Esta dissertação procura compreender a atuação e o discurso da Liga Brasileira pelos Aliados, associação fundada com o propósito de apoiar a campanha dos Aliados na Primeira Guerra Mundial. Pretende-se analisar sua estrutura de funcionamento e formas de atuação para promover a campanha daquele bloco de combatentes ao longo do conflito europeu. Através dos boletins, artigos e moções publicados na imprensa carioca, observa-se a elaboração de um discurso com o intuito não apenas de persuadir a opinião pública brasileira a favor dos Aliados, mas de estabelecer uma representação da nação brasileira na Primeira República. / This dissertation aims to comprehend the acts and discourse of Brazilian League for the Allies, association established to help the Allies along the First World War. It is intended to analyse its functional structure and the form of action in order to promote that combatants over the war. Through the bulletins, papers and motions, it is possible to observe the creation which claims to persuade the Brazilian public opinion in favour of the Allies, and established a representation of Brazilian nation on First Republic.

This thesis is a historical study of the Ottoman Armenians in the Ottoman Empire from 1918-1923. It seeks to delineate how the Ottoman Armenians reorganised their political position against the massive socio-political crises that led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The thesis analyses the transformation of the Armenian political position by examining the Ottoman Turkish and Armenian press. The study contends that the Ottoman Armenians struggled to reorganise their political and social life after the First World War and established alliances with the Allied Powers to create an independent 'Western Armenia', which would ultimately unite with the Armenian state in the Caucasus. The Ottoman Armenians developed a patriotic approach that sought unification with their compatriots in the Caucasus. However, after the defeat of the Greek army by the Nationalist troops in Anatolia in 1922, the collective approach among the Ottoman Armenians changed significantly. After the Nationalist victory had become inevitable, the Ottoman Armenians sought reconciliation and peace with the Turks. This reconciliation was only possible through the acceptance of 'Turkish supremacy' by the Ottoman Armenians. In other words, the Armenians who chose to remain within the boundaries of Turkey preferred to pledge loyalty to the newly established Nationalist government in Ankara. The establishment of the Türk-Ermeni Teali Cemiyeti (Turkish Armenian Ascent Association) and the reconciliation attempts of the Ottoman Armenians with the Muslim Turks is an example of the transformation of the Armenian collective position among the Ottoman Armenians. This study employs Armenian and Ottoman Turkish media sources published in Istanbul and Anatolia during the Armistice years (1918-1923) to track the post-war interrelationship of Ottoman society in general and the Armenian community in particular, the social and political reorganisations of the Armenian community and the transformation of the Armenian political position in the last years of the Ottoman Empire. By doing so, the thesis challenges both Ottoman/Turkish and Armenian historiographies, and attempts to bring these two historiographic approaches together with a new approach to understand this historical period.

This thesis compares adolescent engagement with the First World War in Ireland and New Zealand between 1914 and 1918. Twenty-five elite boys' secondary schools are used as case studies, including Catholic and Protestant institutions. This approach not only captures a common adolescent cohort, but also brings transnational connections to the fore; Catholics comprised approximately 14 percent of New Zealand's population, at least nine-tenths of whom were of Irish descent. In addition to differentiating student behaviour from adult-articulated expectations, boys' responses to the war are juxtaposed against those of their teachers. Using school periodicals, newspapers, and memoirs, this thesis partially recovers the neglected history of adolescent wartime experiences in two under-researched regions of the British Empire. It also elucidates the ways in which hostilities disrupted age-specific concerns and practices in elite school settings. Age was critical in shaping how male non-combatants were impacted by, and reacted to, the conflict. This argument is substantiated by in-depth analyses of several related themes, including 'war enthusiasm', death, dissent, and cultural 're-mobilization'. While the First World War was near-uniformly identified as a crucial event, staff responses were mediated by longstanding orientations and responsibilities. Teachers prioritised institutional concerns such as state funding and school status throughout. Irish and New Zealand adolescents also engaged with hostilities on their own terms; 'boy culture' and age-related interests provided a constant baseline against which external interventions into daily life were evaluated. These cross-national similarities were modulated by immediate contexts. Coercive measures implemented by the state did not always receive popular support, contributing to new political trajectories and visions of the future within particular communities. National parameters also had the final say as to when students could legally enlist. This intersection of age and place ultimately proved pivotal in determining civilian reactions to major global developments during the 1910s.

Esta dissertação procura compreender a atuação e o discurso da Liga Brasileira pelos Aliados, associação fundada com o propósito de apoiar a campanha dos Aliados na Primeira Guerra Mundial. Pretende-se analisar sua estrutura de funcionamento e formas de atuação para promover a campanha daquele bloco de combatentes ao longo do conflito europeu. Através dos boletins, artigos e moções publicados na imprensa carioca, observa-se a elaboração de um discurso com o intuito não apenas de persuadir a opinião pública brasileira a favor dos Aliados, mas de estabelecer uma representação da nação brasileira na Primeira República. / This dissertation aims to comprehend the acts and discourse of Brazilian League for the Allies, association established to help the Allies along the First World War. It is intended to analyse its functional structure and the form of action in order to promote that combatants over the war. Through the bulletins, papers and motions, it is possible to observe the creation which claims to persuade the Brazilian public opinion in favour of the Allies, and established a representation of Brazilian nation on First Republic.

A história do século XX teve como grande divisor de águas a Primeira Guerra Mundial. Por mais que o conflito tenha devastado apenas partes do Velho Mundo, este foi seguido do que Eric Hobsbawm chamou de um tipo de colapso verdadeiramente mundial, sentido pelo menos em todos os lugares em que homens e mulheres se envolviam ou faziam uso de transações impessoais de mercado. A militarização da economia e a crise do fim da guerra foram fenômenos mundiais, assim como o acirramento das lutas sociais. A Argentina, como uma das principais economias da América do Sul, não ficou imune à estas perturbações, transformando a cidade de Buenos Aires durante este período em um importante palco de mobilizações operárias. Este trabalho, que tem como principal objeto de investigação a trajetória da Federación Obrera Regional Argentina IXª e sua interação com o Estado, patronais e outras agrupações operárias e de esquerda, pretende realizar uma análise desse período, relacionando os efeitos das flutuações econômicas desencadeadas pela guerra com a ascensão e o refluxo das mobilizações operárias naquela cidade / The history of the twentieth century had as its great watershed the First World War. As the conflict had devastated only some parts of the Old World, it was followed by what Eric Hobsbawm has called \"a kind of truly global collapse, felt at least everywhere where men and women were involved or were using the impersonal transactions of market\". The militarization of the economy and the war crisis were a global phenomenon, as well as the intensification of social struggles. Argentina, as one of the leading economies in South America, was not immune to these disorders, transforming the city of Buenos Aires during this period into an important stage for workers mobilizations. This work, which has as its main object the investigation of the trajectory of the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina IXth and its interaction with the state, employers and other workers and leftist groups, intends to conduct an analysis of this period, in which the effects of the economic fluctuations triggered by war relate to the rise and flow of workers mobilizations in that city

La notion de camaraderie irradie l’ensemble des discours produits après la Grande Guerre, qu’ils émanent des autorités, des historiens, souvent rescapés du conflit ou du monde ancien combattant. Unité, solidarité, fraternité sont autant de valeur que porterait l’expérience du front. Les sources directes produites au plus près de l’événement en particulier, récits sous forme de lettres, carnets ou « discours visuels » de la photographie privée invitent pourtant à donner de l’épaisseur à une notion héritée d’une mise en scène de la guerre. En ce sens, les expressions de la camaraderie par les mots, comme l’observation des pratiques relationnelles combattantes, autour du partage de l’abri, de la nourriture, des rites de convivialité, laisse entrevoir, au-delà d’une même inscription dans la guerre qui dure, une fragmentation des groupes et des expériences, une inégalité des situations. Les identités en guerre, sociales et militaires, semblent en effet des facteurs puissants de construction, activation ou réactivation des liens sociaux qui se déploient à plusieurs échelles. Déterminant par là des cercles de camaraderies superposés, plus ou moins intenses, qui laissent aussi une certaine place à la reconnaissance de l’ennemi comme camarade. Au final, la violence qui pèse sur les hommes sous l’uniforme est ressentie de la même manière par les groupes combattants et le découpage « arrière/front » cristallise les rancunes et participe à l’élaboration du « mythe » de la fraternité. Mais la multiplicité des liens relationnels tissés et les réseaux qui permettent aux soldats-combattants de s’adapter à la guerre, font aussi prendre conscience, à un niveau macro-politique, de l’inexistence de l’égalité rêvée, prônée par la République et le discours officiel. / The notion of ‘camaraderie’ has irradiated the whole discourses delivered after the Great War, either by the government or by historians- often war survivors or by veterans. Unity, solidarity and fraternity are values enhanced by fighting at the front. Direct sources issued straight after the event itself, narratives such as letters, diaries or « visual discourses » from private photographs tend to emphasize a notion stemming from a staging of the war.Therefore, works dealing with ‘camaraderie’ - like the observation of the fighters' relationship as regards sharing the shelter, food or the rites of conviviality, give us – though all inscribing within the topic of the lasting war, a glimpse of a fragmentation of the groups and the experiences, as well as unequal situations.During the war, identities, notably the social ones, are indeed strong factors of construction, activation or reactivation of social bonds which deploy at multiple levels, thus defining superimposed, more or less intense circles of camaraderie which also leave room for acknowledging the enemy as a comrade.Finally, if the violence that weighs on men under their uniforms is felt the same way, the multiplicity of relational bonds weave networks allowing soldiers-fighters to adapt to the war while realizing at the macro-political level the non-existence of the dream of equality advocated by the Republic and the official discourse, except - and yet again reinforcing the gap - against the world of the rear which crystallizes grudges and takes part in generating the “myth” of fraternity at the front.

The history of the Great War has been dominated by accounts that view the War as an international conflict between nations and soldiers that contributed to the consolidation of Canadian cultural and political independence and identity. In many cases, the War has assumed a foundational—even mythic—status as integral to the building of a mature state and people. Since the 1970s, however, there has been an efflorescence of Canadian plays that have problematized traditional representations of the War. Many of these plays are set on the home front and explore the ways in which the War, in the form of disease, disaster, and intra-communal in-fighting and suspicion, invaded Canadian home space. What they suggest is that the War was not simply launched against an external enemy but that the War invaded Canadian communities and households. This dissertation examines five of these plays: Kevin Kerr’s Unity (1918), Guy Vanderhaeghe’s Dancock’s Dance, Trina Davies’ Shatter, Jean Provencher and Gilles Lachance’s Québec, Printemps 1918, and Wendy Lill’s The Fighting Days, all of which were written and published after 1970. Ultimately, it demonstrates that these plays, by relocating the War to Canadian terrain, undertake an important and radical critique; they suggest that the understanding of the War should not be restricted to overseas conflicts or Canadian national self-definition but that it should be expanded to encompass a diversity of people and experiences in domestic and international settings. At the same time, this thesis recognizes these plays as part of an emergent, bourgeoning Canadian dramatic genre, one which attests to Canadians’ continued preoccupation with the War past.

This thesis studies the clash between the hero and the First World War in the works of Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen. It explores the impact on their poetry and attitude towards the concept of the hero as it applied to them as people and poets. The study shows that over prolonged contact with the horrors of the First World War, it is evident in both literary sources and their poetry that both Sassoon and Owen changed their attitudes negatively towards both the idea of heroes and heroism, as well as the War as a just and glorious cause.  However, the myth of the hero was still a core belief of their society, and in order to not be branded cowards and discarded along with their warnings, they had to become heroes in the eyes of their society, to openly attack the concept and the war it fueled. This thesis then studies how and why First World War poetry and literature should be utilized within the subject of English in the Swedish School System, as a means to provide a multicultural and critical education.

Throughout the Second Reich’s short life, military affairs were synonymous with those of the state. Indeed, it was the zeal and blood of Prussian soldiers that allowed the creation of a unified German empire. After solidifying itself as a major power, things grew more complicated as the Reich found itself increasingly surrounded by hostile rivals. To the west, French humiliation over their catastrophic defeat in 1870-71 continued to fester while, in the east, Russian sympathies for the new empire waned. The finalization of a Franco-Russian alliance in 1894 meant Germany faced formidable adversaries along her eastern and western borders. That unsettling realization dictated the empire’s military policy until its downfall in 1918. Drawing from the writings and speeches of Wilhelmine Germany’s military and political leaders, this work seeks to examine and analyze the Second Reich’s military policies and decision-making processes over the three decades preceding the First World War.

Esta tesis se propone lleva a cabo un análisis de gran alcance del periodismo literario escrito entre 1914 y 1918. Para ello, explora dieciséis obras escritas por autores británicos y norteamericanos que están situadas en una zona liminal desde un punto de vista físico, genérico, temporal y espacial. Los textos estudiados son: First from the Front (Harold Ashton 1914), With the Allies (Richard Harding Davis 1914), Fighting in Flanders (Alexander Powell 1914), The Soul of the War (Philip Gibbs 1915), Over There: War Scenes on the Western Front (Arnold Bennett 1915), France at War (Rudyard Kipling 1915), Kings, Queens and Pawns: An American Woman at the Front (Mary Roberts Rinehart 1915), A Journal of Impressions in Belgium (May Sinclair 1915), Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort (Edith Wharton 1915), A Visit to Three Fronts: Glimpses of the British, Italian and French Lines (Arthur Conan Doyle 1916), With the British on the Somme (William Beach Thomas 1917), My Round of the War (Basil Clarke 1917), The Turning Point: The Battle of the Somme (Harry Perry Robinson 1917), The Glory of the Coming: What Mine Eyes Have Seen of Americans in Action in This Year of Grace and Allied Endeavor (Irvin S. Cobb 1918), And They Thought We Wouldn’t Fight (Floyd Gibbons 1918) y A Reporter at Armageddon: Letters from the Front and Behind the Lines of the Great War (Will Irwin 1918). El viaje físico que llevó a estos periodistas a la zona bélica y las características de dicho viaje permiten agrupar los textos que resultaron de estas expediciones bajo un mismo marco teórico-antropológico. Este marco teórico se basa en las teorías sobre liminalidad tal y como las articuló originalmente Arnold van Gennep en Los Ritos de Paso (1909), que fueron más tarde desarrolladas por Victor Turner. Además de clasificar, contextualizar y discutir críticamente un conjunto de obras que no han sido comparadas con anterioridad, este estudio da respuesta a cuatro preguntas fundamentales: en primer lugar, esta tesis investiga si los textos analizados responden a los marcos críticos con los que hemos aprendido a interpretar la guerra, sobre todo en lo referente al concepto de “el mito de la guerra” establecido por Samuel Hynes en su estudio A War Imagined. En segundo lugar, esta tesis evalúa si algunos de los cambios retóricos y estilísticos que Paul Fussell identificó en la literatura de los combatientes se pueden encontrar en los textos analizados. Asimismo, atiende al desarrollo cronológico de la guerra y evalúa si existe una variación en el modo en que ésta fue representada a medida que avanzó el conflicto. En tercer lugar, el estudio adopta una perspectiva comparatista, confrontando los textos escritos desde ambos lados del Atlántico, para determinar hasta qué punto la nacionalidad de los autores y la postura de sus países en un estadio concreto de la guerra afectó a su forma de escribir. Finalmente, se propone determinar si existen diferencias sustanciales en la forma en que hombres y mujeres concibieron y retrataron su experiencia liminal en el frente.