This is a genetic study of flowering time in cultivated barley with the aim to identify the alleles contributing to rapid flowering and frost resistance. We have genotyped a collection of 23 historic barley varieties for the crucial genes [VRN-1, VRN-2, VRN-3 (HvFT), Ppd-H1, CO, and Vrs1]. We have amplified the polymorphic mutations by PCR-based methods, and sequenced them to identify possible haplotype groups. The row type was not determined of all accessions, but all the Scandinavian varieties were found to carry mutant alleles of Vrs1, that indicates them to be six-row barleys. The deletion of the crucial segment of VRN-1 vernalization contributes dominant spring growth habit. We found haplotype groups 2 and 4 to be dominant in Northern barleys whereas haplotype groups 1 and 5 dominated in south. The presence of dominant allele VRN-2 gene is addressed to floral repression until plants get vernalized. Most of the 23 varieties were found to have deleted allele of VRN-2, which is connected with a spring growth habit. The only four of the accessions that have the dominant allele of Ppd-H1 that contribute flowering are generally from the south of Europe. HvFT and CO genes CO-interact to influence flowering time. CO haplotype grouping suggest a geographical distribution of different alleles but needs more disseminations. Certain HvFT alleles cause extremely early flowering during apex development in the varieties that have deletion of VRN-2 alleles under long days. VRN-3 alleles of 14 varieties were identified.

Extreme haustorial parasites have long captured the interest of naturalists and scientists with their greatly reduced and highly specialized morphology. Along with the reduction or loss of photosynthesis, the plastid genome often decays as photosynthetic genes are released from selective constraint. This makes it challenging to use traditional plastid genes for parasitic plant phylogenetics, and has driven the search for alternative phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary markers. Thus, evolutionary studies, such as molecular clock-based age estimates, are not yet available for all parasitic lineages. In the present study, we extracted 14 nuclear single copy genes (nSCG) from Illumina transcriptome data from one of the “strangest plants in the world”, Hydnora visseri (Hydnoraceae). A ~15,000 character molecular dataset, based on all three genomic compartments, shows the utility of nSCG for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships in parasitic lineages. A relaxed molecular clock approach with the same multi-locus dataset, revealed an ancient age of ~91 MYA for Hydnoraceae. We then estimated the stem ages of all independently originated parasitic angiosperm lineages using a published dataset, which also revealed a Cretaceous origin for Balanophoraceae, Cynomoriaceae and Apodanthaceae. With the exception of Santalales, older parasite lineages tend to be more specialized with respect to trophic level and have lower species diversity. We thus propose the “temporal specialization hypothesis” (TSH) implementing multiple independent specialization processes over time during parasitic angiosperm evolution.

In this thesis, I combined observational studies with field and greenhouse experiments to examine selection on life history traits and variation in tolerance and resistance against herbivores in natural populations of the annual herb Arabidopsis thaliana in its native range. I investigated (1) phenotypic selection on flowering time and plant size, (2) the effects of timing of germination on plant fitness, (3) the effect of leaf damage on seed production, and (4) correlations between resistance against a specialist and a generalist insect herbivore. In all three study populations, flowering time was negatively related to plant fitness, but in only one of the populations, significant selection on flowering time was detected when controlling for size prior to the flowering season. The results show that correlations between flowering time and plant fecundity may be confounded by variation in plant size prior to the reproductive season. A field experiment detected conflicting selection on germination time: Early germination was associated with low seedling survival, but also with large leaf rosette before winter and high survival and fecundity among established plants. The results suggest that low survival among early germinating seeds is the main force opposing the evolution of earlier germination, and that the optimal timing of germination should vary in space and time as a function of the relative strength of selection acting during different life-history stages. Experimental leaf damage demonstrated that tolerance to damage was lowest among vegetative plants early in the season, and highest among flowering plants later in the season. Given similar damage levels, leaf herbivores feeding on plants before flowering should thus exert stronger selection on defence traits than those feeding on plants during flowering. Resistance against larval feeding by the specialist Plutella xylostella was negatively correlated with resistance against larval feeding by the generalist Mamestra brassicae and with resistance against oviposition by P. xylostella when variation in resistance was examined within and among two Swedish and two Italian A. thaliana populations. The results suggest that negative correlations between resistance against different herbivores and different life-history stages of herbivores may contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation in resistance.

Thesis (MScAgric (Horticulture))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) have a high chilling requirement and grow best in areas receiving >1 100 Utah chill units during winter. The main production areas in South Africa, and particularly the eastern Free State, frequently receive insufficient winter chilling and late spring frosts leading to problems of poor budburst, flowering, floral abnormalities and poor fruit set. Research was conducted on the cultivar ‘Bing’ to determine the main factors causing its low fruit set. Various trials were conducted to optimize the timing of rest breaking agents, identify suitable cross pollinizers that flower synchronously with ‘Bing’, and evaluate the influence of temperature and pollen-pistil interactions on fertilization and fruit set. Pollen biology studies using 2- to 3-year-old ‘Bing’ sweet cherry trees were conducted near Clarens, eastern Free State, during the 2005 and 2006 seasons to determine the most suitable cross pollinizer/s for ‘Bing’ and to assess the influence of temperature and pollen-pistil interactions on pollen tube growth and ovule longevity. Significant differences in pollen germination (‘rates’ deleted) occurred between pollinizers, although differences were noted in pollen performance on the stigma and style (in vivo) compared to the artificial media (in vitro), indicating a lack of correlation between in vitro germination and in vivo pollen-pistil interactions. Pollen tube growth, following cross pollination, was influenced by pollinizer genotype, temperature, and the number of pollen grains deposited on the stigma. The highest pollen tube growth rates in ‘Bing’ styles were recorded for the pollinizers ‘Black Tartarian’ (2006), ‘Lapins’ and ‘Rainier’ sweet cherry cultivars at temperatures of approximately 21°C. Temperature had the most significant influence on ovule longevity with the lower orchard temperatures extending ovule viability compared to the higher laboratory temperatures, although pollen tube growth rates were also reduced, thus shortening the effective pollination period. Cross pollination was also shown to extend ovule viability. The results indicate that ‘Black Tartarian’, ‘Lapins’ and ‘Rainier’ were the most suitable pollinizers for ‘Bing’. Hand-pollination with pollen from these donors resulted in a several-fold increase in seed set over naturally-pollinated control flowers. It appears that the principle factors causing poor fruit set in ‘Bing’ sweet cherry are premature abortion of the ovule before fertilization and inadequate transfer of sufficient viable pollen under orchard conditions. Rest breaking trials were conducted on 4-year-old ‘Bing’ sweet cherry trees on ‘Gisela® 5’ rootstock near Clarens (28°28’S; 28°19’E, 1860m) and Reitz (28°0’S; 28°28’E; 1717m) in the eastern Free State, South Africa, during the 2005 and 2006 seasons respectively. In 2005 five treatments were evaluated; viz. 1% and 2% Dormex® (hydrogen cyanamide, HCN); 1% Dormex® + 3% mineral oil; and 3% Lift® (thidiazuron and mineral oil) sprayed at three dates (29 July 2005, 5 August 2005 and 12 August 2005) preceding expected the “green-tip” stage of flower development, plus an unsprayed control. In 2006 four treatments were evaluated; viz. 1% Dormex®; 1% Dormex® + 3% mineral oil; 3% Lift® applied on three dates (26 July 2006, 7 August 2006 and 12 August 2006) and an unsprayed control. No interaction was observed between time of application and type of rest breaking agent (RBA). RBAs were effective at improving budburst and yield during both seasons with the time of application of RBAs having the most significant influence on budburst and production efficiency in ‘Bing’ sweet cherry trees. RBAs were most effective at improving vegetative budburst when applied 9 to 16 days before the (‘actual’ deleted) “green-tip” stage of flower development. Floral budburst and yield were increased by 1% Dormex® + 3% mineral oil and 3% Lift®, but results varied between seasons indicating that time of RBA application should be based on chilling accumulation and bud development stage and not based on calendar date. This current research suggests that ‘Bing’ sweet cherry is poorly suited climatically to the current production areas of the eastern Free State and short-term research needs to identify methods of improving chilling and fruit set by means of evaporative cooling and fruit set-enhancing plant growth regulators. Longer term work requires the identification of new, lower chill cultivars with improved climatic adaptation to South African conditions.

Orientador: Antonio Baldo Geraldo Martins / Banca: Dalmo Lopes de Siqueira / Banca: João Alexio Scarpare Filho / Banca: Fabíola Vitti Môro / Banca: Teresinha de Jesus Deléo Rodrigues / Resumo: Esse trabalho teve por objetivo fornecer informações sobre aspectos morfológicos da semente; determinar a possibilidade de clonagem da variedade Duke 7 por alporquia; avaliar influência da época no pegamento da enxertia em abacateiro das variedades 'Hass' e 'Fortuna' e caracterizar, por estudos anatômicos e morfológicos, mudanças na gema vegetativa à florífera, para duas variedades de abacate 'Hass' e 'Fortuna'. As sementes são monoembriônicas e exalbuminosas, de germinação hipógea e a emergência das plântulas ocorreu 33 dias após a semeadura; a raiz primária é longa e de coloração branca e as raízes secundárias são curtas e filiformes; os cotilédones são maciços e de coloração rosada sendo que foi possível observar a presença de múltiplos caulículos na semente de abacate, originados do colo; os frutos são do tipo baga; as sementes apresentam policaulia; o início da estabilização da emergência de plântulas ocorre na oitava semana. Não houve enraizamento dos alporques; o período mais indicado para o sucesso da enxertia, é de modo geral, compreendido entre os meses de novembro e dezembro para ambas as variedades 'Hass' e 'Fortuna'. A transição entre a fase vegetativa e a reprodutiva ocorre no mês de maio, quando há diminuição da temperatura; a evocação floral ocorre um mês após, caracterizado pelo formato arredondado das gemas; a iniciação da inflorescência ocorre dois meses após a transição, no mês de julho. / Abstract: This work aimed to study morphological aspects of seeds; determine the cloning possibility of Duke 7 cultivar by air layering; evaluate the influence of the season on grafting of Hass and Fortuna avocado cultivars and to characterize by anatomical and morphological studies the modifications on vegetative to flowering bud. The seeds are monoembryonic, the germination is hypogea and the emergence of seedlings occurred 33 days after planting; the main root is long, white and the secondary roots are short; the cotiledons are hard and pink; the seeds presented polystems it was observed the presence of many small stems on avocado seed; the fruit is a berry. The stabilization of seed emergency occurred with eight weeks. There was no rooting in the air-Iayerings; the season more indicated for grafting is between November and December for both cultivars. The change from vegetative to reproductive phase was in May, when there is lower temperatures; the floral evocation occurs one month after, characterized by the rounded format of buds; the initiation of the inflorescence occurs after two months of the transition, in July. / Doutor

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The rhythm of flowering, fruiting, flushing and leaf fall is characteristic of each species and varies depending on weather conditions. Among the meteorological factors of greater influence on plant phenology are the air temperature, the day length and water variations. The phenological study provides basic information for management and conservation of the species and makes it possible to understand the relationship between the growth and development of plants and meteorological factors. The objectives of this study were to characterize the reproductive phenological pattern of a population of Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. and a population of Casearia sylvestris Sw in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul and the relationship of the reproductive phenophases with the air temperature and the day length annual variation. Phenological observations were carried out fortnightly in 10 plants of each species, selected randomly, located in the Botanical Garden of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), (29º42'S; 53º42'W; 90). The period of the study was from July 2013 to December 2015 to C. sylvestris and from August 2010 to September 2014 for P. myrtifolia. The phenofases observed were flower buds, anthesis, unripe fruits and ripe fruits. The characterization of reproductive phenology pattern of the populations was performed using the phonological Indexes of Fournier and Activity. For both species were analyzed the relation between the annual variation of the phenological indexes with the meteorological factors. In addition was performed analysis of heat sum, photothermal units and variation of flowering day length to find which of these factors is determinant of flowering induction in this species. The main episode of flowering for P. myrtifolia occurred from July to November with greater intensity and activity from August to October. Fruiting occurred from September to February, with greater levels of activity and intensity of unripe fruits from October to December and of ripe fruit from December to January. The flowering time of the population of C. sylvestris was from June to November. The flower buds showed sharp increase in the levels of intensity and activity during the transition from July to August, occurring its greatest expression in August and September. Anthesis was observed from July to October, with pronunced and abrupt increase in the levels of intensity and activity during the transition from August to September, with its greater expression in mid-September for all the years observed. The fruits occurred mainly in October and November, both unripe and ripe. Species showed seasonal phenological pattern with annual flowering and fruiting. The results showed that the increase in day length which starts after the winter solstice is crucial in flowering induction for this species. The astronomical factor proved to be a more reliable predictor of the flowering initiation date than the heat sum and the photothermal units. In both cases fructification occurred in the period of the year with higher air temperatures and longer days. Therefore, the photoperiodic response of the plants ensures that the fruiting takes place in a period with great availability of energy. / O ritmo de floração, frutificação, brotamento e queda de folhas é característico de cada espécie e varia em função das condições meteorológicas. Dentre os fatores meteorológicos de maior influência na fenologia vegetal estão a duração astronômica do dia, a temperatura do ar e as variações hídricas. O estudo fenológico gera informações básicas para o manejo e conservação das espécies e possibilita compreender a relação entre o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das plantas associados aos fatores meteorológicos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar o padrão fenológico reprodutivo de uma população de Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. e de uma população de Casearia sylvestris Sw em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul e a relação das fenofases reprodutivas com a duração astronômica do dia e a temperatura do ar. As observações fenológicas foram realizadas quinzenalmente em 10 indivíduos de cada espécie, selecionados aleatoriamente, localizados no Jardim Botânico da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), (29º42 S; 53º42 W; 90). O período analisado foi de julho de 2013 a dezembro de 2015, para C. sylvestris e de agosto de 2010 a setembro de 2014 para P. myrtifolia. As fenofases observadas foram botões florais, antese, frutos novos e frutos maduros. A caracterização do padrão fenológico reprodutivo das populações foi realizado utilizando-se os Índices de Fournier e de Atividade. Para ambas as espécies foi relacionada a variação anual dos índices fenológicos com os dados meteorológicos do período. Além disso, foi realizada análise de soma térmica, unidades fototérmicas e de variação da duração astronômica do dia de floração para verificar qual desses fatores é determinante para a indução da floração das espécies. Para P. myrtifolia o episódio principal de floração ocorreu de julho a novembro com maior intensidade e atividade de agosto a outubro. A frutificação ocorreu de setembro a fevereiro, com maior atividade e intensidade de frutos novos de outubro a dezembro e de frutos maduros de dezembro a janeiro. A época de floração da população de C. sylvestris foi de junho a novembro. Os botões florais apresentaram aumento pronunciado da intensidade da atividade sempre durante a transição do mês de julho para o mês de agosto, ocorrendo sua maior expressão em agosto e setembro. A antese foi observada de julho a outubro, com aumento pronunciado e abrupto da intensidade e da atividade durante a transição do mês de agosto para o mês de setembro, com o pico de expressão em meados de setembro, para todos os anos observados. Os frutos novos e maduros ocorreram principalmente em outubro e novembro. Ambas as espécies apresentaram padrão fenológico sazonal, com floração e frutificação anual. Os resultados demonstraram que o aumento da duração astronômica do dia que inicia após o solstício de inverno é determinante na indução da floração das espécies. O fator astronômico demonstrou ser um preditor mais confiável para a data de início da floração em relação a soma térmica e as unidades fototérmicas. Em ambos os casos a frutificação ocorreu no período do ano com dias mais longos e maiores temperaturas do ar. Portanto, a resposta fotoperiódica das plantas assegura que a frutificação ocorra num período com grande disponibilidade de energia.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / There are two early-maturing common bean cultivars registered for cultivation in the Rio Grande do Sul State. Thus, there is demand for cultivars for early harvest to improve the management of crop fields, ensure the best selling price to producer and, also, allow the second season harvest before the frost period. Thus, the aims of this research were to study the genetic of the flowering, reproductive period and cycle in common bean. For this, were obtained the F1 and F2 generations to Iraí x BRS Esplendor and Iraí x IPR Tangará hybrid combinations. The parents and the F1 and F2 generations were sown in the field and, evaluated for flowering, reproductive period and cycle. The flowering showed broad sense heritability estimates of intermediate (h2a: 44.87%) to high (h2a: 61.38%) magnitude and the highest selection gains. The reproductive period showed broad sense heritability estimates ranging from low (h2a: 22.94%) to intermediate (h2a: 59.20%) values and, selection gains lower than those obtained with the flowering. To the character cycle were obtained broad sense heritability estimates of intermediate (h2a: 45.38%) to high (h2a: 62.93%) magnitude and, selection gains intermediate to those obtained to flowering and to reproductive period. Thus, the flowering is the character more efficient to the selection of common bean lines of the early cycle. / Existem duas cultivares de feijão de ciclo precoce registradas para o cultivo no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Portanto, há demanda por cultivares de colheita antecipada para melhorar o manejo das áreas de cultivo, garantir ao produtor melhor preço de venda e, ainda, na safrinha possibilitar a colheita antes do período de geadas. Assim, foram objetivos desse trabalho, estudar a genética do florescimento, do período reprodutivo e do ciclo em feijão. Para isso, foram obtidas as gerações F1 e F2 para as combinações híbridas Iraí x BRS Esplendor e Iraí x IPR Tangará. Os parentais e as gerações F1 e F2 obtidas foram semeados a campo e, avaliados quanto ao florescimento, o período reprodutivo e o ciclo. O florescimento apresentou estimativas de herdabilidade em sentido amplo de intermediária (h2a: 44,87%) a alta (h2a: 61,38%) magnitude e os maiores ganhos com a seleção. O período reprodutivo apresentou estimativas de herdabilidade em sentido amplo variando de baixa (h2a: 22,94%) a intermediária (h2a: 59,20%) magnitude e ganhos com a seleção menores do que os obtidos com o florescimento. Para o para o caráter ciclo foram obtidas estimativas de herdabilidade em sentido amplo de intermediária (h2a: 45,38%) a alta (h2a: 62,93%) magnitude e ganhos com a seleção intermediários aos obtidos para o florescimento e para o período reprodutivo. Assim, o florescimento é o caráter mais eficiente para a seleção de linhagens de feijão de ciclo precoce.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:18:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaAGD.pdf: 3831855 bytes, checksum: 0abe0a10e359f22bab7ed834fa8e296a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-26 / Sugarcane is one of the most important products of the world and Brazil is responsible for 25 % of the world production. One problem of this culture at northeast of Brazil is the early flowering. In our laboratory, it has been made before four subtractive libraries using early and late flowering genotypes in order to identify messages related to the flowering process. In this work, two cDNAs were chosen to make in silico analysis and overexpression constructs. Another approach to understand the flowering process in sugarcane was to use proteomic tools. First, the protocol for protein extraction using apical meristem was set up. After that, these proteins were separated on two bidimensional gels. It was possible to observe some difference for some regions of these gels as well as some proteins that can be found in all conditions. The next step, spots will be isolated and sequence on MS spectrometry in order to understand this physiological process in sugarcane / A cana-de-a??car ? uma das mais importantes culturas mundiais e atualmente o Brasil representa um dos maiores produtores de cana-de-a??car no ranque mundial. Sabendo-se da import?ncia da cana-de-a??car nos dias atuais, principalmente em rela??o ao biocombust?vel e do problema causado pela flora??o precoce a esta cultura na regi?o Nordeste, foi realizada uma an?lise in silico de dois cDNAs:, 14-3-3 like protein e Protein kinase C inhibitor-like (PKCI), envolvidos no processo de flora??o da cana-de-a??car, utilizando ferramentas gen?micas. Foi escolhido o cDNA PKCI para a constru??o de cassetes de super-express?o de modo a ser caracterizado o papel deste cDNA no processo de flora??o. Outra abordagem utilizada nesse trabalho foi de analisar prote?nas totais de ?pices meristem?ticos de variedades precoce e tardia em g?is uni e bidimensionais. Os resultados mostraram que existem algumas prote?nas que podem ser caracter?sticas de uma das variedades, e em outras foi observado uma express?o diferencial

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:18:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CristianeMF.pdf: 69057 bytes, checksum: 86b55b192a6c5915d66e542325da022c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The northeastern region is responsible to 14.32% of sugarcane national production. This lowered contribution is due to edaphoclimatic condition. Flowering is a vital process to plant which consumes lots of energy and it culminates in a process called isoporization. This one can give in a decreasing of 60% on alcohol and water production. It may consider that cropped sugarcane has a hibrid with octaploid genome, there are varieties with a flowering standard until of non flowering. Using this natural genetic potential on different croppings of sugarcane, the aim of this work was to understand as this process occurs by the usage of subtractive approaches. The total RNA was extracted using Trizol of peaks of merisematics of croppings with induced flowering and other with late flowering. From this total RNA were built four subtractives libraries (B1- induced early flowering subtracted on late flowering not induced; B2- late flowering not induced subtracted induced early flowering; B3- induced early flowering subtracted of not induced early flowering; B02- not induced early flowering subtracted from induced early flowering) using kits Super Smart cDNA synthesis and BD Clontech kit select cDNA subtraction (Clontech). This material was clone don vector pGEM T-easy(Promega) and changed in competent cells of E.coli DH10B. Given analysis sequence was carried out a program BLASTn against database of NCBI and genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, rice and maize. Clones were grouped in 9 different classes according to function. Some factors already related as couples of flower induction were identified at different libraries. And grouped proteins with cell cycle and it controls were presents, mainly kinases proteins. Related factors to proteic sinthesis, metabolism, defence, cell communication were also given in both libraries .Some identified genes did not show similarity on database or homology with hypothesis function, and it can represents new genes to be deposited in international database. These results offers that some identified on sugarcane, classified as on factors classes, cell cycle and cell communication, trough unknown genes, can be linked with genetic changing to the flowering process found in the northeastern region / A regi?o nordeste ? respons?vel por 14,32% da produ??o nacional de cana-de-a??car. Esta contribui??o reduzida ? devido ?s condi??es edafo-clim?ticas da regi?o. A flora??o ? um processo vital para a planta que consome muita energia e culmina num fen?meno denominado de isoporiza??o do colmo. Esta isoporiza??o pode acarretar numa redu??o de at? 60% na produ??o de ?lcool e a??car. Considerando que a cana-de-a??car cultivada corresponde a um h?brido com o genoma octaploide, existem variedades com um padr?o de florescimento precoce at? um padr?o de n?o florescimento. Utilizando este potencial gen?tico natural presente nas diferentes cultivares de cana-de-a??car na regi?o nordeste, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi de compreender como ocorre esse processo de flora??o por meio da metodologia de bibliotecas subtrativas. O RNA total foi extra?do utilizando o reagente Trizol (Invitrogen) de ?pices meristem?ticos de cultivares com florescimento precoce induzida e n?o induzida e outra com florescimento tardio. A partir deste RNA total foram constru?das as quatro bibliotecas subtrativas (B1 florescimento precoce induzida subtra?da da tardia n?o-induzida; B2 florescimento tardio n?o-induzida subtra?do da precoce induzida; B3 precoce induzida subtra?da da precoce n?o-induzida; B02 precoce n?o-induzida subtra?da da precoce induzida), utilizando os kits Super Smart cDNA syntesis e o kit BD Clontech PCR select cDNA subtraction (Clontech). Este material foi clonado no vetor pGEM T-easy (Promega) e transformados em c?lulas competentes de E. coli DH10B. A an?lise das seq??ncias obtidas foi realizada utilizando o programa BLASTn contra o banco de dados do NCBI e do genoma de Arabidopsis thaliana, arroz e milho. Os clones foram agrupados em 9 diferentes classes de acordo com a fun??o. Alguns fatores de transcri??o j? relatados como participantes da via de indu??o floral foram identificados nas diferentes bibliotecas. Al?m disso, prote?nas associadas com o ciclo celular e seu controle tamb?m estavam presentes, destacando-se nesse grupo as prote?nas quinases. Fatores relacionados ? s?ntese prot?ica, metabolismo, defesa, transporte e comunica??o celular, tamb?m foram obtidos em ambas bibliotecas. Alguns genes identificados nas bibliotecas n?o apresentaram similaridade nos bancos de dados ou apresentaram homologia com genes de fun??o hipot?tica, e podem representar novos genes a serem depositados em bancos de dados internacionais. Estes resultados sugerem que alguns dos genes identificados em cana-de-a??car, classificados tanto na classe de fatores de transcri??o, ciclo celular e comunica??o celular, al?m dos genes n?o conhecidos, possam estar associados com a variabilidade gen?tica para o processo de flora??o encontrada na regi?o nordeste

Chez la vigne, les gibbérellines activent le débourrement des bourgeons latents et stimulent la formation de vrilles mais contrairement à Arabidopsis, celles-ci semblent inhiber la formation d'inflorescences. Par ailleurs, comme la floraison de la vigne n'est pas sensible à la photopériode,on peut se demander si l'orthologue du gène FT (VvFT) a tout de même un rôle intégrateur au niveau des feuilles et s'il active l'expression de l'orthologue du gène LFY (VFL). Dans la première partie de ma thèse, nous avons conduit une analyse moléculaire avec un matériel original : un porte-greffe 41 B transformé avec une construction contenant le gène VvFT sous contrôle du promoteur 35S et une plante dérivée du Pinot Meunier, portant une mutation dans le gène GA-INSENSITIVE (GAl). Notre étude montre que les gibbérellines ou/et le gène VvFT activent les gènes de floraison comme VFL. mais avec des réponses très différentes entre la vrille, les bourgeons latents et les inflorescences.Dans la seconde partie de ma thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au silencing. Nous avons produit des plantes transgéniques de la lignée PN40024 contenant soit le gène codant la GFP, soit une construction tige-boucle GF-FG, soit les deux. Les cals embryogènes transgéniques GFP et GFP+GF-FG sont fluorescents. Par contre, nous avons observé une disparition totale de la fluorescence chez ces PN40024 GFP+GF-FG, dès l'apparition des premières feuilles et chez la plante entière. L'étude moléculaire a mis en évidence des petits ARNs de 21 nt et 24nt produits à partir de la construction tige-boucle GF-FG. Des petits ARNs secondaires de 21 nt produit à partir de la séquence de la GFP ont été également été détectés. / In grapevine, gibberellins activate latent bud and stimulate the formation of tendrils but in contrast to Arabidopsis, they appear to inhibit the formation of inflorescences. Moreover, as the flowering of the grapevine is not sensitive ta photoperiod, one might wonder whether the ortholog of the FTgene (VvFT) still has an integrative raie in leaves and it activates the expression of the ortholog ofLFY gene (VFL). ln the first part of my thesis, we conducted a molecular analysis with original material: a rootstock 41 B transformed with a construct containing the VvFT gene under the control of the 35S promoter and a derivative of the plant Pinot Meunier, carrying a mutation in the GA-INSENSITIVE gene (GAl). Our study shows that gibberellins and 1 or the gene VvFT activate genes in flowering as a VFL, but with very different responses between the tendril, latent buds and inflorescences.ln the second part of my thesis, we are interested in silencing. We produced transgenic plants of the PN40024 which line containing either the gene encoding GFP, a stem-loop structure GF-FG, orbath. The embryogenic callus transgenic GFP and GFP + GF-FG fluoresce. We observed acomplete disappearance of fluorescence in PN40024 GFP + GF-FG, from the first leaves appear and in the whole plant Molecular analysis revealed small RNAs of 21 nt and 24nt produced from the stem-loop structure GF-FG. Small secondary 21 nt RNAs produced from the sequence of the GFP were also detected.