• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 190
  • 175
  • 30
  • 18
  • 16
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 5
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 494
  • 414
  • 143
  • 120
  • 96
  • 77
  • 65
  • 56
  • 49
  • 47
  • 47
  • 47
  • 46
  • 44
  • 42
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
261

Cogaseificação de serragem de pinus e lodo de esgoto em leito fluidizado / Cogasification of pinus sawdust and sewage sludge in fluidized bed

Vissotto, João Paulo, 1982- 23 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Caio Glauco Sánchez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T18:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vissotto_JoaoPaulo_M.pdf: 17443827 bytes, checksum: 1532a467facbbea36dcaa47864ef9b7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho aborda o estudo da cogaseificação de dois tipos de resíduos de biomassas (serragem de pinus e lodo de esgoto sanitário esgoto sanitário e industrial da cidade de Americana - SP) com o objetivo de comprovar experimentalmente os efeitos sinérgicos de misturas dessas biomassas. O lodo de esgoto não tem PCI suficiente para sustentar o processo de gaseificação sozinho, assim sua mistura com a serragem possibilita a realização do processo, além da diluição de possíveis contaminantes. Na caracterização das biomassas escolhidas, foram determinados os valores de PCI para o pinus de 17,19 MJ.kg-1 e para o lodo de 11,48 MJ.kg-1. Os teores de voláteis foram de 89,69 % e 58,32 % respectivamente. Os ensaios foram realizados no gaseificador do Laboratório de Combustão e Gaseificação do Departamento de Engenharia Térmica e de Fluídos da Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica da UNICAMP, que é um reator de leito fluidizado borbulhante. Durante os ensaios de gaseificação foram selecionados dois fatores de ar para gaseificação exclusiva de pinus (0,30 e 0,50). Os valores de poder calorífico do gás produto foram calculados a partir da concentração do gás obtido, determinado por cromatografia gasosa, sendo os valores de 3,63 ± 0,4 MJ. Nm-3 e 1,92 ± 0,2 MJ. Nm-3 respectivamente. A adição de lodo para os ensaios de cogaseificação foram à razão de 25 % em massa, base seca, para o fator de ar de 0,30, pois nesse fator de ar ocorreu o melhor PCI do gás e o melhor rendimento a frio do gaseificador com gaseificação de pinus puro (37,1%). O valor de PCI para o gás produto da cogaseificação foi de 2,62 ± 0,67 MJ. Nm-3. O rendimento médio do gaseificador caiu para 29,3% / Abstract: This work aims to study the cogasification of two types of biomass residues (sawdust pine and sanitary and industrial sewage sludge from Americana City - São Paulo State) in order to experimentally demonstrate the synergistic effects of mixtures of these biomasses .The LHV of the sewage sludge is not enough to sustain the gasification process alone, so its mixture with sawdust allows the realization of the process and the dilution of possible contaminants. In the characterization of biomasses, the LHV values were for pine 17.19 MJ.kg-1 and for the sludge 11.48 MJ.kg-1. The content of volatiles were 89.69 % and 58.32 % respectively. Experiments were performed in the gasifier of The Combustion and Gasification Laboratory, Department of Thermal Engineering and Fluid Mechanics of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering , UNICAMP , which is a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. During the gasification tests, two air ratio were selected for gasification of pine alone (0.30 and 0.50). The low heating value of the product gas was calculated from the gas concentration, determined by gas chromatography, with values of 3.63 ± 0.4 MJ.Nm-3 and 1.92 ± 0.2 MJ.Nm-3 respectively. The addition of sewage sludge for cogasification was in the rate of 25 % on dry basis, for 0.30 air ratio, because in this air ratio occurred the best LHV in the gas and the best performance of gasifier with pure pine ( 37.1 %). The average value of LHV for gas product of cogaseificação was 2.62 ± 0.67 MJ . Nm-3. The average efficiency of the gasifier fell to 29.3 % / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
262

Análise da medição de flutuações de pressão em tubo de rarefação para aplicação em sistemas fluidizados gás-sólido / Analysis of the measurement of pressure fluctuations in a rarefaction tube for studies in gas-solid fluidized systems

Rueda Ordóñez, Yesid Javier 20 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Araí Augusta Bernárdez Pécora, Emerson dos Reis / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T09:39:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RuedaOrdonez_YesidJavier_M.pdf: 20999298 bytes, checksum: 60bf64ff246a3515b0455a01ccb8e817 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de um equipamento para determinação das características dinâmicas de sistemas de medida de flutuações de pressão para aplicação em sistemas fluidizados. O equipamento foi projetado para gerar ondas de expansão ou rarefação dentro de um tubo no qual estão instalados dois sistemas de medição de pressão: um transdutor de referência ou padrão e outro composto por um sistema de medição que está sendo calibrado. Para a sua validação como sendo adequado para realizar calibrações, o equipamento foi sujeito a diferentes condições variando em dois níveis os seguintes parâmetros: (i) pressão interna do equipamento (15 e 30 kPa); (ii) espaçamento entre os transdutores (12 e 24 mm); (iii) material do diafragma (papel alumínio e papel celofane); e (iv) instrumento de rompimento manual do diafragma (estilete e agulha). Para cada condição testada foi avaliado o comportamento da onda gerada e de sua variação, quando foram consideradas duas faixas de limite de desvio da Função de Resposta em Frequência (FRF) de ±2% e ±10%, representada como a razão do módulo dos sinais no espaço da frequência registrados pelos transdutores de pressão. Nesta etapa, os resultados mostraram que para uma faixa de desvio da FRF de ±2%, o sistema é adequado para calibrações para a faixa de frequências de até 56 Hz, mas que tal faixa será maior se a faixa de desvio permitida for maior. Para uma faixa de desvio da FRF de ±10% o tubo de rarefação é apto para avaliar os sinais dinâmicos registrados por transdutores de pressão bem como verificar as características de um sistema de medida de pressão composto por tomada de pressão, mangueiras e transdutor eletrônico na faixa de frequência de 0 a 100 Hz. A melhor condição operacional encontrada foi a que utilizou papel celofane como material do diafragma, lâmina de aço para o rompimento do mesmo e pressão interna do sistema igual a 30 kPa. Numa segunda etapa, foram realizados: (v) testes para averiguação das tomadas de pressão e do comprimento de mangueiras sobre o desempenho do sistema de medida de pressão; e (vi) calibração dinâmica de um sistema de medida de pressão com sensor capacitivo SMAR LD-301. Nesta etapa os resultados mostraram que a mangueira de 0,1 m de comprimento afeta o sinal apenas para componentes de frequência acima de 18 Hz para faixa de desvio de ± 2% da FRF, caindo para 4 Hz (mangueira de 2m) e 3 Hz (mangueira de 4m), e que o SMAR LD-301, em dois modelos diferentes, é adequado para medir flutuações de pressão de até 14 Hz com faixa de desvio da FRF de ± 2% com tempo de resposta dos medidores, determinado através de análise dos sinais no tempo, de cerca de 0,15 s / Abstract: This work presents a study of a device to determine the dynamic characteristics of pressure fluctuations measurement systems to be used in fluidized beds. The device was developed to generate expansion or rarefaction waves into a tube where two pressure sensors were installed: a reference or standard one and another one being calibrated. In order to validate this device, it was subject to different conditions, at two levels the following parameters: (i) internal pressure in the device (15 and 30 kPa); (ii) distance between the sensors (12 and 24 mm); (iii) diaphragm material (aluminum foil and cellophane); (iv) manual bursting instrument of the diaphragm (paper knife and needle). The behavior of the generated wave and its variation were evaluated for each tested condition. Two limit deviation ranges were considered regarding the frequency response function (FRF), ±2% and ±10%, represented by the ratio of the signals amplitude in the frequency domain measured by the pressure transducers. At this stage, the results showed that for a deviation range of ±2% FRF, the system is appropriate for calibrations in the frequency range of 0 to 56 Hz. This frequency range increases with the deviation range increment. For a deviation range of ±10% FRF the rarefaction tube is a suitable device for the dynamic calibration of pressure transducers, as well as for the verification of the characteristics of pressure fluctuations measurement systems composed by pressure tap, hose and pressure transducer in a frequency range of 0 to 100 Hz. The best operational condition was found with cellophane as diaphragm material, paper knife as diaphragm bursting instrument and internal pressure in the tube of 30 kPa. In a second stage, the following tests were conducted: (v) experiments for evaluation of the pressure taps and length of the hoses on the performance of the pressure fluctuations measurement system, and (vi) dynamic calibration of a pressure measurement system with a capacitive pressure sensor SMAR LD301 - D2. At this stage the results showed that the hose with 0,1 m length only affects the signal for frequency components above 18 Hz, in a deviation range of ± 2% FRF, decreasing to 4 Hz (hose with 2m) and 3 Hz (hose with 4m) and the SMAR LD301 - D2, in two different models, is appropriate for the pressure fluctuations measurements up to 14 Hz in a deviation range of ± 2% FRF, presenting response time, determined through signal analysis in time domain, around 0,15 s / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
263

Estudo da granulação de suco de acerola desidratado em leito fluidizado

Dacanal, Gustavo Cesar 04 July 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Florencia Cecilia Menegalli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T04:16:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dacanal_GustavoCesar_M.pdf: 2777471 bytes, checksum: b80c63182ebc03483ba92c58dcd7ddb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos
264

Microfluidic magnetic fluidized bed for bioanalytical applications / Lit fluidisé magnétique microfluidique pour des applications bioanalytiques

Pereiro, Iago 12 February 2016 (has links)
Des phénomènes de fluidisation de billes magnétiques apparaissent à l'échelle micrométrique au sein du système de lit fluidisé microfluidique. On obtient un fonctionnement en flux continu à basse pression de travail avec un étroit contact liquide/solide et une recirculation constante des billes, des caractéristiques avantageuses pour des applications dédiées à la pré-concentration de cibles biologiques. La caractérisation du système physique a montré l'influence de paramètres tels que la géométrie de la chambre ou la distribution du champ magnétique, leur optimisation étant nécessaire pour obtenir des phénomènes de fluidisation à cette échelle et améliorer le mélange et la distribution des billes. De plus, le potentiel du lit fluidisé comme plateforme pour des bio-essais analytiques a été exploré avec succès lors d'applications biologiques: 1) la pré-concentration de bio-markers de la maladie d'Alzheimer et leur marquage in situ pour un future couplage avec des techniques de détection sensibles; 2) la détection de bactéries sans besoin de marquage préalable à travers une immuno-capture suivie d'une culture donnant lieu à des changements physiques du support fluidisé; 3) l'extraction d'ADN contenant un gène cible et son ultérieur amplification enzymatique sur la surface des billes, suivie d'une détection multiplexée des mutations présentes par un système de microarray. Ainsi, le lit fluidisé magnétique rend possible des applications au de-là d'un simple système de pré-concentration, permettant son utilisation comme une plateforme efficace de biologie moléculaire allant jusqu'à l'utilisation des propriétés autorégulatrices inhérentes au système comme mécanisme de détection. / With the use of an external magnetic field and magnetic microbeads, the microfluidic magnetic fluidized bed system enables fluidization phenomena at the microscale. This results in flow-through operations at low driving pressures with intimate liquid/solid contact and a continuous beads recirculation, interesting for efficient biological target preconcentration applications. The physical system has been characterized, showing the importance of chamber angle of aperture and height confinement as well as magnetic field distribution parameters, to obtain fluidization and further enhance mixing and maximize beads density. Further, the potential of the fluidized bed as a platform for analytical bioassays has been successfully explored with a series of biologically relevant applications: (1) the preconcentration of rare Alzheimer’s biomarkers together with their in situ fluorescence labeling for future enhanced detection with hyphenated techniques; (2) the label-free sensitive detection of bacteria in liquid food samples through the specific immunocapture and on-chip culture of these microorganisms and the resulting physical changes induced in the fluidized support; (3) the gene-specific extraction of DNA and its subsequent enzymatic amplification on the surface of the beads, coupled to a microarray detection system for a multiplexed detection of cancer-inducing mutations. These results show that the applications of the magnetic fluidized bed go beyond its initial conception as a dynamical affinity-based concentrator, serving as an efficient platform for molecular biology protocols and even making use of its inherent auto-regulating properties as a detection mechanism.
265

Combined Calcium Looping and Chemical Looping Combustion Process Simulation Applied to CO2 Capture

Duhoux, Benoit January 2015 (has links)
The new Canadian laws on CO2 emissions aim to lower the emissions of coal-fired power plants down to those of natural gas combined cycle units: 420 kg CO2/MWeh. In order to meet these requirements, calcium looping and two process variants are investigated through process simulations using Aspen Plus V8.2. The combination of calcium looping and chemical looping combustion, replacing the required air separation unit, is a way to reduce the energy penalty of the capture process. The addition of copper as an oxygen carrier in two different process configurations is compared to calcium looping and shown to reduce the efficiency penalty from 7.8% to 4.5% points but at the price of circulations rates up to about 3800 kg/s. The other improvement path studied is the implementation of calcium looping to a pressurized fluidized bed combustion unit. The pressurized carbonator acts as a reheater for the gas turbine and operating the carbonator at temperatures up to 798°C results in a reduction of the energy penalty from 5.1% to 3.1% points.
266

Gazéification de la biomasse en lit fluidisé bouillonnant : interactions à haute température entre les composés inorganiques et les matériaux granulaires / Biomass gasification in bubbling fluidized bed : high temperature interaction between inorganic compounds and granular materials

Kaknics, Judit 03 October 2014 (has links)
Ce travail traite du rôle des interactions entre les composés inorganiques (cendres) et les matériaux du lit pendant la gazéification de miscanthus en lit fluidisé. Les objectifs étaient :-1) de décrire la transformation des inorganiques à haute température ; -2) de comprendre leur rôle dans l’agglomération ; et -3) de proposer des recommandations. Les principaux éléments inorganiques présents dans le miscanthus sont K, Si Ca, Mg, P, S et Cl. Les cendres sont constituées de silice, de carbonates et de sels. Les carbonates et les sels se décomposent et se volatilisent à 700 °C. Les Ca et Mg silicates sont les phases solides majoritaires à haute température. La phase liquide est constituée de SiO2, K2O, CaO et MgO quel que soit la nature de l’atmosphère. Les résultats expérimentaux ont été comparés aux calculs thermodynamiques. Il apparait que les bases de données FToxid et FTsalt peuvent être utilisées pour prévoir les tendances des transformations de phases en température. Les interactions entre les cendres et les matériaux du lit ont été étudiées en conditions statiques et dynamiques. Les conclusions sont les suivantes : -1) la mouillabilité des cendres sur les matériaux du lit est un paramètre clé dans l’agglomération ; -2) l’adhésion augmente dans l’ordre suivant : silice → olivine → olivine calcinée ; -3) il y a peu de différences en atmosphère oxydante ou réductrice -4) la présence de deux liquides immiscibles est observée en atmosphère réductrice. Des traces de sulfures et de résidus carbonés ont aussi été observées. Des expériences ont été effectuées à haute température, en conditions dynamiques, avec un dispositif expérimental de laboratoire et avec un pilote de gazéification à lit fluidisé. En condition dynamique, la température est un paramètre très important. Le lavage de la biomasse et l’ajout de kaolin permettent de limiter l’agglomération. Dans le gazéifieur pilote, les gros agglomérats se retrouvent préférentiellement au niveau de la grille et limite la fluidisation. Les teneurs en Fe, Cr et Al de la phase liquide sont plus importantes que celles observées en laboratoire. / This work studies the role of inorganics in ash-bed material interaction during thermal conversion of miscanthus in fluidized bed. The objectives were (1) to describe the transformation of inorganics at high temperature, (2) to reveal their role in the agglomeration and (3) to provide recommendations for miscanthus gasification in fluidized bed. The main ash forming elements in miscanthus are K, Si, Ca, Mg, P, S and Cl. The ashes are composed of silica, carbonates and salts. The carbonates and salts decompose and volatilize at 700ºC, at elevated temperature the dominant solid phases are Ca and Mg silicates. The liquid phase is composed of SiO2, K2O, CaO, MgO regardless of the atmosphere. The accuracy of thermodynamic prediction tool was evaluated with the experimental results. In conclusion, FToxid and FTsalt databases can be used to follow the trends of the main phase transformations at high temperature. The ash-bed interaction was studied under static and dynamic conditions. We found that the wetting of bed material by molten ashes is the key parameter of the agglomeration. The adhesion of particles increases in the order of sand, olivine, calcined olivine. There is no significant difference in the agglomeration mechanism in oxidizing or reductive atmosphere. However, in reductive atmosphere, two immiscible liquid phases can occur and the presence of unburnt char and traces of sulphides was also observed. The ash-bed material interaction was studied under dynamic conditions in a bench scale device and in a fluidized bed gasifier pilot. The parametric investigation showed that the operating temperature has the most significant effect on the agglomeration ratio and the biomass pre washing or the addition of kaolin are the most effective tools to reduce agglomeration risks. During the trials in the gasification pilot the large agglomerates segregated on the grid accelerating the defluidization. Compared to the laboratory tests, the liquid phase is enriched in Fe, Cr and Al.
267

Quasi-Three Dimensional Experiments on Liquid-Solid Fluidized Bed of Three Different Particles in Two Different Distributors

Obuseh, Chukwuyem Charles 12 1900 (has links)
This thesis is an experimental study of the fluidization of binary mixture in particulate flows. A fluidized bed with two distributors was built with water being used as carrying fluid. Three types of solid particles of nylon, glass and aluminum of the same size and different densities are used in the experiments. The wall effect on a single particle fluidization, the fluidization of binary mixture of large density difference (nylon and aluminum of density ratio of 0.42), and the fluidization of binary mixture of close density (glass and aluminum with density ratio of 0.91) were investigated. Also, the effect of distributors on mono-disperse and bi-disperse particle fluidization was investigated. Results show that the presence of narrow walls reduces the minimum fluidization velocity for a single particle by as much as nearly 40%. Also, in the case of binary mixture of close density particles, uniform mixing was easily achieved and no segregation was observed, but in the case of large density difference particles, there exists significant segregation and separation. At high velocity, the uniform distributor behaves like a transport bed. To achieve a full bed in the single jet, it requires 1.5 times velocity of the uniform distributor. This behavior determines their application in the industries.
268

Estudo experimental de segregação de partículas em misturas binárias usando análise de flutuações de pressão em leito fluidizado gás-sólido / Experimental study of segregation in granular binary mixtures using pressure flutuations analysis in a gas-solid fluidized bed

Rueda Ordoñez, Diego Andres 24 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Araí Augusta Bernárdez Pécora, Emerson dos Reis / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T13:04:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RuedaOrdonez_DiegoAndres_M.pdf: 19506541 bytes, checksum: 0bbc753dfedabd5800a9c9bd05c71077 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, foi utilizada uma metodologia para a análise dos sinais de flutuações de pressão visando estudar a fluidização e o fenômeno da segregação em leitos fluidizados contendo misturas binárias de partículas de diferentes tamanhos e massas específicas. As medidas foram feitas para caracterizar o comportamento fluidodinâmico do leito fluidizado contendo misturas binárias e encontrar as velocidades inerentes ao fenômeno da segregação. Para tanto, primeiramente foram estudados os comportamentos de cada material isolado para posterior comparação com o comportamento observado para as misturas contendo tais materiais.Três tipos de sólidos particulados foram utilizados neste trabalho: microesferas de plástico (diâmetro médio de Sauter de 971 µm) e microesferas de vidro (diâmetros médios de Sauter de 462 e 959 µm).O sistema experimental utilizado consiste de uma coluna, de 0,1 m de diâmetro e 2,5 m de altura, equipada com um distribuidor de gás tipo placa porosa e possuindo seções de vidro,acrílico e aço carbono intercaladas, o que permitiu acompanhar visualmente o processo, e adquirir imagens por meio de uma câmera fotográfica. Medidas de flutuações de pressão foram feitas em diferentes velocidades superficiais do gás para cada material ou mistura estudados. Os sinais de pressão foram medidos em três pontos na coluna do leito, sendo um no plenum e dois na coluna, situado a 0,035 e a 0,115 m acima da placa distribuidora.Em todos os testes a altura do leito foi mantida fixa em 0,150 m. As flutuações de pressão foram analisadas no domínio do tempo e no domínio da frequência aplicando a transformada rápida de Fourier (FFT) o que permitiu diferenciar o comportamento dinâmico das misturas em cada velocidade superficial do gás estudada.Os resultados permitiram identificar regiões com diferentes comportamentos fluidodinâmicos e velocidades inerentes ao processo de segregação como as velocidades de fluidização inicial, fluidização completa, de segregação e de mistura completa. Este trabalho procura contribuir para melhorar o entendimento sobre a fluidização de misturas binárias e sobre o fenômeno de segregação normalmente presente em tais sistemas / Abstract: A methodology for analysis of pressure fluctuations signals was used, in the present work, to study the ?uidizing and segregation phenomena in fluidized beds containing granular binary mixtures with different sizes and densities. Pressure measurements have been made to characterize the dynamic behavior of fluidized beds and to find the velocities involved in the segregation phenomena. The analysis of each single studied material was made before analyzing of the mixtures containing such materials. Three types of solid particles were used in this work: plastic microspheres (971 µm Sauter mean diameter) and glass microspheres (462 and 959 µm Sauter mean diameters). The experimental system presents a column, 0.1m diameter and 2.5 m height, equipped with a porous plate gas distributor. The column was made by glass, acrylic and carbon-steel sections to allow visual observations of the process and acquiring images by a camera. Measurements of pressure fluctuations were made in different gas superficial velocities for each studied material or mixture. The pressure signals were measured at three points in the column: one at plenum and two above the distributor plate, at 0.035 and 0.115 m above the distributor plate. The height of the bed material was fixed in 0.15 m regarding all performed tests. Pressure fluctuations were analyzed on the time domain and on the frequency domain using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) which allows differentiating the dynamic behavior of the mixtures in each superficial gas velocity studied. The results allowed the identification of regions with different fluid dynamic behaviors as well as the determination of gas velocities inherent to the segregation process as the initial fluidization, complete fluidization, segregation and complete mixing velocities. This paper aims to contribute on understanding the fluidization process of binary mixtures and on the phenomenon of segregation normally present in such systems / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
269

Estudo da influência dos bicos injetores sobre o escoamento gás-sólido e as reações em um riser de FCC via CFD / Study of nozzles influence on the gas-solid flow and reactions in a FCC riser via CFD

Pelissari, Daniel Cícero, 1989- 07 August 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Milton Mori / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T17:58:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pelissari_DanielCicero_M.pdf: 3433960 bytes, checksum: 82461e75c8ef3d10fb44cd8d35de3eb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A aplicação de fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD) em estudos de otimização e projeto de novos equipamentos de processos industriais vem aumentando significativamente, uma vez que apresenta custo reduzido e possibilidade de avaliar equipamentos complexos e de extremas condições de operação. Dentre os processos mais estudados via CFD está o processo de craqueamento catalítico fluidizado (FCC), onde as frações pesadas do petróleo de baixo valor são convertidas em produtos de maior valor agregado, sendo uma das aplicações de fluidização gás-sólido mais importante na indústria de petróleo. O presente trabalho avaliou especificamente a zona de injeção do FCC, na qual a matéria-prima, alimentada por bicos injetores, se mistura a sólidos quentes (catalisador) e a vapor de fluidização. A performance desses dispersores de carga para garantir uma boa distribuição das gotículas de gasóleo com o catalisador é a chave para melhorar a eficiência do riser de FCC. Desta forma, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes designs, ângulos (30°, 45° e 60°) e configurações dos injetores sobre o escoamento gás-sólido e o desempenho do riser. Para tal, simulou-se um escoamento gás-sólido reativo tridimensional baseado em uma abordagem Eulerian-Eulerian. Nas simulações foram utilizados o modelo cinético de 12-lumps de Wu et al. (2009), modelo de turbulência k-? e modelo de arraste de Gidaspow. Foi observado que o design, o ângulo e a configuração dos bicos injetores exercem uma forte influência sobre a fluidodinâmica e a performance do riser, sendo o ângulo a variável que apresentou maior influência. Pôde-se observar que o design de bico tipo multi-orifícios (Caso 3) foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados, sendo a partir deste avaliados os ângulos, onde notou-se que o aumento do ângulo de 30° para 60° melhorou a mistura entre as fases e o rendimento. A análise dos arranjos foi realizada utilizando o design de bico do Caso 3 e o ângulo de 45°, e observou-se que o arranjo com bicos intercalados (Arranjo 2) apresentou uma mistura mais homogênea entre as fases e, consequentemente, uma melhor conversão e rendimento de produtos desejados. Em geral, os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho salientam a importância da utilização de geometrias mais detalhadas para os bicos, uma vez que influenciam a mistura entre as fases, a qual afeta o desempenho do riser / Abstract: The Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) application in industrial process optimization and new equipments design studies has increased significantly, once it presents low cost and the possibility of evaluating complex and extreme operating conditions equipments . Among the most widely studied processes via CFD is the fluidized catalytic cracking process (FCC), where the oil heavy fractions of low-value are converted into higher value-added products and which is one of the most important gas-solid fluidization applications in the oil industry . The present study specifically evaluated the FCC injection zone, in which the feedstock fed by nozzles, is mixed with hot solids (catalyst) and fluidization steam. The nozzles performance to guarantee a good gas oil droplets distribution with the catalyst is the key to improve the efficiency of FCC riser. Thus, the study main objective was to evaluate the different nozzles designs, angles (30 °, 45 ° and 60 °) and arrangements effect on the gas-solid flow and the riser performance. For this purpose, it was simulated a three-dimensional reactive gas-solid flow based on an Eulerian-Eulerian approach. In the simulations it was used the 12 lumps kinetic model by Wu et al. (2009), turbulence model k- ? and drag model Gidaspow. It was observed that the nozzle design, angle and configuration have a strong influence on fluid dynamics and on the riser performance, and the angle was the variable with the greatest influence. It can be observed that the nozzle design of multi-orifice type (Case 3) showed the best results, and that¿s why it was used to evaluate the angle, in which was noted that the angle increase of 30 ° to 60 ° improved phases mixing and the yield. The arrangement analysis was performed using Case 3 nozzle design and the design angle of 45 °, and it was observed that the arrangement with intercalated nozzles (Arrangement 2) showed a more homogeneous phases mixture and therefore a better conversion and desired product yield. In general, the results obtained in this work highlighted the importance of using more detailed geometries for the nozzles, since they influence the mixing of the phases, which affects the riser performance / Mestrado / Engenharia Química / Mestre em Engenharia Química
270

Influência da relação entre diâmetros no comportamento hidrodinâmico de reatores aeróbios de leito fluidizado com circulação em tubos concêntricos /

Araújo, Leandro Santos de. January 2008 (has links)
Orientador: Milton Dall'Aglio Sobrinho / Banca: Tsunao Matsumoto / Banca: Gilson Arimura Arima / Resumo: O reator aeróbio de leito fluidizado com circulação apresenta características que permitem efetuar o tratamento em apenas uma etapa. O uso deste reator torna-se atraente devido à possibilidade de mantê-lo com uma alta concentração de biomassa ativa, propiciando seu porte compacto, conseqüência do reduzido período de detenção hidráulica. A eficiência do biofilme no tratamento depende das condições hidrodinâmicas do reator, uma vez que sua espessura pode ser alterada de acordo com a velocidade de circulação, e a transferência de oxigênio através de suas camadas depende da vazão de ar injetada no sistema. O trabalho propôs-se a investigar a influência da relação entre diâmetros dos tubos concêntricos em quatro configurações, mantendo o diâmetro externo constante e igual a 250 mm e alterando o diâmetro interno entre 100, 125, 150 e 200 mm, proporcionando relações Ae/Ai iguais a 5,25; 3,00; 1,78 e; 0,56, respectivamente. O tubo interno possui 2,22 m e é posicionado 0,05m acima do fundo do reator. A altura estática da coluna de fluido foi 2,35 m. Os ensaios hidrodinâmicos - velocidade do líquido, fração volumétrica de ar, tempo de mistura - e os de transferência de oxigênio foram realizados para vazões de ar até 2500 l/h em meio bifásico e em meio trifásico com concentrações de areia iguais a 30, 70, 100 e 150 g/l. O diâmetro interno de 125 mm foi o mais eficiente na indução de velocidade de circulação do líquido. A fração volumétrica de ar aumentou com o aumento do diâmetro interno para mesmas velocidades superficiais de ar, com exceção do menor diâmetro, o qual apresentou comportamento diferenciado dos demais. Os reator com diâmetro interno de 150 mm apresentou maiores valores de KLa para as mesmas vazões de ar. Observou-se que a adição de sólidos causou um decréscimo da velocidade do líquido e da fração... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Aerobic internal-loop airlift reactor has some characteristics that allow wastewater treatment in a single stage. The attractive to use this kind of reactor is mainly because of its capacity of maintaining a high active biomass concentration into it, which induces its small structure, in a consequence of its small hydraulic detention time. The biofilm efficiency in the treatment depends on reactor's hydrodynamic conditions. The structure of the biofilm and the oxygen transfer into its layers is affected by the liquid velocity induced by the air flow rate. This work proposed an investigation about the influence of the diameter of the concentric tubes, using four geometric configurations. The model had a 250 mm external tube and the inner draft tube with diameters of 100, 125, 150 and 200 mm, which means AD/AR equals to 5.25, 3.00, 1.78 and 0.56, respectively. The draft tube's height was 2,22 m and was positioned 0,05 m above the bottom of the reactor. The static fluid height was 2,35 m. The hydrodynamic tests - liquid velocities, gas hold up, mixture time - and the oxygen transfer tests were conducted for two and three-phase systems, with variable air flow rate up to 2500 l/h. The solid phase concentrations used were 30, 70, 100 and 150 g/l. The 125 mm reactor was the most efficient in inducing the liquid circulation velocity. The gas hold up increased with the increasing of the draft tube diameter, for same superficial gas velocities, excepting the 100 mm, which showed a different behavior. The 150 mm reactor presented the highest values for KLa for the same air rate. It was noticed that the solids addiction decreased the liquid velocity, gas hold up and oxygen transfer. Hydrodynamics equations found in literature showed a limited applicability, evidencing the necessity of relations capable to reach the most different configuration for this kind of reactor. A mass transfer mathematic...(Complete abstract click electronic acces below) / Mestre

Page generated in 0.0299 seconds