Subject: Emergency planning within the Integrated Rescue Systém with focus on the activities of Police of the Czech Republic Objective: unify and define the legislation relating to the emergency planning with a focus on the service performance of the Czech Police and implement subsequently relevant legal standards into the tactical exercises "The Island 2011" in order to verify the practical set of principles, mechanisms with the possibilities of their evaluation based on real use. Method applied: research, classification and study of available sources, consultaion with the experts in the subject above, detailed analysis of the carried out exercises. Outcome: Based on the study of legislative norms indicating the framework of activities of individual components of Integrated Rescue Systém, consulting the respective variants of implementation of practical knowledge, as a result, the exercise was designed in order to verify the ability of the police management to manage and control the forces and resources during the performance of the police tasks and also to verify the practical ability of police Officers to perform set tasks and cooperate in the place of intervention with units and relevant agencies. Key words: Integrated Rescue Systém, crisis management, emergency planning, tipical aktivity,...

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies (GAES). Johannesburg, October 2017. / Climate and weather-related impacts have become widespread particularly affecting the tourism industry. Changes in the climate and weather lead to changes in tourist seasons, products and travel opportunities. Flooding has gained research attention over the past decade, since the destruction creates many challenges for tourism businesses. Floods are a growing global problem, increasing in terms of frequency of occurrence, property damages, business economic losses, and fatalities. South Africa has begun to experience many annual flood events both coastal and in-land, but the Limpopo Province has been declared as flood disaster area, since the increase in temperatures and precipitation. Interest now lies on how particular tourist destinations in the Limpopo Province can adapt to reduce flooding risks whilst increasing opportunities mainly for the economy. Debates around flooding costs, recovery processes, and adaptive capacities affirm to be more challenging for the tourism accommodation sector. The study aimed to explore the perceived flooding impacts on different types of tourist accommodation. Thus, to determine if floods hindered any tourist bookings, offerings, and tourist length of stay. The exploration verified the possible flood risks to vulnerable accommodation and no adequate adaptation plans. A purposeful sample of 145 tourist accommodation businesses located across three flood-prone regions of the Limpopo Province were selected to answer a semi-structured questionnaire to put across their flooding experiences from a management perspective. The semi-structured questionnaire was combined with telephone interviews and email responses. Coherent theme development within the theoretical framework was achieved through content analysis. Content analysis allowed for the critical discussion of deductive and inductive themes found in the results. Floods during peak-seasons threaten and affect tourist accommodation, leaving them behind in business. Those not affected benefit with increased tourist demand and new opportunities in the hospitality industry. Tourist accommodation businesses are exposed to flood risks and experience challenges to assess, recover and adapt from the direct and indirect impacts. Alongside the destruction of tourism in these regions, were concerns of the provision of flood mapping and flood management plans for tourism businesses. Wider flooding impacts on the environment and the surrounding local communities demonstrates a growing problem for the future. Key words: floods; tourist accommodation; flooding impacts; risks; opportunities; tourist demand; adaptation; flood recovery, flood mapping, flood management plans. / LG2018

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science in Development Planning to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017 / Throughout the 21st century, floods have caused major disasters in urban areas worldwide and especially in Africa. Several factors influence the ability of government to manage flood disasters through the phases of, preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery at a local level. The vulnerability of poor communities to flood disasters exacerbates the impact of the flooding on their livelihoods. The inability of governments to communicate effectively with communities about preparedness strategies for flood mitigation has resulted in much damage in urban areas. The study used semi-structured interviews with Disaster Management officials and community members involved in flooding to evaluate the Disaster Risk Management in Bramfischerville. The fieldwork took place in Bramfischerville that was affected by the 2009 floods. The research revealed that the 2009 Bramfischerville floods were caused by heavy rains, the building of RDP housing on a floodplain and ineffective implementation of Disaster Management strategies by the CoJ. This research argues that in order to understand flood disasters, cooperation between all stakeholders involved in Disaster Management is vital in knowledge accumulation. The 2009 floods had negatively impacted the livelihoods of people in Bramfischerville. Their houses were damaged and they had difficulty traveling to work and school. In this view, the costs associated with floods are continuously being a debt for the people living in Bramfischerville. This research found that the disjuncture between the community and the City of Johannesburg (CoJ) officials exacerbates the negative impacts floods have on people’s livelihoods in Bramfischerville. / MT2018

As inundações na Grande São Paulo e as soluções para elas são tão antigas quanto o núcleo urbano. No entanto, constata-se a seguinte contradição: quanto mais intervenções são realizadas, mais o problema persiste e se amplia. O presente trabalho busca fazer uma leitura tanto do problema quanto das soluções. Utiliza-se o conceito \"situação de desastre\", por ressaltar as dimensões natural e social do problema. Discute-se o que seria uma solução e o aspecto técnico das soluções estruturais (obras) e não-estruturais (institucionais, administrativas, financeiras, leis etc.), sua implantação nas fases de pré, durante e pós-impacto, considerando-se, também, os sujeitos sociais envolvidos. Destaca-se o predomínio da implantação de obras, elaboradas com ênfase na dimensão natural do problema e com equívocos, por negligenciarem o meio físico-natural existente em nome da importação de parâmetros técnicos externos, dominantes e tidos como modernos. Desse modo, a dimensão técnica não atinge a complexidade do meio ambiente urbano, resultando, no extremo, na proliferação de vulnerabilidades socioambientais. Além disso, as abordagens não têm considerado que qualquer solução para o problema é uma solução no espaço urbano-metropolitano, cuja dimensão social não pode ser negligenciada; a atuação deve ser não somente sobre a forma metrópole, mas também sobre o processo social urbano - o que remete à dimensão política, ao perfil das políticas públicas que dela se origina e à necessidade de acordos entre os sujeitos sociais urbanos. Apesar dos avanços no discurso e no corpo das leis - que passam a postular a incorporação da questão ambiental e mostram a crescente percepção da importância das soluções não-estruturais, como o disciplinamento do uso e ocupação do solo urbano, para a redução das \"situações de desastre\" do tipo inundação na Grande São Paulo, as soluções continuam aquém das necessidades. As perspectivas são de persistência do problema, com melhorias das formas de convivência com ele. / Floodings in São Paulo and solutions for them are as old as the central urban nucleus. Nevertheless, the following contradiction can be observed: the more interventions, the bigger and more persistent the problems. The present work attempts to carry out an examination of flooding problems and solutions. It uses the concept of \"disaster situation\", which emphasizes both the natural and the social dimension of the problem. Besides, it discusses possible solutions, technical aspects of structural (water works) and non-structural solutions (institutional, administrative, financial, juridical, etc.), and their implementation on pre, during and post- impacts; It also considers the social subjects involved. Prevalent solutions through waterworks put emphasis mainly on the natural dimension of the problem and are ridden by misunderstandings: disregarding the existing physical-natural environment, they prefer imported taken-as-modern technical parameters. The technical dimension alone does not attend to the complexity of the urban environment resulting and, at the limit, I the increase of socio-environmental vulnerabilities. Moreover, that approach ignores the notion that any solution to the problem is a solution in the urban-metropolitan space, whose social dimension cannot be neglected. Therefore, interventions only on the \'city form\' are insufficient. They should also be applicable to the urban social process - what leads to the political dimension, the profile of the public policies that rises from the former, and the necessity of agreement among urban social citizens. Despite advances in speeches and in legislation, which have started to include environmental issues and shown an increasing awareness of the importance of non-structural solutions as a primordial step for lessening \"disaster situations\", of the flood type in the Greater São Paulo, such as the regulation of urban land use and occupation, propositions are deficient, as yet The problem tends to persist, with some improvement in the management of troubles caused by floods.

Com a urbanização crescente no Brasil, o mapeamento de eventos perigosos mostra-se cada vez mais necessário para que se reduzam transtornos socioeconômicos nos municípios brasileiros. O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi elaborar mapas de suscetibilidade a eventos perigosos de natureza geológica e hidrológica, para a área urbana e de expansão urbana (148,97 km²) do município de São Carlos – SP. A análise foi feita em ambiente de SIG (Sistemas de Informação Geográfica), e combinou abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas de mapeamento de eventos perigosos, propostas pelo Working Group Committee on Risk Assessment (1997). Como método, analisou-se a freqüência dos eventos históricos em função da área (km²) dos condicionantes cartografados nos mapas temáticos (probabilidades iniciais). Os condicionantes foram analisados isoladamente e combinados, na forma de classes de terreno. O inventário dos registros históricos (482 registros) dos eventos foi feito com os dados de jornais, defesa civil e imagens de satélite entre os anos de 1965 a 2016. Foram elaborados os mapas de suscetibilidade para: movimentos de encosta, erosão pluvial, solos colapsíveis e enchentes/inundações. O método utilizado mostrou-se eficiente, visto que os objetivos da pesquisa foram alcançados. Foi possível validar os mapas de suscetibilidade, com as características do meio físico observadas em trabalhos de campo e dados de ensaios geotécnicos. Os eventos mais críticos para o município são as enchentes/inundações e alagamentos, erosões pluviais e movimentos de encostas causam pequenos transtornos, principalmente em consequência do relevo suave da região. Apesar da base cartográfica estar na escala 1:10.000, os mapas são apresentados na escala 1:20.000, com o objetivo destes serem impressos em papéis no formato A1. / With the increasing urbanization in Brazil, hazardous events mapping has become increasingly necessary to reduce socioeconomic disorders in Brazilian citys. The main goal of the research was to elaborate susceptibility maps to dangerous events of geological and hydrological nature, for the urban area and urban expansion (148,97 km²) to the city of São Carlos - SP. The analysis was done in a GIS environment (Geographic Information Systems), and combined qualitative and quantitative approaches of hazardous events mapping, proposed by the Working Group Committee on Risk Assessment (1997). The frequency of historical events was analyzed according to the area of the conditioners mapped on the thematic maps (prior probabilitys). The conditioners were analyzed separately and then combined, in the form of land classes. The inventory of historical records (482 records) of events was done with acquired data from newspapers, civil defense and satellite images between the years 1965 to 2016. Susceptibility maps were developed for slope movements, water erosion, collapsible soils and floods. This method proved to be efficient, since the research objectives were achieved. It was possible to validate the susceptibility maps, with the characteristics of the physical environment observed in field work and geotechnical data. The most critical events in São Carlos are floods, rainfall erosions and slope movements cause minor damage, as a result of the region\'s soft relief. Although the cartographic base is in the 1:10.000 scale, the maps are presented in the 1:20.000 scale, with the purpose of being printed on A1 format paper.

Em 1º de janeiro de 2010 uma grande enchente atingiu o município de São Luiz do Paraitinga/SP, causando enorme destruição, principalmente, ao seu patrimônio histórico. Após o desastre, a cidade viveu um intenso processo de Reconstrução. A pesquisa visa entender e registrar o episódio sob a ótica de quem o vivenciou, e procura relacioná-lo com o processo de expansão de ocupação urbana. Além disso, tem o intuito de apresentar as ações de recuperação e discutir os processos durante esse trabalho. Para tanto, traça um panorama de São Luiz do Paraitinga a partir de suas condições físicas e da bacia hidrográfica do Paraitinga, na qual se insere, relacionando suas peculiaridades e as transformações ambientais. Aborda a questão socioeconômica do município, contextualizando sua importância histórica com destaque aos aspectos culturais e, ao patrimônio arquitetônico, herança do período cafeeiro, que deram a São Luiz do Paraitinga, o título de patrimônio estadual e nacional. Através da análise da expansão urbana, partindo de bibliografia, pesquisa em campo, comparação de imagens antigas e atuais apresenta a condição da cidade e seus conflitos ambientais urbanos até o momento anterior à enchente. Então, relata o evento da grande cheia ocorrida no dia 1º de janeiro de 2010 com o início do transbordamento do Rio Paraitinga, até o ápice da inundação no dia 2 de janeiro, deixando o centro da cidade submerso e provocando o arruinamento de vários imóveis. Na sequência são elencados os danos causados e a situação caótica após a vazão das águas. Distingue-se o período denominado de Reconstrução em dois momentos, o primeiro versa sobre as ações emergenciais e o segundo trata as ações de planejamento. Considerando a importância do patrimônio arquitetônico luizense, os danos sofridos e a forte intervenção para sua recuperação, abordam-se as novas diretrizes estabelecidas, bem como, os projetos de reconstrução a partir de quatro imóveis representativos. Por fim, o trabalho retoma as principais considerações feitas ao longo do trabalho e expõe algumas possibilidades para o futuro da cidade, entre elas: a necessidade de compreensão da bacia hidrográfica e de ações a nível regional para resolver as cheias do Paraitinga; a reconciliação da cidade com esse rio; a responsabilidade na prevenção e fiscalização para que novas ocupações não interfiram na dinâmica dos rios. Lembrando que a irresponsabilidade, omissão do Poder Público e interesses particulares propiciaram a criação de áreas de risco e vulneráveis a enchentes. Quanto à questão patrimonial, mostra-se imprescindível a implantação de programas de educação patrimonial, a recomposição do conjunto histórico e o tratamento das feridas deixadas pelas obras de contenção que ainda impactam na paisagem urbana. Reafirma-se, que a enchente, foi um divisor de águas para o município e apesar de ter sido uma catástrofe também trouxe oportunidades. São Luiz encontrou na coragem da comunidade e no trabalho coletivo um meio de avançar e sair da crise. Mas o desafio ainda está posto, e há muito por ser feito, lição deixada pela grande enchente de 2010 e que não deve ser esquecida. / On January 1st, 2010, a major flood hit the city of São Luiz do Paraitinga/SP, causing great destruction, mainly to its historical heritage. After the disaster, the city experienced an intense process of Reconstruction. The research aims to understand and record the episode under the perspective of those who lived it, and seeks to relate it to the process of expansion of urban occupation. Moreover, it intends to present the recovery actions and discuss the process during this work. To this end, it draws an overview of São Luiz do Paraitinga from its physical conditions and the hydrographic basin of Paraitinga, relating the peculiarities of it and its environmental transformations. It addresses the social and economic issues of the city, contextualizing its historical significance highlighting the cultural aspects and the architectural patrimony, heritage of the coffee period, which gave São Luiz do Paraitinga the title of State and National Patrimony. Through the analysis of urban expansion, starting from the literature, field research, comparison of past and present images, the condition of the city and its urban environmental conflicts until the moment right before the flood presents itself. Then, it reports the big flood that occurred on January 1st, 2010, with the beginning of Paraitinga Rivers overflow until the flood peak on January 2nd, leaving the city center submerged and causing collapse of several properties. Following, there are listed the damage and chaotic situation after the water flow. The time known as Reconstruction is distinguished in two moments: the first one deals with the emergencial actions, and the second one with planning actions. Considering the importance of local architectural patrimony, the damage done and the strong intervention for its recovery, new established guidelines are approached, as well as the reconstruction projects starting from four representative properties. At last, the paper refers to the main considerations made throughout the work and exposes some possibilities to the future of the city, including: the necessity of understanding the hydrographic basin and the action, on a regional level, to solve Paraitinga Rivers spate; the reconciliation of the city with the river; the responsibility of preventing and monitoring to avoid that new occupations interfere in the dynamic of the rivers. Remembering that the irresponsibility government, omission and private interests enabled the occurance of risk areas vulnerable to floods. As for the patrimonial issue, it appears to be indispensable the implementation of education programs regarding the patrimony, the restoration of historic site and the treatment of the wounds left by the containment works that yet cause impact on the urban landscape. It is essential to reassert that the flood was a turning point to the city and even though it was a catastrophe, also brought opportunities. São Luiz found in the courage of its community and the collective work a way to move forward and overcome the crisis. But the challenge is still set, and there is still a lot to be done, lesson left by the great flood of 2010 that shall not be forgotten.

Bibliography: leaves [175-181]

Il presente lavoro di tesi è strutturato in tre sezioni principali. La prima, che comprende i primi due capitoli, riguarda i riferimenti per la conoscenza: al fine di definire il contesto mondiale nel quale si inserisce la tesi, vengono analizzati i dati riguardanti i disastri naturali avvenuti e quelli relativi ai possibili scenari futuri anche in relazione ai cambiamenti climatici. La seconda parte, dedicata ad approfondimenti alle scale europea e italiana, effettua nei capitoli 3-4-5 una sorta di downscaling dei primi due: la medesima struttura di analisi viene riproposta, applicata e approfondita ad una scala spaziale di maggior dettaglio, prima quella europea e successivamente quella nazionale, focalizzando l’attenzione su un particolare tipo di disastro, vale a dire le alluvioni. La terza sezione concretizza il contributo metodologico del lavoro proponendo una nuova metodologia per l’elaborazione dei piani di protezione civile comunali o intercomunali, in particolare in riferimento agli scenari di rischio idraulico, e la sua diffusione con relativa verifica applicativa. / The present study is composed of three main sections. The first, covering the first two chapters, deals with references to knowledge: in order to define the worldwide scenario to which this study is referred, data on really occurred natural disaster and on possible future events are analyzed, considering also the probable influence of the on-going climate changes. The second part, chapters 3-4-5, is a sort of downscaling to the European and Italian territory of the first two chapters’ analysis. The same methodology is detailed and implemented for the analysis of a particular event’s type: flood risk (in Europe and Italy). Third section is about the methodological contribution of the study: a new approach to civil protection planning at local level is suggested, with a particular focus on flood risk scenarios. This new civil protection planning methodology has been applied to a real context and the relative case study is presented.

Global warming and climate change is believed to increase the hydro-meteorological natural disasters. Floods, the most widespread of natural hazards, are expected to occur more frequently and severely in the near future. This means that urban areas of Turkey are likely to be under intensive threat of floods, the adverse impacts of which are already considered only next to that of earthquakes. The recent disaster policy of United Nations together with contemporary interpretations of risk society shifted to capacity building and risk management prior to hazards, rather than preparations for relief after disasters. This historical turn in policy demands a more comprehensive and integrated form of planning for the mitigation of risks in the riverain cities of Turkey than existing approaches. Turkey&amp / #8217 / s current flood protection structure seems to be based on the surveys and assessments of a central authority and on its limited powers of intervention. The local municipal administrations are under different interests and pressures for development and land-use. It seems essential to integrate flood risk mitigation efforts with the local planning system and to involve municipalities in their estimations of risks and its declaration on official duty, as contemporary international approaches indicate. This conviction is based on a sample survey of four cases of riverine cities in Turkey, and on a review of current approaches in a sample of international cases. Findings on four riverain case cities indicate that river floods turn into destructive disasters mainly due to tolerant land-use decisions. Inaccurate and discrete implementations and developments in and through the river basins are a second source of flood losses. Currently, neither urban development plans nor available flood plans are equipped with necessary measures to mitigate risks. Findings indicate that current vulnerabilities are greater in value than investments made to curb flood risks. Independent and discrete efforts of mitigation seem to generate illusory feelings of safety, which aggravates vulnerabilities. The compulsory declaration of flood vulnerabilities by municipalities themselves in their entitlement for special subsidies could raise the general level of awareness, could curb further vulnerabilities, and contribute to the articulation of planning methods in the more effective mitigation control.

This study is an examination of the rate at which organic debris and clastic sediment accumulate in a gully after it is scoured by a debris torrent. Of particular interest is the effect that a change in land use from old-growth to clear-cut conditions may have on these rates. This change should result in a reduction in the delivery of large organic debris (LOD), which is a major factor in sediment storage in gullies. It is hypothesized that this change in land use, and the subsequent reduction in the LOD supply, should result in a significant difference in debris recharge rates between old-growth and clear-cut gullies. Twenty-nine gullies in both land-treatment groups were sampled on the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Sampling procedures involved the estimation of the volume of LOD and sediment in storage (normalized by the gully surface area) and the determination of the time elapsed since the last debris torrent. These data were then used to estimate recharge rates(3h1)am’year of LOD, sediment, and total debris. Recharge rates of each material were compared between land-treatment groups using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. This test revealed that LOD has been delivered to old-growth gullies at a significantly higher rate relative to clear-cut gullies. There was no significant difference in sediment and total debris recharge rates between gullies in the two groups, but this outcome was partially a result of the small samples and the different debris recharge times in each data set. Graphical representations of the data permitted the identification of possible temporal trends in sediment and debris accumulation, which may be strengthened with larger data sets. Debris recharge rates have several applications. The estimate of sediment volume stored in a gully can be used in the construction of local sediment budgets, as one component of a watershed sediment cascade is quantified. The calculation of debris recharge rates will provide insight into the transfer rate of sediment from hillslopes to low order channels and to the storage capacity of the channels. Finally, debris recharge rates can be used to improve knowledge of the frequency-magnitude characteristics of debris torrents in an area.