Orientador: Tsunao Matsumoto / Resumo: Este estudo mostra o funcionamento dos processos de oxidação de matéria orgânica junto com os processos simultâneos de nitrificação e desnitrificação (SND) dentro do reator aeróbio de leito fluidizado de tubos concêntricos com uma terceira câmara para gerar condições anóxicas (necessárias para garantir o processo de desnitrificação). O reator foi operado por um período de 140 dias, durante o qual a remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e de nitrogênio total (NT), atingiu 80% e 44% respectivamente, para um tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 3 horas. A configuração dos diâmetros dos tubos concêntricos resultou em diferentes relações de áreas e, portanto em diferentes vazões para cada câmara. Na operação do reator foram aplicadas duas relações de vazões alterando o nível de esgoto dentro do reator. Os efeitos destas relações de vazões, alterou a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) entre os compartimentos aeróbio e anóxico do reator e a relação C:N, as quais foram estudadas durante o funcionamento deste sistema. Os resultados indicaram que a relação de vazões 2(4,8: 3,8: 1 para as câmaras 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente) beneficiou as remoções de DQO e NT. A concentração de OD no compartimento aeróbio apresentou valores médios de 3,57 ± 1,24 mg.L -1 , e no topo da câmara 3, a concentração de OD foi de 1,41 ± 0,78 mg.L -1 . As relações C:N que apresentaram maiores eficiências de remoção de NT foram as superiores a 10, sendo a máxima remoção de T na relação C:N de 17. O te... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study shows the operation of the organic matter oxidation processes together with the simultaneous processes of nitrification and denitrification (SND) inside the aerobic fluidized bed reactor of concentric tubes with a third chamber to generate anoxic conditions (necessary to guarantee the denitrification process). The reactor operated over a period of 140 days, during which chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal reached 80% and 44% respectively, for a 3 hour hydraulic detention time (HDT). The configuration of the diameters of the concentric tubes resulted in different area ratios and therefore in different flow rates for each chamber. In the reactor operation were applied two flow ratios, altering the sewage level inside the reactor. The effects of these flow rates were changing the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) between the aerobic and anoxic compartments of the reactor and the C: N ratio, which was studied during the operation of this system. The results indicated that the ratio of flows 2 (4.8: 3.8: 1 for chambers 1, 2 e 3, respectively) benefited the COD and TN removal. The DO concentration in the aerobic compartment presented average values of 3.57 ± 1.24 mg.L-1 , and on top of chamber 3, the DO concentration was 1.41 ± 0.78 mg.L-1 . The C:N ratios that showed higher nitrogen removal efficiencies were higher than 10, with the maximum TN removal at the C:N ratio of 17. The cell retention time reached (CRT) in the reactor was 3.16 ± 3.... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Les minerais d’uranium sont généralement peu concentrés avec des teneurs en uranium inférieures à 1%. Pour éviter le transport inutile de tonnages importants sur de longues distances, des opérations de purification et de concentration s’effectuent à proximité immédiate des sites miniers. Après purification, l’uranium est précipité pour conduire à un concentré solide appelé couramment « Yellow-Cake » et contenant entre 70 et 76% d’uranium. Cette thèse apporte une contribution à l’étude du procédé de précipitation du Yellow-Cake, sous forme de peroxyde d’uranium, en réacteur à lit fluidisé. Afin de mieux comprendre tous les mécanismes mis en jeu au cours de la précipitation, nous avons développé des méthodes permettant de mettre au point un modèle de solubilité, de compléter les données cinétiques et de proposer un modèle décrivant le procédé de précipitation en réacteur à lit fluidisé. Les cinétiques de nucléation et de croissance cristalline ont été déterminées par Planteur (2013). L’identification de la loi cinétique d’agglomération consiste en la détermination du noyau d’agglomération en fonction des paramètres influençant le mécanisme d’agglomération. Plus précisément, dans le cas du peroxyde d’uranium, le mécanisme d’agglomération est caractérisé par un noyau d’agglomération constant par rapport à la taille des particules, mais proportionnel à la vitesse de croissance cristalline (ordre 1 vis-à-vis de la sursaturation) et une vitesse d’agglomération freinée significativement par une augmentation du taux de cisaillement. L’étude expérimentale du procédé de précipitation du peroxyde d’uranium en réacteur à lit fluidisé a porté sur l’influence des conditions opératoires sur la qualité du produit final obtenu : vitesse d’agitation, capacité du réacteur et teneur en sulfate. À partir des données expérimentales obtenues en réacteur à lit fluidisé sur une installation pilote, un modèle de réacteur parfaitement mélangé avec séparation de la phase solide (MSSPR) est développé avec succès pour le procédé de précipitation du peroxyde d’uranium. Le modèle proposé peut ensuite être mis à profit pour dimensionner les précipitateurs à lit fluidisé du type MSSPR / Currently exploited uranium deposits contain less than 1% of uranium. Once uranium ore has been extracted, it is transported to a processing plant. Purification and concentration are required in order to reduce the cost of uranium transportation. The precipitation of uranium present inside mill leach solutions produces a solid known as yellow cake. This precipitate contains around 75% uranium. This PhD thesis deals with the yellow cake precipitation process in a fluidized-bed reactor. The process produces uranium peroxide. We develop methods for studying the kinematic mechanisms that take place during the precipitation process. We provide a global model of the uranium peroxide precipitation process in a fluidized-bed reactor. Planteur (2013) studies the kinematics of uranium peroxide nucleation and crystal growth. His thesis work presents a parametric study that quantifies the influence of operating parameters on the agglomeration mechanism. The uranium peroxide agglomeration kernels are found to be particle size-independent, directly proportional of the crystal growth rate, and inversely proportional to the average shear rate. Our experiment stresses the influence of key operating parameters on the yellow cake precipitation in a fluidized-bed reactor. We investigate the effects of stirring speed, feed flow, and sulfate concentration on the uranium peroxide precipitation. We use our experimental results for modeling the precipitation process. We propose a model called Mixed Suspension Separated Product Removal (MSSPR). The successful application of this model reveals its potential for sizing fluidized-bed reactors at the industrial scale

The research determined that the improved heat transfer characteristics of a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) will allow the use of cobalt catalyst for high temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (HTFT). Cobalt was loaded onto a gamma alumina support, the catalyst was characterized using TPR, BET/BJH, XRD, and PSA to track changes in the catalyst morphology. The reactor was characterized to determine the minimum fluidization velocity and the maximum velocity prior to entering lean phase fluidization with pneumatic transport of the catalyst. The highest minimum fluidization velocity was found to be about 2800 sccm, there was no maximum velocity found for the reactor setup. Once characterized, the reactor was operated at pressures of 145, 217.6, and 290.1 psig, a syngas flow rate of 4000 sccm, and at temperatures of 330 and 350 °C. The optimal conditions found in this study were 330 °C and 217 psig. At these conditions CO conversion was 83.53 % for a single pass. Methane, CO2, and light gases (C2 - C4) selectivities were at low rates of 31.43, 5.80, and 3.48 % respectively. Alcohol selectivity at these conditions was non-existent. The olefin and wax selectivities were the lowest of the data set at 7.05 and 3.18 % respectively. Liquid transportation fuels selectivity was the highest at 56.11 %.

L’étude multi-échelle d’un lit fluidisé gaz-particule est réalisée afin de comprendre les raisons de la mauvaise prédiction de la combustion dans ce type de réacteur. Dans un premier temps, des simulations numériques directes à l’échelle de quelques particules montrent le couplage entre la fraction volumique de particules et la fraction massique des espèces dans l’écoulement. Ensuite, une analyse des équations flitrées en LES montre qu’un terme de corrélation fluide-particule apparaît lorsque l’on explicite le taux de réaction gaz-particules. On comprend alors que si ce couplage n’est pas pris en compte correctement dans les simulations aux grandes échelles, le résultat ne peut pas être bon. Des simulations numériques à l’échelle du réacteur sont alors réalisées avec différents maillages pour tenter de mettre en évidence les effets de sous-maille liés à ce couplage à l’échelle des petites structures solides dans l’écoulement. / The multiscale study of a reactive gas-solid fluidized bed is performed to understand the reason of the bad prediction of the combustion in such a reactor. First, Direct Numerical Simulations at the particle array lenght scale show the dependency of the species mass fraction released in the gas phase on the solid volume fraction. Then, the analysis of the filtered continuity equations for the eulerian granular model highlights that a fluid-particle coupling term appears when expliciting the heterogeneous reaction rate. Therefore, we understand the need to take this coupling into account in large scales simulations to obtain good results. Computations at the lab-scale reactor are eventually performed using different grid refinements in order to try to highlight the subgrid terms due to this coupling at the small solid structure scale.

Un procédé simple, compact et continu a été utilisé pour élaborer des particules nanométriques d’oxyde de fer. Il est constitué principalement de deux étapes : une première étape de génération du solide en réacteur à lit fluidisé, une deuxième étape de calcination couplée à un filtre à manches métalliques qui permet de récupérer des particules nanométriques d’oxyde de fer. Différentes analyses ont permis de caractériser les particules obtenues à chacune des deux étapes. Le produit obtenu au cours de l’étape de génération du solide est de la ferrihydrite sous forme de particules micrométriques constituées d’agglomérats de particules nanométriques. L’étape de calcination conduit à la formation de particules nanométriques d’hématite. Elles ont une taille médiane inférieure au µm et présentent une distribution de taille resserrée, ce qui est difficilement atteignable par les procédés conventionnels. Les particules sont constituées d’agglomérats de grains élémentaires de quelques dizaines de nanomètres. Leur surface spécifique BET et leur masse volumique réelle sont comparables à celles mesurées sur un produit commercial. L’étude de l’influence des conditions opératoires du procédé a permis de définir les paramètres optimaux à fixer pour obtenir une hématite pure et peu agglomérée. L’étude du mécanisme réactionnel, réalisée en thermobalance, dans un four à moufle et à l’aide d’une veine de séchage a montré que la décomposition de la solution de nitrate de fer nonahydraté en hématite se déroule en trois phases : une première phase accompagnée d’une perte de l’eau libre et de sept molécules d’eau de constitution, une deuxième phase rapide accompagnée d’une perte des molécules de nitrate jusqu’à l’obtention de la ferrihydrite, une troisième phase lente accompagnée d’une perte de nitrate et d’eau restants jusqu’à l’obtention d’hématite amorphe qui est ensuite cristallisée à haute température. Les deux premières phases ont lieu dans le réacteur à lit fluidisé, alors que la troisième se déroule dans le réacteur de calcination. Une étude cinétique de cette dernière phase a été réalisée en thermobalance. Elle a démontré que l’énergie d’activation est faible et que le processus est complexe. / A simple, compact and continuous process was used to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles. This process is divided in two parts: dry particles generation and calcination. Different analytical techniques have permitted to characterize the produced particles.The obtained product at the dry particles generation step is ferrihydrite. The particles are constituted of agglomerated nanoparticles. The calcination step allows producing hematite nanoparticles. These ones have a median size less than a micron and a narrow particle size distribution, which is difficult to achieve using conventional methods. These particles are constituted of agglomerated elementary particles which have a size of a few tens of nanometers. The specific surface area and the density of the produced hematite in the process are comparable to those measured on a commercial product. The influence of process conditions was also investigated and the results were analysed to define the optimal operating conditions to produce pure hematite slightly agglomerated. The study of the reaction mechanism, performed in a thermobalance, an oven and a convective dryer showed that the solution of iron nitrate nonahydrate decomposes into hematite according to three steps: removal of free water and seven molecules of constitution water, rapid loss of nitrate molecules until ferrihydrite is formed, removal of remaining nitrate and water leading to the formation of amorphous hematite which is then crystallized at high temperature. The two first steps take place in the fluidized bed reactor, while the third one is performed in the calcination reactor. A kinetic study of the last transformation was performed in a thermobalance. This study showed that the activation energy is low and the reaction is complex.

La conversion thermochimique à haute température (>700°C) de la biomasse en double lit fluidisé circulant est une voie alternative aux énergies fossiles (pétrole, charbon) pour la production d’un gaz de synthèse à haute valeur énergétique, utilisable dans de nombreuses applications. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer des méthodologies et des outils théoriques et expérimentaux permettant d’accéder aux cinétiques des transformations élémentaires (pyrolyse de la biomasse, gazéification et combustion du char, craquage et reformage des goudrons) présentes dans le procédé de gazéification de la biomasse en double lit fluidisé circulant. Dans un premier temps, un mini-réacteur à lit fluidisé fonctionnant entre 300 et 1000°C avec une alimentation en gaz parfaitement contrôlée (N2, O2, H2, H2O et goudrons) a été conçu et mis au point au Laboratoire de Génie Chimique de Toulouse. Un système d’échantillonnage et d’analyse de la phase gaz permet de quantifier en continu les fractions molaires des gaz incondensables et des goudrons produits. Une étude hydrodynamique et thermique a permis de déterminer les points de fonctionnement du réacteur pour chaque transformation élémentaire étudiée. Dans un second temps, les études de gazéification et de combustion du char ont été réalisées dans le mini-réacteur à lit fluidisé. L’influence de nombreux paramètres opératoires (température, pression partielle des différents constituants) a permis de comprendre la formation des différents produits et de modéliser les cinétiques de transformation du solide. Dans le cas de la combustion du char, un mécanisme réactionnel a également été établi et la cinétique obtenue en lit fluidisé a été comparée à celle déterminée par analyse thermogravimétrique. Enfin, une étude sur le reformage d’un goudron modèle (toluène) en lit fluidisé a mis en évidence l’effet de l’atmosphère réactionnelle sur le mécanisme de dégradation du toluène sur l’olivine et le char. / The thermochemical conversion of biomass at high temperature (>700°C) in Fast Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed (FICFB) is a promising alternative route to fossil fuels (oil, coal) to produce syngas which can be used in several applications. The aim of the present work is to develop methodologies as well as theoretical and experimental tools for determining the intrinsic kinetic of biomass transformations (biomass pyrolysis, char gasification and combustion, cracking and reforming of tars). Firstly, a fluidized bed reactor has been designed and built at the Laboratory of Chemical Engineering (LGC). This reactor can operate for temperatures between 20 and 1000°C with a well-defined gas supply (N2, O2, H2, H2O and tars). A sampling and analysis gas system enables the continuous quantification of the non-condensable gases and tars molar fractions. A hydrodynamic and thermal study enabled the determination of the operating conditions for each experimental study. Secondly, the char gasification and combustion was performed in the fluidized bed reactor. The influence of the operating conditions (temperature and compounds partial pressure) led to the modelling of the different solid transformation kinetics. Besides, in the case of char combustion, a reaction scheme was proposed and the kinetic obtained in the fluidized bed was compared to that obtained in a thermogravimetric analyzer. Finally, a study on the tar reforming in a fluidized bed reactor highlighted the effect of the reactive atmosphere on the reaction scheme of toluene conversion over olivine and char.

O uso de combustíveis fósseis para a geração de energia, especificamente carvão mineral, ainda dominará a matriz energética mundial por algumas décadas. No Brasil, entretanto, apesar de sua vasta disponibilidade, o carvão mineral segue ocupando uma tímida posição na matriz. Ao mesmo tempo, há uma considerável geração de resíduos de biomassa oriundos de atividades agrícolas, que poderiam ser incorporados ao uso do carvão na geração termoelétrica de energia. Sobre o uso de combustíveis fósseis na geração termoelétrica e a consequente emissão de CO2, a ainda insipiente tecnologia de oxicombustão aparece como possibilidade de geração de emissões quase-zero de CO2. Diante disso, esta tese tem como objetivo estudar os aspectos envolvidos na adaptação da combustão em leito fluidizado borbulhante para a oxicombustão de carvão mineral e biomassa. Para tanto, inicialmente, realiza-se uma estimativa da possibilidade do uso de resíduos de biomassa, especificamente os provenientes da cadeia produtiva de madeira e casca de arroz, em sistemas de combustão no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Estes combustíveis são, então, utilizados na combustão com ar atmosférico em planta piloto, com capacidade de 0,25 MWt de leito fluidizado borbulhante, para posterior comparação com a oxicombustão dos mesmos combustíveis. As comparações foram realizadas quanto ao balanço de massa balanço de energia e questões fluidodinâmicas. A influência dos principais parâmetros de processo na transição de combustão com ar atmosférico para a oxicombustão foi analisada quanto à possibilidade de minimizar a entrada de ar falso no sistema. A manutenção de pressões negativas mostrou-se indesejável na oxicombustão, especialmente quando é realizada a adaptação de plantas já existentes. Os resultados indicaram uma forte influência do ajuste da válvula de recirculação dos gases, da potência do ventilador e da vazão de gases no sistema na minimização da entrada de ar falso. A partir do ajuste das condições operacionais, foi possível a obtenção de uma concentração de 59,6% vol. de CO2 nos gases de combustão. / The fossil fuels use for energy generation, especially coal, will dominate the world energy matrix for decades. However, in Brazil, coal still occupies a timid position in spite of its extensive disponibility. At the same time, there is a considerable generation of wastes from agricultural activities that could be incorporated to coal as fuels on thermoelectric energy processes, in special for a decentralized system configuration. Yet, by considering the use of fossil fuels on thermoelectric generation and the consequent CO2 emission, there is the oxyfuel combustion technology that has appeared as an option for near-zear CO2 emissions by promoting its capture. From this perspective, this work has the objective of studying the aspects that involve the retrofit of bubbling fluidized bed combustion to oxyfuel combustion by using coal and biomass wastes as fuels. In this sense, an estimative of the use of biomass wastes, especially wood wastes and rice husk, on combustion systems in the State of Rio Grande do Sul is firstly proceeded. These fuels are used on air combustion in a 0,25 MWt bubbling fluidized bed pilot plant for comparison to oxyfuel combustion with the fuels used. Such comparisons where done by applying material balance, energy balance and fluid dynamics analysis. The influence of the main process parameters on the retrofit of air combustion to oxyfuel combustion were analyzed concerning the air leakage minimization. Negative pressure maintenance in key points of the system was shown as an undesirable issue when retrofitting. The results indicated a strong influence of the recycling valve adjustment, fan power and gases flow on the air leakage. From operational conditions adjustment, 59,6 vol.% CO2 concentration could be achieved in the gases.

Esta tese de doutorado trata do desenvolvimento inédito de formas farmacêuticas sólidas contendo nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico, facilmente redispersíveis em água, empregando a secagem por aspersão ou granulação em leito fluidizado. A estratégia visa superar limitações tecnológicas associadas às suspensões de nanocápsulas poliméricas, pela sua natureza coloidal, e avançar na fronteira do conhecimento, buscando o desenvolvimento de formulações inovadoras para a administração oral de fármacos. Foram produzidos pós e grânulos contendo nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico (LNC), empregando a secagem por aspersão e granulação em leito fluidizado, respectivamente. A influência do número de partículas das suspensões de nanocápsulas nas propriedades de redispersão dos pós produzidos pela secagem por aspersão foi investigada. Uma mistura de maltodextrina e L-leucina (90:10 m/m) foi utilizada como adjuvante de secagem. A formulação que obteve os melhores perfis de redispersão consistiu de uma mistura da suspensão de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico e de uma solução contendo maltodextrina/L-leucina (10% m/v) em uma proporção 1:1 v/v. Após a redispersão dos pós produzidos em água, 75% do número inicial de partículas de nanocápsulas foi recuperado. Análises de área superficial, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia confocal Raman permitiram compreender as diferenças na organização estrutural destes pós. Estes dados, em conjunto com análises de diâmetro médio de partículas, obtidos por difratometria de laser, confirmaram a influência do número inicial de partículas das suspensões de nanocápsulas na qualidade de sua redispersão, a partir de formulações sólidas obtidas pela secagem por aspersão. Para compreender as influências dos processos de secagem e redispersão da formulação proposta no perfil de liberação in vitro e na atividade biológica de fármacos associados ao sistema, novos pós foram preparados, substituindo-se a suspensão de nanocápsulas sem fármaco (LNC) por nanocápsulas contendo uma substância ativa modelo (curcumina) (LNC-C 1 mg mL-1). A formulação seca demonstrou adequada redispersão em água e o perfil de liberação in vitro manteve-se semelhante ao da suspensão original (LNC-C), seguindo um modelo cinético de ordem zero. A atividade da curcumina nanoencapsulada foi avaliada empregando um modelo de inflamação induzida por LPS em cultura organotípica de cultura de hipocampo cerebral de ratos. Não houve alterações nas concentrações de biomarcadores pró-inflamatórios (TNF-α e IL-1β) liberados nos meios de cultura, comparando-se as LNC-C em suspensão ou a redispersão dos pós secos. Portanto, a produção de pós facilmente redispersíveis não implica em alterações no controle da liberação in vitro e na atividade biológica da substância ativa nanoencapsulada. Na última etapa, a obtenção dos grânulos empregando granulador em leito fluidizado foi estudada utilizando maltodextrina, como material de suporte, e suspensões de nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico estabilizadas com polissorbato 80 (LNC) ou com revestimento catiônico (C-LNC), como líquidos aglutinantes. A influência do revestimento catiônico das nanocápsulas nas características tecnológicas dos grânulos obtidos foi avaliada. Propriedades como o tamanho de partícula, rendimento, teor de umidade, características morfológicas, propriedades de fluxo e perfil de redispersão foram estudados. Os rendimentos do processo de granulação foram próximos a 90%, resultando em grânulos com teor de umidade inferior a 4%. Valores calculados de índice de Carr, fator de Hausner e índice de coesão indicaram que as formulações de grânulos propostas neste estudo apresentam melhores características de fluxo em relação à maltodextrina (matéria-prima). O revestimento catiônico das nanocápsulas melhorou tanto as propriedades de fluxo quanto o perfil de redispersão em água dos grânulos contendo C-LNC, demonstrado a partir das análises de diâmetro médio de partículas por difratometria de laser. Em conclusão, os processos de secagem por aspersão e granulação em leito fluidizado, empregados neste estudo, para a produção de formas farmacêuticas sólidas intermediárias e/ou finais contendo nanocápsulas de núcleo lipídico, mostraram-se alternativas viáveis para a produção de pós e grânulos facilmente redispersíveis em água, com potencial aplicação para administração oral de fármacos nanoencapsulados. / This thesis proposes the development of novel easily redispersible solid dosage forms containing lipid-core nanocapsules, produced by spray drying or fluidized bed granulation. The strategy aims to overcome the technological limitations associated to polymeric nanocapsule suspensions, due to their colloidal nature, aiming the development of innovative oral formulations. Powders and granules containing lipid-core nanocapsules (LNC) were produced by spray-drying and fluidized bed granulation, respectively. The influence of the number of particles of the nanocapsule suspensions on the redispersion properties of the spray-dried powders was investigated. A mixture of maltodextrin and L-leucine (90:10 m/m) was used as a drying adjuvant. The formulation that obtained the best redispersion profiles consisted of a mixture of the lipid-core nanocapsule suspension and a solution containing maltodextrin/L-leucine (10% w/v) in a 1:1 v/v ratio. After the aqueous redispersion, 75% of the initial number of particles in the nanocapsules suspension was recovered. Analysis of surface area, by scanning electron microscopy and by Raman confocal microscopy allowed understanding the differences in the structural organization of the powders produced. These results along with the mean diameter analysis by laser diffractometry confirmed the influence of the initial number of particles of the nanocapsule suspensions on the redispersion properties of the spray-dried powders. In order to understand the influence of the drying and redispersion processes on the in vitro release profile and the biological activity of substances associated to this system, new powder formulations were prepared by replacing the unloaded suspension of nanocapsules (LNC) by nanocapsules containing an active substance (curcumin) (LNC-C 1 mg mL-1). The spray-dried powder showed good aqueous redispersion profile and its in vitro release profile remained similar to that of the original LNC-C suspension, according to the zero-order kinetic model. The biological activity of nanoencapsulated curcumin was assessed by a model of LPS-induced inflammation in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. There were no changes in the concentration of pro-inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α and IL-1β) released in the culture media, comparing the LNC-C as the initial suspension or the aqueous redispersion of their spray-dried powders. The drying process does not imply changes in the control of in vitro release and in the biological activity of the nanoencapsulated active substance. In the last stage, granules were produced using a fluidized bed granulator and maltodextrin, as support material. Lipid-core nanocapsules suspensions stabilized with polysorbate 80 (LNC) or with a cationic coating (C-LNC) were used as binder liquids. The influence of the cationic coating of the nanocapsules on the technological characteristics of the produced granules was evaluated. Properties such as particle size, yield, moisture content, morphological characteristics, flow properties and redispersion profile were also studied. Granulation process yields were close to 90%, resulting in granules with moisture content of less than 4%. Calculated values of Carr index, Hausner ratio and cohesion index indicated that the granule formulations proposed in this study present better flow characteristics in relation to the maltodextrin raw material. The cationic coating of the nanocapsules improved the flow properties and the aqueous redispersion profile of the granules containing C-LNC, as demonstrated by laser diffraction analysis. In conclusion, the spray-drying and fluidized bed granulation processes used in this study are viable alternatives for the production of easily redispersible powders and granules containing lipid-core nanocapsules, showing potential application for oral administration of drug-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules.

Na matriz elétrica brasileira, as termelétricas vêm sendo utilizadas como fontes de energia complementar. Para minimizar os impactos ambientais na geração de energia a partir do carvão mineral, diversos estudos apontam para o uso da tecnologia de leito fluidizado como uma alternativa flexível, eficiente e limpa. Neste tipo de reator a fluidodinâmica determina a distribuição das partículas e do gás, o que influencia na mistura entre as fases, e consequentemente, na eficiência do processo, porém, não é totalmente compreendida. Baseando-se nisto, esta tese tem como objetivo caracterizar a fluidodinâmica do leito fluidizado borbulhante, a partir de modelos matemáticos e análise experimental. Busca-se desenvolver uma maior compreensão da influência fluidodinâmica no desempenho da planta em processos de combustão do carvão mineral brasileiro, o qual possui alto teor de cinzas. Para isso, os modelos matemáticos foram validados na planta de bancada a temperatura ambiente, e posteriormente, aplicados para a planta piloto a 850 °C. O desempenho de cada operação foi avaliado a partir do rendimento de conversão e teor de carbono residual nas cinzas para diferentes alturas de leito e velocidade superficial do gás. Os resultados obtidos mostram que para a obtenção de um maior tempo de residência, a velocidade superficial do gás mais adequada depende da altura do leito fixo. O teor de carbono residual nas cinzas foi menor para o leito mais alto, o que é explicado pelas características do combustível utilizado e pelo ponto de alimentação do carvão. Não foi observada relação direta entre os coeficientes de troca gasosa para a transferência de massa no leito, com o teor de carbono residual nas cinzas, ou com o rendimento de conversão. Para uma análise mais completa da influência fluidodinâmica no desempenho da planta, a região de freeboard deve ser incluída na modelagem. A análise em planta de bancada a temperatura ambiente foi fundamental para compreender como ocorre a movimentação das partículas e das bolhas. As variações na altura do leito e velocidade do gás geraram diferentes variações nos coeficientes de troca gasosa para a transferência de massa, no tempo de residência e no teor de carbono nas cinzas. / In the Brazilian electric matrix, thermoelectric power plants are used as complementary energy sources. In order to minimize the environmental impacts of coal power generation, several studies point to the use of fluidized bed technology as a flexible, efficient and clean alternative. In this type of reactor, the fluid dynamics determines the distribution of particles and the gas, which influences in the mixing between the phases, and consequently, in the efficiency of the process, however, is not fully understood. Based on this information, this thesis aims to characterize the fluid dynamics of the bubbling fluidized bed, from mathematical models and experimental analysis. Aim to develop a better understanding of the fluid dynamics influence on the plant performance in the combustion processes of the Brazilian coal, which has a high ash content. For this purpose, the mathematical models were validated in the bench plant at room temperature, and later, applied to the pilot plant at 850 °C. The performance of each operation was evaluated from the combustion efficiency and residual carbon content in the ashes for different bed heights and gassurface velocity. The obtained results show that to attain a longer residence time the most suitable gas-surface velocity depends on the height of the fixed bed. The residual carbon content in the ashes was lower in the upper bed, which is explained by the characteristics of the fuel used and the point of coal feeding. Besides, was not observed a direct relation between the gas exchange coefficients for mass transfer in the bed with the residual carbon content in the ashes or with the combustion efficiency. Toward a more complete analysis of fluid dynamics influence on the plant performance, the freeboard region should be included in the modeling. The analysis in bench plant at room temperature was fundamental to understand how the movement of particles and bubbles occurs. The variations in bed height and gas velocity generated different variations in the gas exchange coefficients for mass transfer, residence time and carbon content in the ashes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLTS.pdf: 9020125 bytes, checksum: e5e1b73c065d46b9f7bb52f9113ba1dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-24 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This work had as objective studies of the biofilms formation in polymerics particles used as material supports in anaerobic fluidized-bed reactors. Three polymerics supports were tested: polystyrene, PET and PVC, which suffered appropriate acid treatment, in way to provide them superficial characteristics as rugosity, porosity and favorable electric charge, with the purpose of favoring the microbial adhesion. The reactors were inoculated with sludge originating from reactor UASB that treated swine slaughterhouse residue, adapted to the degradation of the phenol by 150 days. The volume of the reactors was of 770cm3, and they operated with ascendant speed of 1,3 times of the flow rate of the minimum fluidization. The phenol concentration varied from 100 to 400mg/L in the feeding of each system, presenting results of removal of phenol of 97%, 98% and 97,5% and removal of DQO of 84%, 88,5% and 87%, respectively for the reactors with polystyrene, PET and PVC, which operated with time of detention hydraulic relative the height of the bed, corresponding to the reactional volume of the reactors (TDHr) of 22 h, 10,6 h and 20,4 h, respectively. The quantification of extracellular polymeric showed better results for the particles of PVC that it presented 0,2 mgCarbohydrate/gParticle and 0,06 mgProteyn/gParticle. However, deformations in those particles harming the acting of the reactor, defining as better support the particles of PET, and in this reactor the percentage of phenol removal was larger for a smaller TDHr. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar da formação de biofilmes em partículas poliméricas usadas como meio suporte em reatores anaeróbios de leito fluidizado. Foram testados 3 suportes poliméricos: poliestireno, PET e PVC, os quais sofreram tratamento ácido adequado, de modo a proporcionar-lhes características superficiais como rugosidade, porosidade e carga elétrica favorável, com a finalidade de favorecer a adesão microbiana. Os reatores foram inoculados com lodo proveniente de reator UASB que tratava resíduo de suinocultura, adaptado à degradação do fenol por 150 dias. O volume dos reatores era de 770cm3, e operaram com velocidade ascensional igual a 1,3 vezes da vazão de mínima fluidização. A concentração de fenol variou de 100 a 400mg/L na alimentação de cada sistema, apresentando resultados de remoção de fenol de 97%, 98% e 97,5% e remoção de DQO de 84%, 88,5% e 87%, respectivamente para os reatores com poliestireno, PET e PVC, os quais operaram com tempo de detenção hidráulico relativo a altura do leito, correspondente ao volume reacional dos reatores (TDHr) de 22 h, 10,6 h e 20,4h, respectivamente. A quantificação de polímeros extracelulares mostrou melhores resultados para as partículas de PVC que apresentou 0,2 mgCarboidrato/gPartícula e 0,06 mgProteina/gPartícula. No entanto, deformações nessas partículas prejudicaram o desempenho do reator, definindo como melhor suporte as partículas de PET, sendo que neste reator a porcentagem de remoção de fenol foi maior para um menor TDHr.