Cette thèse vise à une meilleure compréhension de la dynamique du voilier et à la validation des outils numériques de prédiction de performances et d’optimisation par l'étude expérimentale in situ du problème aéro-élastique d'un gréement. Une instrumentation est développée sur un voilier de 8m de type J80 pour la mesure dynamique des efforts dans le gréement, de la forme des voiles en navigation, du vent et des attitudes du bateau. Un effort particulier est apporté à la mesure des caractéristiques géométriques et mécaniques des éléments du gréement, la calibration des capteurs et au système d'acquisition des données. Les principaux résultats montrent que le voilier instrumenté est un outil adapté pour les mesures instationnaires et soulignent l'amplitude de variation d'effort rencontrée en mer (20 à 50% de l'effort moyen dans une houle modérée). En outre, les variations du signal d'effort sont déphasées avec l'angle d'assiette, créant un phénomène d'hystérésis. Le comportement dynamique d'un voilier en mouvement diffère ainsi de l'approche quasi-statique. Les simulations numériques proviennent du code ARAVANTI, couplage implicite d’un code structure éléments finis ARA et d’un code fluide parfait, limitant son domaine de validité aux allures de près Les résultats de simulation sont très proches des cas stationnaires et concordent bien avec les mesures en instationnaire dans une houle de face. L'expérimentation numérique d'un gréement soumis à des oscillations harmoniques en tangage souligne l'importance de l'approche Interaction Fluide Structure (IFS) et montre que l’énergie échangée par le système avec la houle est reliée à la fréquence réduite et l'amplitude du mouvement. Certaines informations n'étant pas disponibles sur le voilier instrumenté, une expérience contrôlée en laboratoire est développée. Elle consiste en un carré de tissu tenu par deux lattes en oscillation forcée. Les mesures sur cette « voile oscillante » permettent d'étudier les phénomènes IFS avec décollement et sont utilisées pour la validation du couplage ARA-ISIS entre un code fluide Navier-Stokes (RANS) et le même code structure. / This work presents a full scale experimental study on the aero-elastic wind/sails/rig interaction in real navigation condition with the aim to give a reliable database of unsteady measurement. This database is used for the investigation of the dynamic behavior and loads in the rigging and for an experimental validation of an unsteady Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) model. An inboard instrumentation system has been developed on a 8 meter yacht (J80 class) to simultaneously and dynamically measure the navigation parameters, yacht's motion, sails flying shape, wind and loads in the rigging. A special effort is made on mechanical and geometrical characteristics measurement, sensors calibration and data acquisition system synchronization. Results show that the instrumented boat is a reliable tool to measure the unsteady phenomena in navigation. Dynamic measurements at sea underline the load variation encountered, which represent 20 to 50% of the mean value in a moderate sea state. Oscillations of loads exhibit phase shift with the trim angle, reason for an hysteresis phenomenon, which shows that the dynamic behavior of a sail plan subject to yacht motion clearly deviates from the quasi-steady theory. Simulations are made with ARAVANTI, an implicit coupling of a Finite Element Method structural model ARA and an inviscid fluid model which restricts the simulation domain to upwind conditions. The simulation results compare very well with the experimental data for steady sailing conditions and show a good agreement in unsteady conditions (head swell). Numerical investigation of a sail plan submitted to harmonic pitching motion underlines the importance of FSI modeling and shows that the energy exchanged by the system with the swell increases with the motion reduced frequency and amplitude. Some information is not accessible on the instrumented boat and requires developing a controlled test case in laboratory. The experiment consists of a spinnaker fabric square mounted on two carbon battens moved in forced oscillation. This test case is used to study FSI phenomena with a separated flow and gives experimental results for the validation of the coupling ARA-ISIS of a RANS fluid model with the same structure model.

Este trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais para análise não linear geométrica de interação fluido-casca utilizando o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF). O algoritmo para dinâmica dos fluidos é explícito e a integração temporal é baseada em linhas características. O código computacional é capaz de simular as equações de Navier-Stokes para escoamentos compressíveis tanto na descrição Euleriana como na descrição Lagrangeana-Euleriana arbitrária (ALE), na qual é possível prescrever movimentos para a malha do fluido. A estrutura é modelada em descrição Lagrangeana total através de uma formulação de MEF para análise dinâmica não linear geométrica de cascas baseada no teorema da mínima energia potencial total escrito em função das posições nodais e vetores generalizados e não em deslocamentos e rotações. Essa característica evita o uso de aproximações de grandes rotações. Dois modelos de acoplamentos são desenvolvidos. O primeiro modelo, ideal para problemas onde a escala de deslocamentos não é muito grande comparada com as dimensões do domínio do fluido, é baseado na descrição ALE e o acoplamento entre as duas diferentes malhas é feito através do mapeamento das posições locais dos nós do contorno do fluido sobre os elementos de casca e vice-versa, evitando a necessidade de coincidência entre os nós da casca e do fluido. A malha do fluido é adaptada dinamicamente usando um procedimento simples baseado nas posições e velocidades nodais da casca. O segundo modelo de acoplamento, ideal para problemas com grande escala de deslocamentos tais como estruturas infláveis, considera a casca imersa na malha do fluido e consiste em um procedimento robusto baseado em curvas de nível da função distância assinalada do contorno, o qual integra o algoritmo Lagrangeano de casca com o Fluido em descrição Euleriana, sem necessidade de movimentação da malha do fluido, onde a representação computacional do fluido se resume a uma malha não estruturada maior ou igual ao domínio inicial do fluido e a interface fluido-casca dentro da malha do fluido é identificada por meio de curvas de nível da função distância assinalada do contorno. Ambos os modelos são testados através de exemplos numéricos mostrando robustez e eficiência. Finalmente, como uma sugestão para o futuro desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, iniciaram-se estudos relativos a funções B-splines. O uso desse tipo de funções deverá resolver problemas de estabilidade relativos a oscilações espúrias devidas ao uso de polinômios de Lagrange para a representação de descontinuidades. / This work consists of the development of computational tools for nonlinear geometric fluid-shell interaction analysis using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The fluid solver is explicit and its time integration based on characteristics. The computational code is able to simulate the Navier-Stokes equations for compressible flows written in the Eulerian description as well as in the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) description, enabling movements prescription for the fluid mesh. The structure is modeled in a total Lagrangian description, using a FEM formulation to deal with geometrical nonlinear dynamics of shells based on the minimum potential energy theorem written regarding nodal positions and generalized unconstrained vectors, not displacements and rotations, avoiding the use of large rotation approximations. Two partitioned coupling models are developed. The first model, ideal for simulations where the displacements scale is not very large compared to the fluid domain, is based on the ALE description and the coupling between the two different meshes is done by mapping the fluid boundary nodes local positions over the shell elements and vice-versa, avoiding the need for matching fluid and shell nodes. The fluid mesh is adapted using a simple approach based on shell nodal positions and velocities. The second model, ideal for problems with large scales of displacements such as inflatable structures, is based on immersed boundary and consists of a robust level-set based approach that integrates the Lagrangian shell finite and the Eulerian finite element high speed fluid flow solver, with no need for mesh adaptation, where the fluid representation relies on a fixed unstructured mesh larger or equal to the initial fluid domain and the fluid-shell interface inside the fluid mesh is tracked with level sets of a boundary signed distance function. Both models are tested with numerical examples, showing efficiency and robustness. Finally, as a suggestion for future development of this research, we started studies relatives to B-Spline functions. The use of this kind of functions should solve stability problems related to spurious oscillations due to the use of Lagrange polynomials for representing discontinuities.

A interação entre fluidos e estruturas caracteriza um problema multi-físico não linear e está presente numa grande variedade de áreas da engenharia. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvi mento de ferramentas computacionais com base no Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) para a análise de interação fluido-estrutura (IFE) considerando escoamentos com baixas velocidades. Dada a interdisciplinaridade do tema, se faz necessário o estudo em três diferentes assuntos: a dinâmica das estruturas computacional, a dinâmica dos fluidos computacional, e o problema de acoplamento. No caso da dinâmica das estruturas empregar-se um elemento finito que seja adequado para a simulação de problemas de IFE, que claramente demandam uma análise não linear geométrica, optando-se pelo emprego de uma formulação descrita em posições, a qual evita problemas relativos à aproximação de rotações finitas. Quanto à dinâmica dos fluidos computacional, é empregado um método estável e ao mesmo tempo sensível à movimentação da estrutura, utilizando a descrição Lagrangeana-Euleriana Arbitrária (ALE). Os casos considerados neste trabalho, assim como muitos dos problemas de engenharia, ocorrem com escoamentos em baixas velocidades, implicando na incompressibilidade do fluido, o que demanda, para um método estável, a utilização de elementos que atendam à condição de Ladyzhenskaya-Babuska-Brezzi (LBB). Além disso, é necessário também o emprego de métodos que consigam neutralizar as variações espúrias decorrentes da não-linearidade de possíveis escoamentos com convecção dominante e que surgem com a aplicação do processo clássico de Galerkin. Para superar esse problema, é aplicado o método Streamline-Upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG), que adiciona difusividade artificial na direção do escoamento, controlando a amplitude dos termos convectivos. No que se refere ao acoplamento fluido-casca, buscam-se modularidade e versatilidade adotando-se o modelo particionado. O modelo de acoplamento implementado garante ainda a utilização de malhas do fluido e da estrutura sem a necessidade de coincidência de nós. / Interaction between fluids and structures characterizes a nonlinear multi-physics problem presente in a wide range of engineering fields. This works presets the development of computational tools based on finite element method (FEM) for fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis considering low speed flows (incompressible), as a great part of the engineering problems. Given the topic multidisciplinary nature, it is necessary to study three different subjects: the computational structural dynamics, the computational fluid mechanics and the coupling problem. Regarding structural mechanics, we seek to employ a finite element adequate to FSI simulation, what clearly demands a geometric nonlinear analysis. We chose to employ shell elements with formulation in terms of positions, which avoids problems related to finite rotations approximations. Concerning computational fluid dynamics, we employ a stable method, at same time sensible o structural movements, which is written in the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) description. The flow incompressibility demands, for a stable method, the use of elements according to the Ladyzhenskaya-Bbuska-Brezzi (LBB) condition. It is also necessary to employ methods able to neutralize the spurious variations that appears from convection dominated flows when applying the standard Galerking method. In order to overcome this problem, we apply the Streamline-Upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) method, which adds artificial diffusivity to the streamline direction, controlling spurious variations. Considering the fluid-shell coupling, we seek modularity and versatility, adopting the partitioned model. The developed coupling model ensure the use of fluid and structure meshes with no need for matching nodes.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-11T14:54:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andresricardovaldez.pdf: 6592036 bytes, checksum: 23a86a3d84f13bffa421f219e7e4501d (MD5) / Rejected by Fabíola Rubim (fabiola.rubim@ufjf.edu.br), reason: on 2018-01-12T11:05:10Z (GMT) / Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-12T11:46:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andresricardovaldez.pdf: 6592036 bytes, checksum: 23a86a3d84f13bffa421f219e7e4501d (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Favor corrigir: Membro da banca: Filho, José Karam on 2018-01-23T14:01:35Z (GMT) / Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-23T14:06:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andresricardovaldez.pdf: 6592036 bytes, checksum: 23a86a3d84f13bffa421f219e7e4501d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-23T14:22:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andresricardovaldez.pdf: 6592036 bytes, checksum: 23a86a3d84f13bffa421f219e7e4501d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-23T14:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andresricardovaldez.pdf: 6592036 bytes, checksum: 23a86a3d84f13bffa421f219e7e4501d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-18 / Neste trabalho são apresentados aspectos de modelagem computacional para o estudo de Interação Fluido-Estrutura (FSI). Numericamente, o Método de Lattice Boltzmann (LBM) é usado para resolver a mecânica dos fluidos, em particular as equações de Navier-Stokes incompressíveis. Neste contexto, são abordados problemas de escoamentos complexos, caracterizado pela presença de obstáculos. A imposição das restrições na interface fluido-sólido é feita utilizando princípios variacionais, empregando o Princípio de Balanço de Potências Virtuais (PVPB) para obter as equações de Euler-Lagrange. Esta metodologia permite determinar as dependências entre carregamentos cinematicamente compatíveis e o estado mecânico adotado. Neste sentido, as condições de interface fluido-sólido são abordadas pelo Método de Fronteira Imersa (IBM) visando técnicas computacionais de baixo custo. A metodologia IBM trata o equilíbrio das equações na interface fluido-sólido através da interpolação entre os nós Lagrangianos (sólidos) e os nós Eulerianos (fluidos). Neste contexto, uma modificação desta estratégia que fornece soluções mais precisas é estudada. Para mostrar as capacidades do acoplamento LBM-IBM são apresentados vários experimentos computacionais que demonstram grande fidelidade entre as soluções obtidas e as soluções disponíveis na literatura. / This work presents computational modeling aspects for studying Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI). The Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) is employed to solve the fluid mechanics considering the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The flows studied are complex due to the presence of arbitrary shaped obstacles. The obstacles alters the bulk flow adding complexity to the analysis. In this work the Euler-Lagrange equations are obtained employing the Principle of Virtual Power Balance (PVPB). Consequently, the functional dependencies between the mechanical state and every kinematic compatible loadings are established employing variational arguments. This modeling technique allows to study the fluid-solid boundary constraint. In this context the fluid-solid interface is handled employing the Immersed Boundary Method (IBM). The IBM deals with the fluid-solid interface equilibrium equations performing an interpolation of forces between Lagrangian nodes (solid domain) and Eulerian Lattice grid (fluid domain). In this work a different version of this methodology is studied that allows to obtain more accurate solutions. To show the capabilities of the implemented LBM-IBM solver several experiments are done showing the agreement with the benchmarks results available in literature.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-03-27T12:06:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vitor Escher Martins - 2014.pdf: 13588446 bytes, checksum: 9cceb42b5d24095bc392dc37f17c9386 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-03-27T15:28:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vitor Escher Martins - 2014.pdf: 13588446 bytes, checksum: 9cceb42b5d24095bc392dc37f17c9386 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-27T15:28:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vitor Escher Martins - 2014.pdf: 13588446 bytes, checksum: 9cceb42b5d24095bc392dc37f17c9386 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Over the years, fiber-reinforced composite laminated shells have been widely used as structural components in several engineering areas and industrial applications. These structures can been subjected to extreme working conditions, either by a fluid structure interaction or even by both dynamic external load and thermal load that provides additional compressive stresses acting along the shell. In the present work, the nonlinear dynamic behavior and stability of fluid-filled laminated cylindrical shells under both thermal and lateral loads is investigated. To model the shell the nonlinear Amabili-Reddy Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory is applied, the hydrodynamic pressure of the fluid is model by the potential flow theory and a linear temperature distribution is proposed along the thickness of the shells. Classical shells theories, which neglect shear deformation and rotary inertia, give inaccurate analysis results for moderately thick laminated shells. Due to this limitation, higher-order shear deformation theories can represent better the kinematics behavior and can yield more accurate interlaminar stress.To discretize the shell a 23 d.o.f. displacement field is used containing the axial, circumferential, lateral displacements, rotations as well as the coefficients to consider the shear effect. The Ritz method is applied in order to obtain a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations of motions, which are in turn solved by the Runge-Kutta method. The obtained resonance curves and bifurcation diagrams show the great influence of both laminated material and the temperature on the nonlinear behavior of the shells. / Ao longo dos anos cascas cilíndricas laminadas reforçadas com fibras têm sido amplamente utilizadas como componentes estruturais em diversas áreas da engenharia e aplicações industriais. Durante sua vida operacional, essas estruturas são constantemente submetidas às extremas condições de trabalho, seja em função da interação fluido- estrutura, cargas externas dinâmicas ou mesmo por cargas térmicas que produzem tensões adicionais de compressão sobre a superfície da casca. Neste trabalho será investigado o comportamento dinâmico não linear de cascas cilíndricas laminadas com a presença de um meio fluido em repouso no interior da casca, além de se estudar a influência de esforços laterais dinâmicos solicitantes, juntamente com a variações de temperatura. A teoria de Amabili-Reddy de deformação por cisalhamento de ordem superior é utilizada para modelar o comportamento mecânico dos esforços e deformações da casca, garantindo assim, uma melhor distribuição das tensões interlaminares, ou seja, ao longo de sua direção radial. A análise é realizada para cascas simplesmente apoiadas, em que são consideradas três expansões de deslocamento, respectivamente nas direções longitudinal, circunferencial e radial, além de duas expansões para as rotações da linha neutra nos planos xz z, discretizando o problema em 23 graus de liberdade. O método de Ritz é aplicado para a obtenção do sistema de equações de movimento não linear (EDO), além do método de Runge-Kutta de 4º Ordem e o método de Força Bruta que são utilizados para se investigar o comportamento dinâmico das análises em questão.

L’Interaction Fluide-Structure (IFS) est un sujet d’intérêt dans beaucoup de problèmes pratiques aussi bien pour les recherches académiques ainsi que pour les applications industrielles. Différents types d’approches de simulation numérique peuvent être utilisés pour étudier les problèmes d’IFS afin d’obtenir de meilleurs conceptions et d’éviter des incidents indésirables. Dans ce travail, le domaine du fluide est simulé par une méthode hybride sans maillage (SPH-ALE), et la structure est discrétisée par la méthode d’ ´ Eléments Finis (EF). Considérant le fluide comme un ensemble de particules, on peut suivre l’interface entre le fluide et la structure d’une manière naturelle. Une stratégie de couplage conservant l’énergie est proposée pour les problèmes d’IFS transitoires où différents intégrateurs temporels sont utilisés pour chaque sous-domaine: 2nd ordre schéma de Runge-Kutta pour le fluide et schéma de Newmark pour le solide. En imposant la continuité de la vitesse normale à l’interface, la méthode proposée peut assurer qu’il n’y a ni injection d’énergie ni dissipation d’énergie à l’interface. L’énergie de l’interface est donc nulle (aux erreurs de troncature près) durant toute la période de simulation numérique. Cette méthode de couplage assure donc que la simulation de couplage est numériquement stable en temps. Les expérimentations numériques montrent que le calcul converge en temps avec l’ordre de convergence minimal des schémas utilisés dans chaque sous-domaine. Cette méthode proposée est d’abord appliquée `a un problème de piston mono-dimensionnel. On vérifie sur ce cas qu’elle ne dégrade pas l’ordre de précision en temps des schémas utilisés. On effectue ensuite les études des phénomènes de propagation d’ondes de choc au travers de l’interface fluide-structure. Un excellent accord avec la solution analytique est observé dans les cas de teste de propagation d’onde en 1-D. Finalement, les exemples multi-dimensionnels sont présentés. Ses résultats sont comparés avec ceux obtenus par d’autres méthodes de couplage. / The Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) effects are of great importance for many multi-physical problems in academic researches as well as in engineering sciences. Various types of numerical simulation approaches may be used to investigate the FSI problems in order to get more reliable conception and to avoid unexpected disasters. In this work, the fluid sub-domain is simulated by a hybrid mesh-less method (SPH-ALE), and the structure is discretized by the Finite Element (FE) method. As the fluid is considered as a set of particles, one can easily track the fluid structure interface. An energy-conserving coupling strategy is proposed for transient fluid-structure interaction problems where different time integrators are used for each sub-domain: 2nd order Runge-Kutta scheme for the fluid and Newmark time integrator for the solid. By imposing a normal velocity constraint condition at the interface, this proposed coupling method ensures that neither energy injection nor energy dissipation will occur at the interface so that the interface energy is rigorously zero during the whole period of numerical simulation. This coupling method thus ensures that the coupling simulation shall be stable in time, and secondly, the numerical simulation will converge in time with the minimal convergence rate of all the time integrators chosen for each sub-domain. The proposed method is first applied to a mono-dimensional piston problem in which we verify that this method does not degrade the order of accuracy in time of the used time integrators. Then we use this coupling method to investigate the phenomena of propagation of shock waves across the fluidstructure interface. A good agreement is observed between the numerical results and the analytical solutions in the 1-D shock wave propagation test cases. Finally, some multi-dimensional examples are presented. The results are compared with the ones obtained by other coupling approaches.

Les modèles d'éléments finis des automobiles donnent des grandes tailles de problèmes matriciels, ce qui demeure coûteux en ressources numériques pour une procédure d'optimisation. La multiplicité des phénomènes couplés du problème d'interaction de l'air de l'habitacle et de la superstructure rend plus sensible, à des variations mineures des paramètres, une optimisation directe du véhicule. Pour réduire les temps de calculs et l'espace mémoire liés à la simulation numérique en éléments finis, une méthode de double synthèse modale est appliquée sur la structure et le fluide. Ceci permet de diminuer le nombre de degrés de liberté de frontière. Egalement, un algorithme a été développé pour minimiser le nombre d'évaluations de fonction au cours des itérations d'optimisation. L'approche modale permet également de décomposer le problème d'optimisation de la réponse vibro-acoustique par des sous-problèmes couplés d'optimisation de critères modaux. Ces critères modaux explicitent les couplages fréquentiels par des termes d'amplification et les couplages spatiaux par des paramètres effectifs modaux. Ils favorisent ainsi le développement d'une stratégie d'optimisation robuste par le contrôle modal des effets prépondérants sur la qualité vibro-acoustique des véhicules. / Finite element models and the complexity of vehicle passenger compartments make it harder the optimization, mainly because of expensive computing resources and multiple coupled phenomena of fluid-structure problems. Strategies to improve time and memory performance consist in the use of reduction methods, and combined with efficient optimization techniques, vibro-acoustic solutions of better quality can be performed. The complexity of the system is taken into account thanks to a hierarchical optimization process. Both reduction method and gradient-based optimization algorithm are investigated. Based on modal synthesis, special criteria help to determine critical vibration propagation paths. A modified SQP (Sequential Quadratic Programming) algorithm is also developed in order to provide a faster convergence speed. Such process is to be applied on an academic example and hollow parts and panels of a whole passenger compartments. It allows to find relevant and non obvious solutions by minimizing noise and vibration transfer functions in a relatively wide range of frequencies.

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le projet VOILENav qui vise à améliorer la compréhension des phénomènes d’Interaction Fluide-Structure appliqués aux voiles. Des comparaisons numériques expérimentales sont réalisées sur des mesures « in situ » au près à l’aide d’un code fluide parfait. Un critère, fondé sur l’équilibre du couple aérodynamique avec le couple de redressement, est proposé, permettant de vérifier l’hypothèse d’un écoulement attaché. Les précédentes études sur un voilier instrumenté ont montré les limites d’une approche « in situ » de par l’instationnarité naturelle liée aux évolutions du vent et de l’état de mer. Les autres limites résident dans la mesure de ces dernières – et tout particulièrement la mesure du vent réel – ainsi que dans le spectre des conditions rencontrées au réel. Des essais en soufflerie sont ainsi réalisés dans le cadre de ces travaux pour répondre, par une approche systématique et contrôlée, aux interrogations soulevées par les mesures « in situ ». Deux campagnes expérimentales successives, soutenues par le programme d’échange Sailing Fluids ont été menées dans la soufflerie du Yacht Research Unit de l’Université d’Auckland se focalisant sur les essais de voiles au près puis au portant. Les essais au près sont réalisés sur trois modèles réduits de grand-voiles d’IMOCA60 dans des conditions de réglages statiques et dynamiques. Le meilleur réglage statique est obtenu grâce à l’utilisation d’un algorithme d’optimisation original puis l’influence de l’amplitude et de la fréquence du « pumping » sont étudiés. Les performances aérodynamiques du système soumis à un réglage dynamique sont supérieures à celles du réglage optimum statique et un maximum est observé autour d’une fréquence réduite de 0.25 à 0.3. Au portant, les effets de l’instationnarité naturelle du spinnaker connue sous le terme « curling » (repliement du bord d’attaque) sont étudiés. Quatre modèles de spinnakers de J80 de forme identique sont testés pour différents matériaux et différentes coupes. Les mesures en soufflerie montrent que, pour des angles de vent apparent supérieurs à 100°, l’apparition du « curling » conduit à une augmentation de la force propulsive pouvant atteindre 10%. Les effets de la vitesse et de l’angle de vent apparent sont également étudiés et permettent d’extraire une fréquence réduite de curling indépendante de la vitesse de l’écoulement de 0.4 pour un vent apparent de 120°. L’étendue de la gamme de mesures explorées et le soin particulier apporté aux données expérimentales font de ces travaux une base de données remarquable pour des comparaisons avec des simulations de l’Interaction Fluide-Structure. / This work is part of the VOILENav project which aims to improve the understanding of Fluid-Structure Interaction applied to sails. Full-scale numerical experimental comparisons are achieved in upwind conditions with an inviscid flow code. A criterion using the equilibrium between the righting and heeling moment is suggested to check the attached flow hypothesis. Previous fullscale studies on instrumented boat are limited by the natural unsteadiness of wind and sea conditions and the measurement of these conditions. True wind computation and the wide range of encountered sailing conditions are still challenging. Complementary wind tunnel tests are carried out in this PhD project, using controlled conditions, to address some issues observed at full-scale. Thanks to the Sailing Fluids collaboration, two experimental campaigns in the Twisted Flow Wind Tunnel of the Yacht Research Unit of the University of Auckland have investigated upwind and downwind conditions. Upwind tests investigate static and dynamic trimming on three model IMOCA60 mainsails. The optimum static trim is determined thanks to an innovative optimization algorithm then the pumping amplitude and frequency are investigated. Aerodynamic performances under dynamic trimming are better than the optimum static trim with a maximum located for a reduced frequency about 0.25 to 0.3. For the downwind test, the natural unsteadiness known as curling (repeated foldingunfolding of leading edge) is studied. Four model J80 spinnakers with identical design shape are tested with different materials and cuts. Wind tunnel measurements show that for apparent wind angles higher than 100°, the curling apparition increases the drive force by up to 10%. Wind speed and wind angle effects are investigated and show a reduced curling frequency of 0.4 independent from the flow velocity for an apparent wind angle of 120°. The variety of the experimental conditions tested makes this work a precious database for Fluid Structure Interaction numerical-experimental comparison in the future.

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Les mécanismes d'érosion sont la principale cause de rupture des ouvrages hydrauliques en remblai, c'est pourquoi il est capital de pouvoir quantifier la résistance des sols à l'érosion. Divers appareillages permettent d'en obtenir une estimation, notamment le Jet Erosion Test (JET) dont le modèle d'interprétation est empirique. L'objectif de ce travail est de statuer sur la pertinence ce modèle d'interprétation. Pour cela, nous avons développé un modèle numérique 2D de type Navier-Stokes turbulent avec déplacement d'interface et remaillage, permettant de modéliser l'érosion d'un sol cohésif par un écoulement turbulent. En injectant dans notre modèle les paramètres d'érosion trouvés à la suite d'essais de JET, on retrouve numériquement l'évolution de la profondeur d'affouillement obtenue expérimentalement. Nous avons appliqué cette méthode à trois différents essais de JET, les résultats obtenus sont en bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. En plus d'une importante étude paramétrique, ces résultats ont permis d'apporter d'importants éléments de validation au modèle d'interprétation du JET. Pour étendre le champ d'applicabilité du modèle, nous avons également appliqué cette méthode de modélisation à la configuration de l'érosion de conduit. Trois essais de Hole Erosion Test (HET) ont été modélisés et nous avons également obtenus des résultats en bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. Une analyse de la loi d'érosion et des paramètres d'érosion obtenus à la suite d'essais de JET et de HET a ensuite été initiée. Les bases d'une étude portant sur l'influence de l'angle d'incidence de l'écoulement, sur l'efficacité de l'érosion, ont été posées. / Erosion mechanisms are the main cause of hydraulic failure in embankments. Therefore, the resistance of soils to erosion must be quantified. To this hand, several devices are used such as the Jet Erosion Test (JET), whose model of interpretation is strongly empirical. The aim of this study is to determine the relevance of the interpretation model of the JET. For this purpose, a 2D Navier-Stokes numerical model of erosion of cohesive soils by a turbulent flow has been proposed. We first developed and implemented an interface movement model, whose input parameters are the erosion parameters found experimentally by JET test. Then, the scour depth evolutions obtained numerically for three JET test cases are compared to experimental data. Good agreement is obtained. A parametric study has also been conducted to validate the accuracy of the numerical results. These results contribute to the validation of the JET interpretation model. To extend its domain of application, we applied the numerical model to concentrated leak erosion during Hole Erosion Tests (HET). Three HET were modeled and, here again, our numerical results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results from the tests. An analysis of the erosion law and erosion parameters obtained with JET and HET was finally initiated. The potential influence of the flow incidence angle on the erosion efficiency was underlined.