MAGALHÃES, Frederico Batista. Qualidade da água subsuperficial e de fundo no cultivo de tilápia em tanques-rede na fazenda campo grande (açude Pereira de Miranda, Pentecoste, Ceará). 2013. 69 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2013 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-15T12:09:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_fbmagalhães.pdf: 1507818 bytes, checksum: 9692206a8b30849b20decf9e956f08ca (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-15T12:10:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_fbmagalhães.pdf: 1507818 bytes, checksum: 9692206a8b30849b20decf9e956f08ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-15T12:10:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_fbmagalhães.pdf: 1507818 bytes, checksum: 9692206a8b30849b20decf9e956f08ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Mankind has an important historical connection with the water especially with Continental Aquatic Ecosystems (CAEs) Worldwide there are about 1386 million km3 of water This value may seem absurdly large almost unimaginable but only a small portion of this amount is freshwater and a smaller portion is still available for consumption by humans This study aimed to determine the effects of tilapia culture in cages held at Fazenda Campo Grande (Weir Pereira de Miranda Pentecost Ceará) the quality of surface and bottom of the cultivation area and systematically monitor the physical-chemical changes nictimerais changes caused by local weather The study was conducted at Aquaculture Campo Grande located in Weir Public Pereira de Miranda located in Petecoste (Ceará - Brazil) Have chosen two stations (PC - Control Point; PTR - Point in Tanks-Net) Were chosen due to location (50 m away) and divide the similar physical characteristics (depth distance from shore etc ) Meteorological data were obtained from FUNCEME and the the Meteorological Station of Universidade Federal do Ceará The campaigns took place every three weeks and began on 24/03/2012 and were finalized on 07/07/2012 Them were collected waters of sub-surface and bottom in two points and at different times (6 12 18 and 24h00min) Even at the site were measured water temperature pH and oxygen fixation occurred by Winckler method In the laboratory were measured electrical conductivity dissolved oxygen total alkalinity total hardness salinity total ammonia nitrogen nitrite iron II and dissolved phosphorus The water clarity was measured with a Secchi disk Each campaign has generated 324 results in water quality total 1944 results at the end of the work In the end it was concluded that the fish farming Campo Grande eutrophication medium so insignificant that the change in water quality is mainly in the bottom water thermal stratification occurred in fish but there was not always a total mixture of the water body waste dispersion was very low keeping the perimeter of the cages and water quality can be organized as follows in order of increasing water quality (from worse to best water): 1 - bottom water of net cages; 2 - bottom water-point control; 3 - sub-surface water of the control points and net cages / A humanidade tem uma importante ligação histórica com a água em especial com os Ecossistemas Aquáticos Continentais (EACs) No mundo existem cerca de 1 386 milhões de km3 de água sendo apenas 2 5% água doce É de extrema importância o conhecimento das variáveis físico-químicas da água para prever de forma antecipada os fenômenos de estratificação e desestratificação térmica Assim podendo evita perdas financeiras em empreendimentos aquícolas O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar quais efeitos a tilapicultura em tanques redes realizada na Fazenda Capo Grande (Pentecoste Ceará) exerce sobre os parâmetros da água subsuperficial e de fundo no cultivo e monitorar sistematicamente as alterações físico-químicas nictimerais causadas pelas alterações meteorológicas locais O trabalho foi realizado na Piscicultura Campo Grande localizada no Açude Publico Pereira de Miranda localizado em Pentecoste (Ceará – Brasil) Foram escolhidos dois pontos de coletas com a mesma profundidade e características semelhantes (PC – Ponto controle localizado a 50 m dos tanques-rede; PTR – Ponto nos Tanques-Rede localizado entre os tanques-rede) Os dados meteorológicos foram obtidos através da FUNCEME e da Estação Meteorológica da UFC As campanhas ocorriam a cada 21 dias se iniciaram no dia 24/03/2012 e foram finalizadas no dia 07/07/2012 Coletava-se águas de sub-superfície (0 30 m) e de fundo (3 90 m) nos dois pontos e em horários diferentes (6 12 18 e 24h00min) Ainda no local foram medidos a temperatura da água pH e ocorria a fixação do oxigênio pelo método de Winckler Em laboratório foram medidos a condutividade elétrica oxigênio dissolvido alcalinidade total dureza total salinidade nitrogênio amoniacal total nitrito ferro II e fósforo dissolvido A transparência da água foi medida com um disco de secchi Cada campanha gerou 324 resultados de qualidade de água totalizando 1944 resultados no fim do trabalho Concluiu-se que a Piscicultura Campo Grande eutrofizou o meio de forma insignificante que a alteração da qualidade de água se deu principalmente na água de fundo ocorreram estratificações térmicas na área da piscicultura mas nem sempre ocorreu à mistura total da massa de água a dispersão de resíduos foi muito baixa mantendo-se no perímetro dos tanques-rede e a qualidade da água pode ser organizada da seguinte forma em ordem crescente de qualidade de água (da pior para a melhor água): 1 – água de fundo dos tanques-rede; 2 – água de fundo do ponto-controle; 3 – água subsuperficial dos pontos controle e tanques-rede

Research developing artificial propagation, husbandry, and nutrition of sturgeon species has developed greatly since the collapse of the Caspian Sea fisheries in the 1980s. Sturgeon species are commercially prized for their unfertilized roe which is marketed as the delicacy, caviar. Sturgeon production units commonly utilize commercial salmonid feeds, which contain large proportions of fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO). Concerns regarding economics and sustainability have put pressure on aquafeed manufactures to efficiently utilize FM and FO, and to incorporate alternative protein sources, such as soybean meal (SBM). Therefore, the present studies estimated the optimal protein:energy ratio of juvenile Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus and evaluated the effects of increasing SBM composition on growth, feed efficiency, body and liver composition, and intestinal morphology of juvenile Shovelnose Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus, two species of Scaphirhynchus sturgeon of regional commercial importance. Protein:energy ratios were investigated using casein and dextrose based, semi-purified diets. Results indicated that Scaphirhynchus sturgeon are able to perform similarly across a wide range of protein:energy ratios (79 - 147 mg protein kcal-1), so long as adequate dietary energy (3,800 kcal kg-1 gross energy) is provided and essential amino acids are not limiting. Soybean meal was evaluated utilizing practical, isocaloric, isolipidic, isoenergetic test diets, designed to replace FM with increasing SBM. Juvenile Scaphirhynchus sturgeon were found to perform similarly on diets with up to 50% of FM replaced with SBM (336 g kg-1 diet). Evaluation of liver composition revealed that juvenile Shovelnose Sturgeon store less glycogen and crude lipid than other fish species, although no dietary differences were observed. Histological evaluation of the distal intestine revealed indications of SBM induced enteritis, though no statistical differences in measures were detected between treatments. This research is the first to describe optimal dietary formulation for the culture of Scaphirhynchus sturgeon.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:01:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCatarinaLR.pdf: 1581949 bytes, checksum: d36f953346d69da5932504873625ff62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-03 / ?The aims of this study were: i) assessing the trophic state of the Mendubim reservoir (semi-arid, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; 05? 38 99,0 S 36?55 98,0 W) based on chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations and water transparency; ii) relating the patterns of temporal variation of zooplankton and phytoplankton to the trophic state of the reservoir and iii) investigating the carrying capacity of the reservoir for cage fish farming. The samplingwas done monthly from July 2006 to July 2007 in three stations at the reservoir: next to the dam (barrage), in the central region and in the mouth of the main tributary. The abiotic and biotic variables analyzed were: Secchi depth, volatiles and fixed suspended solids, chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus and nitrogen, TN:TP ratio and mesozooplankton and phytoplankton composition and biomass. The results showed that the reservoir can be considered as mesotrophic with mean concentrations of total nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a equal to 1711, 1 ?g.L-1, 30,8 ?g.L-1 and 5,62 ?g.L-1 respectively. The Cyanophyceae class was the most representative in terms of density, with the presence of potentially toxic species such as Microcystis aeruginosa, Planktothrix planctonica, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Aphanizomenon sp. ,Aphanocapsa delicatissima and Pseudanabaena acicularis. Among the zooplankton, the genus Notodiaptomus presented the largest biomass values. Overall, our results show that the light limitation should explain the weak relationship between chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations. We concluded that the water of Mendubim reservoir is suitable for intensive fish cage aquaculture. Based on the carrying capacity calculations for this reservoir, we found that the maximum sustainable yield of tilapias in cages in the reservoir is 126 ton per year assuming a factor of food conversion of 1.5: 1.0 and a phosphorus content in the fish food of 1% / ?Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: i) avaliar o estado tr?fico do reservat?rio Mendubim (semi-?rido, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil; 05? 38 99,0 S 36?55 98,0 W ) com base nas concentra??es de clorofila-a, f?sforo e nitrog?nio total, e na transpar?ncia da ?gua; ii) relacionar os padr?es de varia??o temporal da composi??o e biomassa do fitopl?ncton e zoopl?ncton ?s varia??es do estado tr?fico do reservat?rio e iii) investigar a capacidade de suporte do reservat?rio para o desenvolvimento de atividades de piscicultura em tanques-redes. Para tanto, foram realizadas amostragem mensais no per?odo de julho/2006 a julho/2007 em tr?s pontos de coleta, sendo um pr?ximo ? barragem, outro na regi?o central do reservat?rio e o terceiro na desembocadura do principal tribut?rio. As vari?veis bi?ticas e abi?ticas analisadas foram: profundidade e transpar?ncia da coluna d??gua, concentra??es de s?lidos fixos e vol?teis em suspens?o, clorofila-a, nitrog?nio e f?sforo total, raz?o NT:PT, composi??o e biovolume do fitopl?ncton, composi??o e biomassa do mesozoopl?ncton. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o reservat?rio em estudo pode ser considerado mesotr?fico com concentra??es m?dias de nitrog?nio total, f?sforo total e clorofila-a igual a 1711,1?g l-1 , 30,8 ?g l-1 e 5,62 ?g l-1 respectivamente. A classe Cyanophyceae foi a de maior representatividade em termos quantitativos, com a presen?a de esp?cies potencialmente t?xicas, tais como Microcystis aeruginosa, Planktothrix planctonica, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Aphanizomenon sp., Aphanocapsa delicatissima e Pseudanabaena acicularis. Quanto ? comunidade zooplanct?nica, o g?nero Notodiaptomus, foi o que apresentou maiores valores de biomassa. De um modo geral, os resultados encontrados mostram que a limita??o do crescimento algal por luz, ? uma poss?vel explica??o para as fracas rela??es entre as concentra??es de clorofila-a e de f?sforo e nitrog?nio total no ambiente. Com isso, conclu?mos que as ?guas do reservat?rio Mendubim se encontram apropriadas para a produ??o de pescado num regime intensivo de cultivo em tanques-rede. Com base nos c?lculos da capacidade de suporte do ambiente, verificamos que a produ??o m?xima sustent?vel de til?pias em tanques-rede no reservat?rio ? da ordem de 126 toneladas por ano assumindo um fator de convers?o alimentar de 1,5:1,0 e um conte?do de f?sforo na ra??o de (1,0%)

Lipids are essential components for fish because they contain fatty acids that are vital for regular growth and health. Fish oil is rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are essential fatty acids for carnivorous fish, and therefore this product has traditionally been used as the main source of lipids in fish feeds. However, with declining fisheries resources worldwide and the rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry pressuring this finite resource, such ingredients are becoming less available and more expensive. It is therefore necessary to explore the utilization of ingredients that are sustainable and competitive alternatives to fish oil in marine finfish feeds. This work investigated the effects of the substitution of fish oil with soybean oil on the growth performance, feed efficiency, fatty acid composition of the liver tissue and some health parameters in juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus; an increasingly popular sciaenid marine aquaculture species in South Africa. Six diets (18 % total lipid and 46 % protein) with increasing percentage substitution of fish oil with soybean oil (1, 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 %) were fed to juvenile kob. After 84 days of feeding these diets to the fish, no significant differences in fish length and weight between treatments were observed. However, there was a significant trend of a decrease in specific growth rate, ranging from (± standard error) 0.87 ± 0.06 to 0.72 ± 0.04 % body weight day⁻¹, and condition factor, ranging from 1.59 ± 0.03 to 1.54 ± 0.02, with increasing vegetable oil replacement in the diets between days 56 and 84. There were no differences in red blood cell count, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration after 206 days of feeding. However, visceral fat index (VFI) increased significantly from 1.08 ± 0.17 % for fish fed diets with 28 % soybean oil, to 2.24 ± 0.15 % for fish fed diets with 70 % soybean oil. Similarly, hepatosomatic index (HSI) increased significantly from 0.84 ± 0.08 % to 1.80 ± 0.12 % in the control diet and the 56 % soybean oil diet, respectively. After 206 days of feeding, fish fed diets with 42 to 70 % soybean oil showed greater number of lipid vacuoles in the liver, which were also larger in size, and hepatocytes nuclei were displaced to the cell periphery. The fatty acid composition of the liver tissue strongly corresponded to the fatty acid composition of the diets. Linoleic acid accumulated in the liver of the fish fed increasing soybean oil in the diets. In contrast, EPA and DHA decreased from 13.63 to 1.97 %, and 14.34 to 3.28 %, respectively, in the liver tissue of fish fed diets with increasing soybean oil content; consequently the n-3/n-6 ratio was also significantly reduced with inclusion of vegetable oil in the diets. The trend of decreasing growth rate with increasing oil replacement towards the end of the trial corresponds with increases in VFI, HSI, as well as the fatty acid accumulation and lipid vacuoles in the liver. This suggests that dusky kob is less able to metabolise soybean oil at increased substitution levels which would account for the poorer growth at higher levels. The dependence of fish on dietary marine oil decreased significantly with each inclusion of soybean oil in the diets. Nonetheless, the calculations based on the nutrient ratio presented positive outcomes for all treatments, that is, values of marine oil dependency ratio were below one for all treatments. It is concluded that soybean oil can replace fish oil in formulated diets for dusky kob up to a level of 28 % of total dietary lipids, as evidenced by the good growth and feed efficiency, and no apparent negative health effects observed up to this level.

The dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus, is a popular South African “line fish” whose stocks have dwindled to dangerously low levels of between 1% and 4.5% of pristine spawner biomass per recruit. A. japonicus stocks are currently managed by means of minimum size restrictions and daily bag limits, and as a result of the inability of these measures to facilitate the recovery of the species over a realistic time frame, the need for an alternative management plan has become apparent. Given the status of the stock and management regime, stock enhancement appears to be an appropriate option to be investigated. This study evaluates the feasibility of stock enhancement as a possible management tool to assist with the recovery of this important South African linefish species. By evaluating the genetic and ecological implications related to stock enhancement, identifying a suitable tagging method for post-release monitoring, and evaluating the economic feasibility of such a programme, any fatal flaws would become immediately apparent. This coupled with the required framework for the development of a management plan for stock enhancement of A. japonicus provides direction further research and actions required in order to utilise stock enhancement as a management tool. Due to the nature of stock enhancement, there are several ecological and genetic issues that arise from such a programme. These issues were reviewed and the issues that were relevant to stock enhancement of A. japonicus identified. Ecological concerns that arose included those of competition, disease and seed quality, while genetic issues were concerned mainly in the possible loss of genetic variability and consequent reduction in fitness of the stock. Fortunately the technology exists to evaluate the effects and likelihood of these problems occurring as well as to minimise the likelihood of them occurring. By taking a scientific approach to stock enhancement, hatchery management, and release strategies can be manipulated in such a way as to minimise any negative effects that may be caused. Both ecological and genetic effects of stocking indicate a need for post-release monitoring of stock enhancement programmes. Stock enhancement requires a post-release monitoring programme, which in turn relies on an ability to distinguish between hatchery reared and wild fish. A study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of coded wire tags (CWT), visual implant fluorescent elastomers (VIFE), and oxytetracycline (OTC) as a means of distinguishing between hatchery reared and wild A. japonicus, for the purpose of a post-release monitoring programme. OTC appeared to be the most suitable as it produced 100% retention over a five month period compared to 62% and 61% for VIFE and CWT respectively. OTC is therefore suggested as a tagging method for the purpose of post-release monitoring of the stock enhancement of A. japonicus. To evaluate a possible funding option for stock enhancement of A. japonicus in South Africa, a willingness-to-pay survey, based on a “user pays” approach using recreational fishing permits as a vehicle for payment, included 102 recreational anglers in the Plettenberg Bay area. The survey showed that generally anglers were willing to pay more than the current amount for the recreational fishing permit. This promising result, coupled with the fact that there are approximately 450 000 recreational anglers leads to the belief that there is potential for a substantial increase in the funds generated for the Marine Living Resources Fund through recreational anglers. Stock enhancement should not be ruled out on the basis of economic feasibility yet as there is potential for it to be sustained by the users of the resource. An A. japonicus juvenile production costing model was created taking into account setup and running costs of a hatchery for A. japonicus, based on known parameters from existing facilities, and adjusting them to meet the requirements of a stock enhancement facility. Estimates varied according to the number and size of fish for release (values which can only be decided upon after further research), with setup estimated to be between R 10 000 000 and R 30 000 000 and annual running costs between R 2 400 000 and R 6 700 000 annually. These figures were dependant on the size and number of fish being produced, with production ranging between 100 000 and 5 000 000 fish of between 50 mm and 150 mm, and a broodstock of 150 individuals. Given the need for alternative management of A. japonicus in South Africa and the lack of evidence to suggest that it is an unfeasible option, this project has found no reason why further investigation into the use of stock enhancement for the management of A. japonicus should not proceed further provided the fishery is shown to be recruit limited. The technology and ability to overcome possible ecological and genetic problems exists, a suitable means of tagging for post-release monitoring exists, as does a realistic funding option. There is a substantial amount of research that must be done prior to stocking, for which a base framework is provided.

An understanding of species specific water quality requirements is essential for efficient production of aquaculture products, an aspect not well documented for the land-based culture of the South African abalone, Haliotis midae. In order for the industry to remain competitive in international markets, efficient use of water supplies and the development of water reuse technology is needed. This study assessed the changes in water quality between tanks in a tiered serial-use raceway in relation to accumulated biomass and water flow and estimated the flow index (FI) (L h⁻¹ kg⁻¹) at which growth becomes significantly affected. The effect of dietary protein level, supplementation of pure oxygen and addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH⁻) on water quality and fundamental production parameters in the serial-use raceways was also assessed. The serial-use raceways were used as a tool to create a range of water quality conditions at which the growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and condition factor (CF) of "cocktail" size (60 – 70 mm) H. midae could be monitored. The metabolic activity of the abalone resulted in a deterioration in water quality between tanks in series. pH (r² = 0.99; p < 0.001) and dissolved oxygen concentration (r² = 0.99; p < 0.001) were positively correlated with flow index (pH = 7.38 FI°·°² ; dissolved oxygen = 6.92 FI°·°⁴), while free ammonia nitrogen (FAN) (r² = 0.99, p < 0.001) and nitrite (NO²⁻ - N) (r² = 0.93, p < 0.001) were negatively correlated with flow index (FAN = 8.02 FI⁻°·⁷¹). Nitrite concentrations increased over time indicating colonisation of Nitrosomonas bacteria on the basket surfaces. A flow index of 7.2 – 9.0 L h⁻¹ kg⁻¹ was estimated as the minimum to avoid significant reductions in weight and shell length gain and increases in FCR values. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and FAN concentrations were significantly correlated to dietary protein (P) (t = 6.63, p < 0.0001 and t = 6.41, p < 0.0001, respectively) and flow index (t = 5.42, p < 0.0001 and t = 3.9, p < 0.0002, respectively) and could be estimated using the models TAN = 9.73 P – 110.3 log (FI), and FAN = 0.132 P – 1.10 log (FI). Mean FAN concentrations were 67 and 41 % lower in tanks fed a diet containing 22 and 26 % protein respectively, when compared to tanks fed a 33 % protein diet. Supplementation with pure oxygen (103 ± 8 % saturation) improved shell length gain (t = 3.45, p = 0.026) in abalone exposed to high FAN (2.43 ± 1.1 μg L⁻¹) and low pH (7.6 ± 0.13), relative to a treatment with no oxygen supplementation (92 ± 6 % saturation). Addition of a sodium hydroxide solution resulted in elevated mean pH in treatment raceways when compared to control raceways. The increased pH resulted in significantly higher weight gain (g abalone⁻¹) (F₁·₁₂ = 4.51; p = 0.055) and shell length gain (mm abalone⁻¹) (F₁·₁₂ = 4.56; p = 0.054) at an α-error level of < 5.5 %. In two trials, weight gain and shell length gain were significantly correlated to pH (p < 0.001), and multiple regression of pH, dissolved oxygen and FAN consistently revealed pH to be the best predictor of growth. It is therefore suggested that decreasing pH is the first limiting water quality variable for abalone in serial-use raceways. As a decrease in water pH is linked to respiration by the abalone and subsequent increase in dissolved carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration, future studies should examine the effects of CO₂ on H. midae metabolic rate, calcification rate and health. The results of this study will contribute toward our understanding of the specific water quality requirements for H. midae in commercial aquaculture systems, and influence the design and management procedures for abalone water reuse systems.

El presente estudio detalla la instalación de un criadero de trucha en jaulas flotantes y una planta de alimento balanceado, ambos ubicados en el departamento de Ancash; con la finalidad de vender, trucha eviscerada refrigerada y los excedentes de la producción del alimento balanceado para trucha de tipo extruido en la región. Para lo cual se ha determinado una demanda del proyecto de 69,44 toneladas de trucha eviscerada refrigerada para el primer año de operación, de otro lado se tiene pensado atender, una parte del total de requerimiento de alimento balanceado de tipo extruido en la zona, lo cual asciende a 76,65 toneladas para ese mismo año. / This present work gives complete details abput the installations of a trout fram in cultivation cages and a plant of balanced food. Both installations are going to be located in the department of Ancash. The aim of this proyect is to sell not only eviscerated frozen trout but also the surpluses of balanced food production for trout of the extruded type of the region. / Trabajo de investigación

No description available.

Presence of coastal aquaculture activities in marine landscapes is growing. However, there is insufficient knowledge on the subsequent ecological interactions between these activities and marine fish communities. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the direct and indirect ecological effects of aquaculture activities on marine fish communities in Scotland. A combination of empirical and modelling approaches was employed to collect evidence of how aquaculture activities affect marine fish communities at the individual, population and ecosystem levels around coastal sea cages. The two fish farms evaluated in this research provided the wild fish sampled near the sea cages with a habitat rich in food resources which is reflected in an overall better biological condition. Results of the stomach content analysis indicated that mackerel (Scomber scombrus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and saithe (Pollachius virens) sampled near sea cages consumed wasted feed which was also reflected in their modified FA profiles. The overall effects of the two fish farms were more pronounced in young whiting and saithe than in mixed aged mackerel sampled near the sea cages. The phase space modelling approach indicated that the overall potential for fish farms to act at the extremes as either population sources (a habitat that is rich in resources and leads to an overall improved fitness) or ecological traps (a habitat that appears to be rich in resources but is not and leads to an overall poor fitness) are higher for juvenile whiting than for mackerel. Based on the empirical evidence and literature the two fish farms are more likely to be a population source for wild fishes. Using an ecosystem modelling approach indicated that fish farming impacts the food web in a sea loch via nutrient loading. Mussel farming relies on the natural food resources and has the potential to affect the food web in a sea loch via competing with zooplankton for resources which can affect higher trophic levels. The presence of both activities can balance the overall impact in a sea loch as compared to the impact induced if each of these activities were present on their own. Both activities have the potential do induce direct and indirect effects on the wild fish and the entire sea loch system. The results of this PhD identified several gaps in data and thus could be used to improve future sampling designs. It is important to evaluate the cumulative effect of the presence of aquaculture activities in terms of nutrient loading and physical structure in the environment. Using a combination of empirical and modelling approaches is recommended to gain further insight into the ecological impacts of aquaculture activities on wild fish communities. Results of this PhD study could lead to more informed decisions in managing the coastal aquaculture activities. Establishing coastal fish farms as aquatic sanctuaries can be of an advantage to increase fish production and conserve species that are endangered provided that no commercial and recreational fishing is allowed nearby. It would be useful to have long term monitoring of the fish stocks around the cages and if there is any production at the regional level. Additionally, information on behaviour, migration patterns should be collected to understand the impacts of aquaculture activities on fish stocks. From an aquaculture perspective, ecologically engineered fish farms in addition to careful site selection in new aquaculture developments may improve nutrient loading into the ecosystem.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-08-14T13:12:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fernando Santos Folhadela.pdf: 1459605 bytes, checksum: 79317b19bbc4d964297140fb515b7b54 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-14T19:42:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fernando Santos Folhadela.pdf: 1459605 bytes, checksum: 79317b19bbc4d964297140fb515b7b54 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-14T19:48:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fernando Santos Folhadela.pdf: 1459605 bytes, checksum: 79317b19bbc4d964297140fb515b7b54 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-14T19:48:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fernando Santos Folhadela.pdf: 1459605 bytes, checksum: 79317b19bbc4d964297140fb515b7b54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-28 / SUFRAMA - Superintendência da Zona Franca de Manaus / This work has the predominant goal of demonstrate, through the experience registered in two projects of Fishculture in the Amazon State, that strategies praised for the Program of Technological Platforms and the Local Productive Arrangements - LPAs, lead appropriate technological solutions to the existing restriction in the productive chains, besides the application of these strategies here in Amazon region, can promote the sustainable exploitation of the natural resources. As complementary goal, it intends to analyze and show, under the cover of regional development, the registered experiences, the appropriate solutions identified, working as a catalyzer of new projects in the most diverse segments of the local economy, using the resources of knowledge sharing throughout the process, to foment the synergy generated by actors in order to get solutions, demonstrating that, when the institutions undress itself of its vanities the generated solution is bigger than the expected. Finally, salient the necessity of systematization of all the process. The work puts in evidence a base of theoretic sustentation that pass over concepts of "growth poles", "cumulative circle causation", "growth not balanced" and the Industrial Districts, Innovative Clusters, Environments, Industrial Organizations, Technological Platforms, Local Productive Arrangements, Productive and Innovative Local Systems and Sustainable Development, working as to be based upon in comparison. This universe contemplates the questions of "how" can be generated appropriate knowledge for the promotion of the regional development through the Platforms and of the LPAs, becoming visible the results of the studied experiments, in order to reflect in the others segments not yet contemplated. On the other hand, the work looks for to answer to "why" the necessity of application of these strategies for the sprouting of a process of creation of fishes that supplies the alimentary lack of the peripheral populations, aiming to promotes the generation of excesses of production, generating jobs and income and small new businesses. At the end, the work call together the organized society to keep itself connected and strong politicalyl, to make valid the identified strategies, seriousness in the management of the public issues, affinity of intentions and the belief of that, only through the people and by the knowledge generated for Science, Technology and Innovation, the society can be rewarded to a better quality of life. / Este trabalho tem como premissa predominante, demonstrar, através da experiência registrada em dois projetos de Piscicultura no Estado do Amazonas, que as estratégias preconizadas pelo Programa Plataformas Tecnológicas e Arranjos Produtivos Locais – APLs, conduzem a soluções tecnológicas apropriadas aos gargalos existentes nas cadeias produtivas, e que, a aplicação destas estratégias, aqui na região Amazônica, podem promover o aproveitamento sustentável dos recursos naturais. Como premissa complementar, procura analisar, para poder relatar, sob a ótica do desenvolvimento regional, as experiências registradas, as soluções apropriadas identificadas, de forma a potencializar o surgimento de novos projetos nos mais diversos segmentos da economia local, via a divulgação do conhecimento gerado ao longo do processo, salientando a sinergia gerada entre os atores na busca de soluções, demonstrando que, quando as instituições se despem de suas vaidades, a soma das contribuições particulares agregadas às soluções é bem maior do que o todo esperado. Por fim, salienta a necessidade de sistematização de todo o processo. O trabalho explicita uma base de sustentação teórica que navega nos conceitos de “pólos de crescimento”, de “causação circular cumulativa”, o de “crescimento não equilibrado” e dos Distritos Industriais, “Clusters”, Ambientes Inovadores, Organizações Industriais, Plataformas Tecnológicas, Arranjos Produtivos Locais, Sistemas Produtivos e Inovativos Locais e o de Desenvolvimento Sustentável para fundamentar todo um universo de comparações. Este universo contempla as questões de “como” podem ser gerados conhecimentos apropriados necessários para a promoção do desenvolvimento regional através das Plataformas e dos APLs, tornando visíveis os resultados dos experimentos estudados, para que possam refletir nos demais segmentos ainda não contemplados. Por outro lado, o trabalho procura responder ao “por que” da necessidade de aplicação destas estratégias para o surgimento de um processo de criação de peixes que supra a carência alimentar das populações periféricas, promova a geração de excedentes, gere empregos e renda e ainda pequenos novos negócios. O trabalho conclui convocando a sociedade organizada a exigir vontade política, para fazer valer as estratégias identificadas, seriedade na gestão da “coisa pública”, afinidade de propósitos e a crença de que, somente através das pessoas, do conhecimento gerado pela Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, se pode premiar a sociedade, a um patamar mais elevado de qualidade de vida.