Nowadays, we have millions of cameras in public places such as traffic junctions, railway stations etc., and capturing video data round the clock. This humongous data has resulted in an increased need for automation of visual surveillance. Analysis of crowd and traffic flows is an important step towards achieving this goal. In this work, we present our algorithms for identifying and segmenting dominant ows in surveillance scenarios. In the second part, we present our work aiming at predicting the visual saliency. The ability of humans to discriminate and selectively pay attention to few regions in the scene over the others is a key attentional mechanism. Here, we present our algorithms for predicting human eye fixations and segmenting salient objects in the scene. (i) Flow Analysis in Surveillance Videos: We propose algorithms for segmenting flows of static and dynamic nature in surveillance videos in an unsupervised manner. In static flows scenarios, we assume the motion patterns to be consistent over the entire duration of video and analyze them in the compressed domain using H.264 motion vectors. Our approach is based on modeling the motion vector field as a Conditional Random Field (CRF) and obtaining oriented motion segments which are merged to obtain the final flow segments. This approach in compressed domain is shown to be both accurate and computationally efficient. In the case of dynamic flow videos (e.g. flows at a traffic junction), we propose a method for segmenting the individual object flows over long durations. This long-term flow segmentation is achieved in the framework of CRF using local color and motion features. We propose a Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) based distance measure between flow segments for clustering them and generate representative dominant ow models. Using these dominant flow models, we perform path prediction for the vehicles entering the camera's field-of-view and detect anomalous motions. (ii) Visual Saliency Prediction using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks: We propose a deep fully convolutional neural network (CNN) - DeepFix, for accurately predicting eye fixations in the form of saliency maps. Unlike classical works which characterize the saliency map using various hand-crafted features, our model automatically learns features in a hierarchical fashion and predicts saliency map in an end-to-end manner. DeepFix is designed to capture visual semantics at multiple scales while taking global context into account. Generally, fully convolutional nets are spatially invariant which prevents them from modeling location dependent patterns (e.g. centre-bias). Our network overcomes this limitation by incorporating a novel Location Biased Convolutional layer. We experimentally show that our network outperforms other recent approaches by a significant margin. In general, human eye fixations correlate with locations of salient objects in the scene. However, only a handful of approaches have attempted to simultaneously address these related aspects of eye fixations and object saliency. In our work, we also propose a deep convolutional network capable of simultaneously predicting eye fixations and segmenting salient objects in a unified framework. We design the initial network layers, shared between both the tasks, such that they capture the global contextual aspects of saliency, while the deeper layers of the network address task specific aspects. Our network shows a significant improvement over the current state-of-the-art for both eye fixation prediction and salient object segmentation across a number of challenging datasets.

To improve quality of software systems, change-based fault prediction and scope-bounded checking have been used to predict or detect faults during software development. In fault prediction, changes to program source code, such as added lines or deleted lines, are used to predict potential faults. In fault detection, scope-bounded checking of programs is an effective technique for finding subtle faults. The central idea is to check all program executions up to a given bound. The technique takes two basic forms: scope-bounded static checking, where all bounded executions of a program are transformed into a formula that represents the violation of a correctness property and any solution to the formula represents a counterexample; or scope-bounded testing where a program is tested against all (small) inputs up to a given bound on the input size. Although the accuracies of change-based fault prediction and scope-bounded checking have been evaluated with experiments, both of them have effectiveness and efficiency limitations. Previous change-based fault predictions only consider the code modified by a change while ignoring the code impacted by a change. Scope-bounded testing only concerns the correctness specifications, and the internal structure of a program is ignored. Although scope-bounded static checking considers the internal structure of programs, formulae translated from structurally complex programs might choke the backend analyzer and fail to give a result within a reasonable time. To improve effectiveness and efficiency of these approaches, we introduce local semantic analysis into change-based fault prediction and scope-bounded checking. We use data-flow analysis to disclose internal dependencies within a program. Based on these dependencies, we identify code segments impacted by a change and apply fault prediction metrics on impacted code. Empirical studies with real data showed that semantic analysis is effective and efficient in predicting faults in large-size changes or short-interval changes. While generating inputs for scope-bounded testing, we use control-flow to guide test generation so that code coverage can be achieved with minimal tests. To increase the scalability of scope-bounded checking, we split a bounded program into smaller sub-programs according to data-flow and control-flow analysis. Thus the problem of scope-bounded checking for the given program reduces to several sub-problems, where each sub-problem requires the constraint solver to check a less complex formula, thereby likely reducing the solver’s overall workload. Experimental results show that our approach provides significant speed-ups over the traditional approach. / text

Human food consumption has changed from the late 19th century to the turn of the millennium, and so has the need for resources to sustain this consumption. For the city of Linköping, situated in southeastern Sweden, the environmental imprint of an average inhabitant’s food consumption is studied from the year 1870 to the year 2000. The average consumer is the driving factor in this study, since changes in food consumption have a direct influence on the environmental imprint. This thesis analyses the environmental imprint of human food consumption from a historical perspective, by applying two different methods. An analysis of the average Swedish food consumption creates the basis for a material flow analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as a study of the spatial imprint. Emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus into the hydrosphere have decreased over this period for the system of food consumption and production for an average consumer, while the input via chemical fertilizer has increased significantly. The efficiency of this system could be increased if for instance more phosphorus in human excreta would be reused within the system instead of large deposition and losses into the hydrosphere. The spatial imprint of human food consumption shows, given the changing local preconditions, that less space would be needed for regional production of the consumed food. However, the share of today’s import and thus globally produced food doubles this spatial imprint. The results of this study show not only a strong influence of the consumption of meat and other animal products on the environmental imprint, but also great potential in the regional production of food. In the context of an increasing urban population, and thus additional billions of people who will live at an increasing distance from the agricultural production land, concern for the direct effects of our human food consumption can be of decisive importance for future sustainable food supply.

<p>Cilj ove disertacije je razvoj modela zasnovanog na analizi tokova<br />materijala (MFA) i analizi tokova supstanci (SFA) sistema<br />upravljanja biorazgradivim otpadom sa naglaskom na upravljanje<br />fosforom kao resursom. U zemljama u tranziciji kao što je Srbija<br />upravljanje biorazgradivim otpadom predstavlja poseban problem jer<br />se dovodi u direktnu vezu sa emisijama gasova sa efektom staklene<br />bašte i generisanjem procednih voda. Kako bi se razvila strategija<br />upravljanja biorazgradivim otpadom u skladu sa zahtevima EU<br />direktiva, razvijeni model je primenjen na sistem upravljanja<br />biorazgradivim otpadom u Srbiji, i dva alternativna scenarija. Na<br />osnovu rezultata primenjenog modela, sva tri razvijena scenarija<br />upravljanja biorazgradivim otpadom su evaluirana i izvršeno je<br />njihovo poređenje.</p> / <p>The aim of this dissertation is biodegradable waste management system model development based on material flow analysis (MFA) and substance flow analysis (SFA) with an emphasis on phosphorus management as a resource. In transition countries like Serbia, biodegradable waste management is a particular problem due to direct linkage with greenhouse gas emissions and leachate generation. In order to develop a biodegradable waste management strategy in accordance with the requirements of EU directives, developed model was applied to the biodegradable waste management system in Serbia, and two alternative scenarios. Based on the results of the applied model, evaluation and comparison of all three developed scenarios of biodegradable waste management is performed.</p>

Material flows in Urban Metabolism play a key role for the purpose of building urban areas and growing the economy. There is lack of standard method for accounting of material flows within and across the boundaries of urban systems. This thesis aims to assess the Urban Metabolism of small-scale urban area through the application of the Economic Wide Material Flow Analysis and enhance the scope of the method by adding water flows, which could potentially become a basis for the development of the method in the future. First, the application of the Economic Wide Material Flow Analysis in urban areas was studied through a literature review and then the enhanced Economic Wide Material Flow Analysis was applied to Stockholm Royal Seaport using bottom-up data. Using bottom-up data resulted in detailed information, however, full comparison between urban areas was not possible due to data gaps. The results showed the importance of the method for enhancing Urban Metabolism analysis and amending resource management. Spotting available secondary and recycled resources in the socioeconomic system as a part of application of the method is beneficial to sustain the natural resources use. Since still the method is developing for small-scale urban areas, a mixture of this method and other recommended methods by having focus on data collection is suggested for integrating databases and comprehensive analysis. / Under de senaste decennierna har stadsområden expanderat snabbare än tidigare. Genom att öka människors tendens att bo i stora städer kommer naturresurser att behövas för att tillgodose stadsområdens växande behov. Materialflöden i stadsmetabolismen spelar en nyckelroll för att bygga miljövänligt och växande ekonomin. Det saknas en standardmetod för redovisning av materialflöden inom och över gränserna för stadssystem. Denna avhandling syftar till att utvärdera stadsmetabolismen genom att använda tillämpning av bred ekonomisk materialflödesredovisning och förbättra metodens omfattning genom att lägga till vatten- och genomströmningsflöden som potentiellt kan bli bas för utvecklingen av metoden i framtiden. Först studerades tillämpningen av ekonomiskt bred materialflödesredovisning i urbana områden genom litteraturöversikt och sedan tillämpades den förbättrade analysen av ekonomiskt bred materialflöde på Norra Djurgårdsstaden med hjälp av bottom-up data. Att använda bottom-up-data resulterade i detaljerad information, men fullständig jämförelse mellan stadsområden var inte möjlig på grund av dataklyftan Resultaten visade vikten av materialflödesredovisning för att förbättra urban metabolismanalys och ändra resurshantering. Att hitta tillgängliga sekundära och återvunna resurser i det socioekonomiska systemet som en del av tillämpningen av metoden är fördelaktigt för att upprätthålla användningen av naturresurser. Eftersom metoden fortfarande utvecklas för småskaliga stadsområden föreslås en blandning av denna metod och andra rekommenderade metoder såsom, livscykelbedömning, genom att fokusera på datainsamling för att integrera databas och omfattande analys.

Installation of reactive compensators is widely used for improving power system voltage stability. Reactive compensation also improves the system loading margin resulting in more stable and reliable operation. The improvements in system performance are highly dependent on the location where the reactive compensation is placed in the system. This paper compares three load flow analysis methods - PV curve analysis, QV sensitivity analysis, and Continuation Load Flow - in identifying system weak buses for placing reactive compensation. The methods are applied to three IEEE test systems, including modified IEEE 14-bus system, IEEE 30-bus system, and IEEE 57-bus system. Locations of reactive compensation and corresponding improvements in loading margin and voltages in each test system obtained by the three methods are compared. The author also analyzes the test systems to locate the optimal placement of reactive compensation that yields the maximum loading margin. The results when compared with brute force placement of reactive compensation show the relationship between effectiveness of the three methods and topology of the test systems.

Theoretical part: the users of financial analysis, methods and tools of financial analysis. Practical part: the branch characterization, analysis of absolute parameters, differential analysis, cash flow analysis, financial ratios analysis, Du Pontova analysis, inequality, economic standard, Altman index, IN99, IN01, EVA.

Sistemas de análises químicas por injeção em fluxo envolvendo difusão gasosa foram projetados para a determinação espectrofotométrica de sulfeto e sulfito em melaços e caldos de cana de açúcar fermentados, visando a seleção de leveduras em função das quantidades destas espécies químicas produzidas durante o processo de fermentação. Os métodos para determinação de sulfeto e sulfito envolveram os reagentes N,Ndimetil- p-fenilenidiamino (DMPD) e verde de malaquita (MG), respectivamente. A reação entre DMPD e sulfeto, em presença de Fe(III) e em meio ácido, resulta na formação de azul de metileno (MB) que é monitorado a 668 nm. O sinal analitico é registrado sob forma de pico cuja altura é proporcional ao teor de sulfeto na amostra. A reação entre MG e sulfito, em meio alcalino, resulta na diminuição da absorbância de MG monitorada a 620 nm. O sinal analítico é registrado como pico invertido proporcional à concentração de sulfito. Os principais parâmetros envolvidos em ambas as determinações, tais como vazões, concentrações de reagentes, pH dos ambientes reacionais, temperatura, volume inserido da amostra, dimensões dos módulos de análises, bem como presença de tensoativos e eletrólitos concentrados foram investigados, permitindo a otimização dos sistemas. Devido às interações entre os analitos e os compostos contendo grupos carbonila existentes na matriz, bem como atrações eletrostáticas entre as espécies gasosas formadas e as partículas em suspensão, a etapa de volatilização dos analitos da amostra se constituiu em fator limitante quanto á utilização dos procedimentos em análises in situ. Neste sentido, a necessidade de tratamento prévio da amostra foi demonstrada. Os sistemas propostos são robustos e fornecem resultados precisos (d.p.r. < 2 %) com valocidade analítica de 30 eterminações por hora. As curvas analíticas se apresentam lineares até 5,0 mg L-1 S-S2- ou 25,0 mg L-1 S-SO2, os limites de detecção foram estimados como 0,04 e 0,7 mg L-1 de S-S2- e S-SO2, e os consumos de reagentes foram de 0,6 mg DMPD e de 0,002 mg MG por determinação. Emprego do método das adições-padrão foi sugerido parasuperação das interferências matriciais / Flow injection systems involving gas diffusion were designed for spectrophotometric determination of sulfide and sulfite in fermented sugarcane juices and molasses, aiming at yeast selection relying on their amounts produced during fermentation process. N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) e malachite green (MG) were used for sulfide and sulfite determinations, respectively. Reaction of sulfide with DMPD was developed in the presence of Fe(III) under acidic conditions, and yielded molybdenum blue (MB), which was monitored at 668 nm. The analytical signal was recorded as a peak with height proportional to the sulfide content in the sample. Reaction of sulfite with MG was developed under alkaline conditions, and caused a MG absorbance lessening monitored at 620 nm. The analytical signal was recorded as an inverted peak proportional to the sulfite concentration. For both determinations, the main involved parameters such as flow rates, reagent concentrations, pH of the reaction media, temperature, sample inserted volume, manifold geometry, as well as the presence of surfactants and concentrated electrolytes were investigated, allowing further system optimization. Due to analyte interactions with the carbonyl groups of some chemical species in the sample, as well as electrostatic attractions of the formed gaseous species by the solid suspended particles, the volatilization step constituted itself in a limiting factor for applying the procedures to in situ analysis. In this context, the need for a previous sample treatment was suggested. The proposed systems are rugged and yield precise results (r.s.d. < 2 %) at a sampling rate of 30 determinations per hour. Linearity of the analytical curves was noted up to 5.0 mg L-1 S-S2- or 25.0 mg L-1 S-SO2, detection limits were estimated as 0.04 mgL-1 S-S2- and 0.7 mg L-1 S-SO2, and the reagent consumptions were 0.6 mg DMPD and 0.002 mg MG per determination. Exploitation of the standard addition method for overcoming matrix effects was suggested

O presente trabalho versa sobre o aperfeiçoamento e a avaliação de uma nova célula espectroeletroquímica de longo caminho óptico, com detecção espectrofotométrica in situ, na região do ultravioleta e visível, otimizada para operação em fluxo, sobretudo no modo FIA (Flow Injection Analysis). Monitoramento sensível e razoavelmente seletivo, além da facilidade de construção e adaptação à instrumentação comercial existente, foram características consideradas no aprimoramento da célula, que utiliza filmes de Au como eletrodos de trabalho, obtidos à partir de certos tipo de CDs regraváveis (Compact Disc-Recordable), colados sobre bases acrílicas e diretamente acomodados em cubetas convencionais, com 1 cm de caminho óptico, tornando seu custo de produção inferior a qualquer outro modelo proposto. Utilizando como sistemas modelo, a o-tolidina e o hexacianoferrato de potássio, foram avaliados parâmetros instrumentais tais como: potencial aplicado, vazão, volume injetado; repetibilidade e faixa de concentração de analito, com a finalidade de se estabelecer as melhores condições de trabalho e funcionamento da célula, tendo em vista sua aplicação analítica. Alta sensibilidade óptica, operação estável e reprodutível, além da possibilidade de se trabalhar tanto no modo estacionário como em fluxo, com a vantagem de se poder combinar a técnica à metodologia utilizada na análise por injeção em fluxo (FIA), foram algumas das características observadas para a célula construída. Desvendadas as potencialidades da célula, em busca de maior compreensão sobre os processos envolvidos, passou-se à investigação do mecanismo de oxidação de alguns derivados fenotiazínicos, através da realização de um estudo comparativo entre: a prometazina, a promazina e a clorpromazina, em diferentes meios de trabalho. A combinação de informações eletroquímicas e espectroscópicas obtidas in-situ contribuiu para melhor entendimento dos mecanismos envolvidos, revelando que, embora o meio de trabalho escolhido possa exercer significativa influência no mecanismo de oxidação, a estrutura da cadeia lateral é, neste caso, o fator preponderante na formação dos produtos de oxidação. Visando o desenvolvimento de novas metodologias para a quantificação de derivados fenotiazínicos em formulações farmacêuticas, foram realizados estudos com o propósito de definir as melhores condições de trabalho, bem como o efeito da presença de interferentes concomitantes. Os resultados obtidos para a determinação da prometazina no Fenergan (Rhodia-Farma) e no Lisador (Farmasa), e para a clorpromazina no Amplictil (Aventis), seja pela construção de curvas analíticas e/ou pelo método da adição de padrão, mostraram-se concordantes com os valores fornecidos pelos laboratórios fabricantes e comparáveis com os obtidos através da metodologia oficial. Para a prometazina os limites de detecção foram determinados em 1,3 10-6 mol L-1 e 3,0 10-5 mol L-1 para as medidas espectrofotométricas e eletroquímicas, enquanto os limites de quantificação foram estimados em 1,1 10-4 mol L-1 e 2,2 10-5 mol L-1 para as medidas eletroquímicas e espectrofotométricas, respectivamente. Para a clorpromazina, os limites de detecção foram de 7,6 10-5 mol L-1 e 4,1 10-5 mol L-1 para as medidas eletroquímicas e espectrofotométricas, enquanto os limites de quantificação foram determinados em 3,3 10-4 mol L-1 e 1,6 10-4 mol L-1 para as medidas eletroquímicas e espectrofotométricas, respectivamente. A dupla resposta proporcionada pela técnica empregada (amperométrica e espectrofotométrica) permite contornar os efeitos causados pela presença de interferentes eletroativos ou coloridos, contribuindo para a alta seletividade do método e melhor discriminação entre o sinal do analito e de interferentes. / The present work is concerned with the enhancement and assessment of a novel long-optical-path spectroelectrochemical cell for in situ spectrophotometric detection in the ultraviolet and visible range, optimised for flowing operation, especially under FIA (Flow Injection Analysis) conditions. The sensitive and rather selective monitoring of electrolysed species present at the electrode-solution interface, together with simplicity of assembly and adaptation to existing commercial equipments, were some of the features targeted in the cell\'s improvement. The use of Au-film electrodes obtained from certain types of recordable CDs (Compact Disc-Recordable), attached onto acrylic supports in turn accommodated directly in conventional 1-cm optical-path cuvettes, makes the production of this cell cheaper than any other model so far proposed. O-tolidine and potassium hexacyanoferrate were employed as model systems for the assessment of instrumental parameters such as applied potential, flow rate, injected volume, repeatability and concentration range of the analyte, aiming at establishing the best working conditions for its application in analytical chemistry. High optical sensitivity, stable and reproducible operation, as well as the possibility of functioning either in the stationary or in flow modes, thus with the advantage of exploiting the FIA methodology, are some of the features observed for the cell. Further to highlighting the cell\' potentials and in order to seek a better understanding of the processes involved, the oxidation mechanism of a few phenothiazinic derivatives was investigated. Prometazine, promazine and chlorpromazine were comparatively studied in different media. The combination of the electrochemical and spectroscopic information obtained in situ contributed for a better comprehension of the mechanisms involved and revealed that the structure of the side chain is the key factor in the formation of the oxidation products, although the difference in the electrolytic medium is likely to play a significant role in the oxidation process. New analytical methodologies for the quantification of phenothiazinic derivatives in farmaceutical formulations were developed through studies focused on the definition of the optimum experimental conditions and on the effect of potential interfering species. Prometazine was determined in Fenergan (Rhodia-Farma) and in Lisador (Farmasa), whereas chlorpromazine was quantified in Amplictil (Aventis). The limits of detection (LOD) for promethazine were determined to be 1,3 10-6 mol L-1 and 3,0 10-5 mol L-1 for spectrophotometric and electrochemical measurements, while the limits of quantification (LOQ) were determined to be 1,1 10-4 mol L-1 and 2,2 10-5 mol L-1 for spectrophotometric and electrochemical measurements, respectively. For chlorpromazine, the limits of detection (LOD) were determined to be 7,6 10-5 mol L-1 and 4,1 10-5 mol L-1 for spectrophotometric and electrochemical measurements, while the limits of quantification (LOQ) were determined to be 3,3 10-4 mol L-1 and 1,6 10-4 mol L-1 for spectrophotometric and electrochemical measurements, respectively.The results obtained using both analytical curves and the standard addition methods, were consistent with the outcome of official methods and with the data supplied by the manufactures. The double response provided by the technique, amperometric and spectrophotometric, allows overcoming the interference of electroactive and colored species, hence turning this a highly selective method with an enhanced discrimination strength between the signal of the analyte and that of interfering species.

Neste trabalho, foram avaliados diferentes procedimentos para tratamento de amostra de material vegetal, visando o fracionamento de fósforo (determinação das frações orgânica e inorgânica, solúvel e insolúvel). Os procedimentos avaliados visavam a conversão das diferentes frações em ortofosfato, minimizando tempo, consumo de reagentes e geração de resíduos. Foi desenvolvido um sistema de análises em fluxo monossegmentado empregando comutadores discretos (válvulas solenóides) para controlar a inserção das bolhas de ar e das alíquotas de amostras e reagentes. Para a determinação de fosfato, foi empregada a reação de formação do azul de molibdênio, empregando molibdato de amônio e ácido ascórbico como reagentes. Resposta linear foi obtida entre 0,50 e 25,0 mg L-1 P, descrita pela equação A = 0,0402 + 0,0377C (mg L-1 P), r = 0,999 para soluções preparadas em água. A sensibilidade diminuiu 8 % e 22 % quando se trabalhou com solução de referência em 0,35 mol L-1 e 0,70 mol L-1 HNO3, respectivamente. Limite de detecção de 0,024 mg L-1 P (99,7% de confiança), coeficiente de variação de 3,5% (n = 10) e freqüência de amostragem de 38 medidas/hora foram estimados. O consumo de reagentes foi de 5,0 mg de ácido ascórbico e 0,60 mg de molibdato de amônio por determinação. O sistema de análises em fluxo monossegmentado mostrou-se pouco susceptível a efeitos de matriz e perturbações por efeito Schlieren causadas por variações de acidez das amostras de planta. O sistema foi aplicado ao fracionamento de fósforo em uma planta que é utilizada como adubo verde (Crotalaria Juncea). Foram avaliados procedimentos para extração de fósforo, como o emprego de agitação mecânica empregando água ou ácido nítrico diluído como extrator (extração de fósforo solúvel), fotodegradação do fósforo orgânico solúvel em meio ácido com persulfato de amônio e digestão ácida assistida por microondas (determinação de fósforo total e de fósforo orgânico solúvel). Para determinação de fósforo total, foram avaliados procedimentos empregando diferentes massas de material vegetal, diferentes concentrações de HNO3 e adição de H2O2 como oxidante auxiliar. Bons resultados foram obtidos empregando 100 mg de material vegetal e 500 &#181;L HNO3 concentrado, sendo desnecessária a adição de H2O2. O programa de aquecimento, com duração total de 29 min foi constituído pelas seguintes etapas: 1-rampa (5 min)/patamar (1 min): 140 ºC; 2-rampa (4 min)/patamar (5 min): 180 ºC; 3-rampa (4 min)/patamar (10 min): 220 ºC. Na determinação de fósforo inorgânico solúvel, a mesma eficiência de extração foi obtida empregando 0,20 mol L-1 HClO4, 0,05 mol L-1 HNO3 ou água como extrator em 10 minutos de agitação. Para a determinação do fósforo orgânico solúvel, foram avaliados diferentes massas de persulfato de amônio e diferentes tempos de irradiação. Obteve-se boa eficiência empregando 0,1 g de persulfato de amônio, em meio ácido com um tempo de irradiação de 30 min. Digestão ácida assistida por microondas também foi empregada para a determinação de fósforo orgânico solúvel; o programa de aquecimento empregado foi o mesmo para a determinação de fósforo total. Bons resultados foram obtidos empregando 5,5 mL do extrato solúvel e 500 &#181;L HNO3 concentrado. Os resultados para as diferentes frações foram concordantes com os obtidos por ICP-OES a nível de confiança de 95%. / In this work, different sample treatment procedures were evaluated for fractionation of phosphorous in plant material (determination of organic and inorganic, soluble and insoluble fractions). The evaluated procedures aimed the conversion of different fractions in ortophosphate, minimizing time, reagent amounts and waste generation. It was developed a monosegmented flow system using discrete commutators (solenoid valves) to control the insertion of air bubbles, samples and reagents. For the determination of phosphate, it was used the reaction of molibdenium blue formation, using ammonium molibdate and ascorbic acid as reagents. Linear response was observed within 0.50 and 25.0 mg L-1 P, described by the equation A = 0.0402 + 0.0377C (mg L-1 P), r = 0.999 for solutions prepared in water. The sensitivity decreased about 8 and 22 % for reference solutions in 0.35 mol L-1 and 0.70 mol L-1 HNO3, respectively. Detection limit of 0.024 mg L-1 P (99.7% confidence level), coefficient of variation of 3.5% (n = 10) and sampling rate of 38 measurements per hour were estimated. The reagent consumption was 5.0 mg ascorbic acid and 0.60 mg ammonium molibdate per determination. The flow system was less prone to matrix effects and perturbations by Schlieren effect, both caused by variations of acidity in the samples. The system was applied to fractionation of phosphorous in a plant used as green manure (Crotalaria juncea). Several procedures for phosphorous extraction were evaluated, such as mechanic agitation using water or diluted nitric acid as extractor (extraction of soluble phosphorous), photodegradation of organic soluble phosphorous in acid medium and acid digestion assisted by microwaves (determination of total phosphorous and organic phosphorous). For determination of total phosphorous, procedures using different mass of plant material, different concentrations of HNO3 concentrated and addiction of H2O2 as auxiliary oxidant were evaluated. Good results were obtained using 100 mg of plant material and 500 &#181;L HNO3, not being necessary the addiction of H<SUB<2O2. The heating program, with 29 min duration was constituted by the steps: 1-ramp (5 min)/hold (1 min): 140 ºC; 2-ramp (4 min)/hold (5 min): 180 ºC; 3-ramp (4 min)/hold (10 min): 220 ºC. In inorganic soluble phosphorous determination, the same extraction efficiency was obtained using 0.20 mol L-1 HClO4, 0.05 mol L-1 HNO3 or water as extractor in 10 minutes of agitation. For the determination of organic soluble phosphorous, different amounts of ammonium persulphate and different irradiation times were evaluated. It was obtained a good efficiency using 0.1 g of ammonium persulphate in acid medium with an irradiation time of 20 min. Acid digestion assisted by microwaves was also used for determination of organic soluble phosphorous; the heating program was the same applied for total phosphorous determination. Good results were attained using 5.5 mL of soluble extract and 500 &#181;L HNO3 concentrated. The results for the different fractions agreed with the obtained by ICP-OES at the 95% confidence level.