousely keep at her domicile, the documents and the cello before to do a donation in 1999 to the french great war museum : l’Historial de la Grande Guerre de Péronne (80) ...

Ma recherche vise, d’une part, à appréhender le phénomène de la publication des correspondances des « poilus » (les soldats français de la Première Guerre mondiale) et d’autre part, à déterminer leur rôle dans la mémoire collective de la Grande Guerre. Précédé d’un bilan historiographique, mon travail se divise en trois chapitres autour de trois thèmes principaux, la correspondance, l’édition et la mémoire. Le premier chapitre met en contexte la production des lettres et identifie les facteurs l’influençant. Le deuxième chapitre se penche sur les buts éditoriaux des publications de correspondances et sur leur transformation au fil des époques. Finalement, le dernier chapitre analyse la place de ces publications dans le cadre de la commémoration de la Grande Guerre. La recherche va au-delà de l’analyse des lettres et s’intéresse davantage aux desseins éditoriaux des recueils. Les sources utilisées sont des ouvrages collectifs publiant des lettres de poilus, édités entre 1922 (La dernière lettre) et 2006 (Paroles de Verdun). / My research aims to address the phenomenon of the publication of the “poilus” correspondences (French soldiers of the First World War) and to determine their role in the collective memory of the Great War. Preceded by a historiographic review, my work is divided into three chapters around three main themes, correspondences, publishing and memory. The first chapter puts into context the production of letters and identifies the factors influencing it. The second chapter considers the leading goals of publishing correspondences and their transformation over time. Finally, the last chapter analyzes the need for these publications for commemoration of the Great War. Research goes beyond the analysis of letters and focuses on the leading intentions of the editions. The sources used are anthologies of the “poilus” letters, published between 1922 (La dernière lettre) and 2006 (Paroles de Verdun).

Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, les puissances occidentales étaient obligées d’utiliser toutes leurs ressources afin de vaincre. Dans les colonies allemandes, les troupes coloniales, la Schutztruppe, la plupart étant des Africains noirs, avaient la responsabilité de défendre les colonies contre tout envahisseur. Pour sa part, la France craignait, depuis la fin de la guerre franco-allemande, l’écart démographique vis-à-vis de l’Allemagne. Elle a finalement pris la décision de renforcer ses troupes par des soldats africains, les Tirailleurs sénégalais étant les plus nombreux. Ce mémoire vise à analyser et à comparer le recrutement et le déploiement dans les deux cas, particulièrement l’idéologie qui soutenait ce recrutement, les relations entre Africains et Européens pendant la guerre, la contribution des Africains à l’effort de guerre, ainsi que les conséquences de la visibilité accrue des Africains dans la société européenne. En général, nous pouvons remarquer d’importantes ressemblances entre les deux cas, en particulier le fait que l’utilisation de troupes coloniales a eu pour fonction de justifier leurs politiques coloniales et de condamner celles de leur adversaire. / During World War I, the Western powers were forced to deploy every resource available to prevail. In the German colonies, the defence was conducted by the Schutztruppe, the protectorate forces composed mainly by black Africans. France, for her part, feared the demographic imbalance with Germany and so decided to reinforce her forces with African troops, the Tirailleurs Sénégalais being the most numerous. The present thesis aims to analyze and compare the recruitment and deployment of both countries, particularly the ideology that buttressed each case, the relations between Africans and Europeans during the war, the contribution of Africans to the war effort, as well as the implications of the increased visibility of Africans in European society. Overall, it is possible to observe remarkable similarities between France and Germany, particularly the fact that their utilization of colonial troops served to justify their own colonial policies and to demonize the opponent’s.