Orientadores: Fernanda Paula Collares Queiroz, Sandra Cristina dos Santos Rocha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T14:22:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pilarski_Emmanuelle_D.pdf: 13352787 bytes, checksum: 0ecea335c03bb27966c47554b420caee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de (i) micropartículas lipídicas contendo bicarbonato de sódio pelo processo de spray cooling e de (ii) aglomerados de bicarbonato de sódio, utilizando-se do processo de melt agglomeration em leito vibrofluidizado. Essas tecnologias foram aplicadas com o intuito de melhorar a estabilidade desse material, uma vez que o mesmo se decompõe na presença de umidade/ou temperaturas mais elevadas. Uma mistura lipídica composta por gordura de palma totalmente hidrogenada (GPTH) e óleo de palma refinado (OP) foi empregada como material de parede/ligante que atendeu ao requisito de ponto de fusão de 55 ºC, com a proporção de 57,5 e 42,5 %, respectivamente. No processo de spray cooling, foi realizado um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), com 11 ensaios, para cada um dos três diâmetros de abertura de bico atomizador estudados (??igual a 1,0; 1,2 e 1,5 mm), totalizando 33 experimentos, a fim de se avaliar o efeito da temperatura de entrada da dispersão (Te) (65 a 85 ºC) e da pressão de atomização (Pat) (1,0 a 2,0 kgf/cm2) sobre as seguintes variáveis dependentes: (i) eficiência de microencapsulação (EM, % de CO2), (ii), quantidade de bicarbonato de sódio superficial (BSS, % de CO2) e (iii) rendimento (R, em %). As micropartículas apresentaram formato esférico e estrutura de superfície irregular para os ensaios realizados. A análise estatística dos resultados mostrou que para ??= 1,0 mm, um aumento nos níveis da Te e da Pat ocasionou um decréscimo da EM; para o ??= 1,2 mm, o aumento da Te ocasionou uma melhoria nessa resposta, entretanto, a Pat quando aumentada acarretou na sua diminuição. Para o ??= 1,5 mm, essas duas variáveis apresentaram menores efeitos, onde o aumento da Pat favoreceu a EM e o aumento da Te, a sua diminuição. A Te exerceu efeito positivo no R para o ??= 1,0 mm, sem influência nessa resposta para os diâmetros 1,2 e 1,5 mm, enquanto que a Pat teve efeito positivo para ??igual a 1,0 e 1,5 mm (termo linear) e negativo para o termo quadrático deste último. Pela combinação das respostas obtidas, verificou-se que o ensaio 4, diâmetro de bico atomizador (??= 1,5 mm), altas temperatura de entrada e de pressão de atomização (Te = 82 ºC e Pat = 1,85 kgf/cm2) apresentou o melhor desempenho (eficiência 3,18 %; quantidade de bicarbonato de sódio superficial 0,17 % e rendimento 80,0 %) quando comparado com os outros diâmetros de abertura. No processamento em leito vibrofluidizado, foi realizado um DCCR, totalizando 17 ensaios, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito das variáveis: (i) pressão de atomização (5,0 a 15,0 Psig), (ii) frequência de vibração (186 a 354 rpm) e (iii) amplitude de vibração (0,40 a 2,00 cm), sobre as variáveis dependentes (i): rendimento R (%), (ii) eficiência da aglomeração Eagl (% CO2), para as frações granulométricas de 300, 600 e 840 µm, (iii) crescimento de partícula C3,3 (%) e (iv) índice de torrões Itor (%). O material aglomerado apresentou ampla distribuição de tamanho e a nucleação dos aglomerados ocorreu pelo mecanismo de imersão. Os aglomerados apresentaram Eagl diferentes para as frações avaliadas, sendo que a maior eficiência foi observada para a fração 840 µm, seguida das frações 600 e 300 µm. Contudo, através da comparação entre a Eagl e o C3,3, observou-se que a proteção não depende somente do tamanho da partícula, mas mais importante que isso é o mecanismo de formação do aglomerado, demonstrando a complexidade do processo. Com relação à proteção do material (avaliada pela Eagl), o efeito da pressão, da frequência e da amplitude foi positivo para as frações de 300 µm e 600 e 840 µm (termos quadráticos). Pela combinação das respostas, o ensaio que apresentou melhor desempenho no leito vibrofluidizado foi a de fração 840 µm, cujos parâmetros estavam fixados em baixos valores de pressão e frequência e alta amplitude. Os resultados demonstraram que ocorreu a proteção do bicarbonato de sódio contra a liberação de CO2 para ambos os processos estudados. As técnicas demonstraram grande potencial na produção desses materiais (bicarbonato de sódio microencapsulado e bicarbonato de sódio aglomerado), que se mostram viáveis para serem utilizados na formulação de um novo fermento químico, constituído pelo bicarbonato de sódio microencapsulado ou aglomerado e pelo componente ácido, sem a necessidade do agente inerte (amido) como separador físico / Abstract: This work had the objective of developing: (i) lipid microparticles containing sodium bicarbonate obtained by spray cooling process, and (ii) sodium bicarbonate agglomeration, obtained by melt agglomeration process in a vibrofluidized bed. These technologies were applied with the objective of improving the material stability, since it decomposes in the presence of humidity and/or higher temperatures. A lipid mixture composed of 57.5 % fully hydrogenated palm fat and 42.5 % refined palm oil, whose melting point is 55 ºC, was used. In the spray cooling process, a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was applied, with 11 trials for each of the three nozzle atomizer diameters (?) studied (??= 1.0, 1.2 and 1.5 mm). Thirty three experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluating inlet temperature on the dispersion (65 to 85 ºC) and pressure atomization (1.0 to 2.0 kgf/cm2) on the following dependent variables: (i) microencapsulation efficiency (% CO2), (ii) amount of sodium bicarbonate on the surface (% CO2) and (iii) yield (%). The microparticles presented spherical shape and irregular surface. Statistical analysis showed that for ??= 1.0 mm and increases in levels of temperature on the dispersion and pressure atomization, the microencapsulation efficiency dropped. For ??= 1.2 mm, an increase in temperature on the dispersion led to an improvement in this response, however, when pressure atomization was increased, the microencapsulation efficiency fell. For ??= 1.5 mm, these two variables presented smaller effects, on the other hand, an increase in pressure atomization favored the microencapsulation efficiency. Increasing temperature on the dispersion, reduced the microencapsulation efficiency. Temperature on the dispersion presented a positive effect on yield for ??= 1.0 mm (this had no effect on the response for 1.2 and 1.5 mm diameters), while pressure atomization had a positive effect for d = 1.0 and 1.5 mm (linear term), its quadratic term had a negative effect on yield. By combining of dependent variables, it was found for ??= 1.5 mm, test 4, higher temperature on the dispersion and pressure atomization, presented the best performance (3.18 % higher efficiency, 0.17 % lower amount of surface sodium bicarbonate pressure and 80.0 % yield) when compared with the other diameters. In the vibrofluidized bed process, a CCRD was conducted, totaling 17 trials, to assess the effect of these independent variables: (i) atomization pressure (5.0 to 15.0 Psig), (ii) vibration frequency (186 to 354 rpm) and (iii) vibration amplitude (0.40 to 2.00 cm) on the dependent variables: (i) yield (%), (ii) agglomeration efficiency (% CO2), for the particle size fractions of 300, 600 and 840 µm (iii) particle growth (%) and (iv) lump. The agglomerated material presented ample size distribution and the nucleation mechanism occurred by immersion. The agglomeration efficiency presented different values for each fractions tested (300 µm <600 µm <840 µm). However, a comparison of agglomeration efficiency and particle growth, demonstrated that protection depends not only on particle size, but more on the formation mechanism of agglomeration particles, demonstrating its complexity. With regard to the protection of the material (assessed by agglomeration efficiency), the effect of pressure was positive for 300, 600 µm, and 840 µm fractions (quadratic terms), while the frequency had a positive effect for the three fractions. With respect to amplitude, the effect was positive on the larger particle size fractions. Considering all answers, the test that produced the best performance in the vibrofluidized bed was 840 µm fraction, whose parameters were set at low pressure and frequency values and high amplitude. The results showed that there was protection of sodium bicarbonate against the release of CO2 for both processes studied. The techniques demonstrated great potential in the production of these materials (microencapsulated sodium bicarbonate and agglomerated sodium bicarbonate particles), thus demonstrating its viability for use in the formulation of a new baking powder. A new baking soda, consisting of microencapsuled sodium bicarbonate or agglomerated and another acid compound, without the need for an inert agent (starch) as physical separator / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Katia Tannous / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T03:23:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lourenco_JoanaBratz_M.pdf: 4471799 bytes, checksum: b024641bde2dc64cccbbc8f18b82a373 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o comportamento fluidodinâmico de misturas binárias entre as biomassas madeira de eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis) e o caroço do fruto do tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum), e areia como inerte, visando à aplicação em processos de termoconversão que utilizam a tecnologia de leito fluidizado. Os experimentos foram realizados em uma coluna de acrílico de diâmetro interno de 0,092 m. Os materiais escolhidos pertenceram às categorias A, B e D da classificação de Geldart. Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The objective of this study is to analyze the fluid dynamic behavior of binary mixtures between biomasses, eucalyptus wood (Eucalyptus grandis) and tucumã endocarp (Astrocaryum aculeatum), and inert (sand), aiming the application in thermoconversion processes that use the fluidized bed technology. The experiments were carried out in an acrylic column with an internal diameter of 0.092 m. ... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestra em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Marcio Luiz de Souza-Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T18:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Beninca_WilsondeAguiar_M.pdf: 3799010 bytes, checksum: d8da0795b64b4d278429706654c3206b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Um estudo visando maximizar a eficiência global de um processo combinado avançado de geração termelétrica combinada é desenvolvido. Tal processo utiliza caldeira pressurizada de leito fluidizado borbulhante alimentada com bagaço de cana na forma de lama. O vapor gerado é dirigido a um ciclo Rankine com reaquecimento e o gás efluente da caldeira a um processo baseado em turbinas a gás. Várias premissas foram admitidas, entre elas: a geometria da caldeira, a pressão de operação do seu combustor, a taxa de consumo de combustível sólido, a pressão do vapor produzido, a temperatura de injeção de gás nas turbinas e a temperatura de exaustão de gás do processo. Os parâmetros tomados como variáveis no presente estudo foram: teor de sólido na lama, vazão mássica de água passante pelos bancos de tubos e de ar injetado no combustor da caldeira. O software CeSFaMB© foi utilizado para otimizar a operação da caldeira, tendo o rendimento exergético como função objetivo. O software IPES foi empregado para simular e otimizar o ciclo Rankine, o processo a Gás e suas combinações. Para esses, a eficiência de Primeira Lei da Termodinâmica foi adotada como função objetivo. O rendimento global máximo alcançado neste estudo para a unidade geradora ficou em torno de 36,0 %. Este valor é significativo, visto que o rendimento de processos mais convencionais utilizados atualmente na maioria das usinas sucroalcooleiras fornece rendimentos próximos a 30% / Abstract: A study aiming maximizing the efficiency of an advanced combined power generation process has been developed. The process applies a pressurized fluidized bed boiler consuming sugar cane bagasse fed as slurry. The generated steam is diverted to a reheated Rankine cycle while the gas exiting the boiler is directed to a gas turbine process. Many assumptions have been taken, among them: the boiler design, the pressure inside its combustion chamber, the rate of fuel consumption, the pressure of produced steam, the gas turbine injection temperature and the temperature of gas exiting the whole plant. The parameters taken as variables were: the concentration of dry solid in the slurry, the mass flow of water pumped into the boiler tube banks and the rate or air injection into the boiler combustion chamber. The CeSFaMB© software has been applied for the boiler optimization, having the exergy efficiency as objective function. The software IPES has been used for the optimization of Rankine cycle, the gas turbine process and theirs combination. The achieved overall power generation efficiency was around 36 %. Having in mind that the efficiency found at present sugar-cane conventional processes are around 30%, the value arrived at this study is significant / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Global warming and air pollution are two issues of greatest concerns to human life in recent years. Environmental concerns and econimal/political independency of fossil fuels have been the driving force of developing interest in renewable resources of energy for many countries. Different type of waste-derived fuels such as biomass, municipal solid waste and industrial waste are interesting energy resources for energy producing companies. There are mainly two main paths when it comes to waste-to-energy industry, which are thermal treatment of waste, as well as biochemical treatment. Thermal treatment of waste to produce energy could benefit both for hygienic consideration of waste management and avoiding waste landfill.Heat and power generation through combustion of waste or biomass has several environmental, and economical advantageous over utilization of fossil fuels. Thermal conversion of waste and biomass fuels, however, has some challenges mainly due to their chemical composition and high alkali metals (potassium and sodium) content. Combustion of these fuels usually can result in some operational challenges such as deposition, fouling, bed agglomeration and corrosion in different part of the boiler. The less reactive and non-combustible part of the fuel known as ash-forming matter has a major role in these operational challenges. Ash related problems in waste-to-energy boilers lead to lower efficiency, high maintenance costs and equipment failure. Therefore, investigating the chemical composition of fuel and ash-forming matter is essential prior to thermal conversion of waste-derived fuels. High-temperature corrosion due to formation of corrosive alkali chloride compounds during combustion is one of the main ash-related concerns in boilers.This study investigated high-temperature corrosion in circulating fluidized-bed (CFB) combustion of solid waste. Flue gas composition of solid waste combustion in the CFB boiler was analysed in two cases: combustion of the reference fuel, and combustion of the “same” fuel with a sulphur containing additive (ammonium sulphate), to decrease the corrosive alkali chlorides in the flue gas. Chemical fractionation was carried out for fuel samples to determine the reactive and less-reactive fraction of ash-forming matter. A thermodynamic equilibrium model was developed using Factsage thermochemical software, to predict the chemical composition of the flue-gas with a special focus on corrosive alkali chlorides. The modelling results were evaluated using In-situ Alkali Chloride Monitoring (IACM) results obtained during the full-scale combustion measurements.

Abstract Biomass, such as wood, binds CO2 as it grows, and is thus considered an environmentally friendly alternative fuel to replace coal. In Finland, biomass is typically co-combusted with peat, and also municipal waste is becoming more common as a fuel for power plants. Wood, peat and waste-based fuels are typically burned in fluidized bed combustion (FBC) boilers. Ash is the inorganic, incombustible residue resulting from combustion. The annual production of biomass and peat ash in Finland is 600 000 tonnes, and this amount is likely to increase in the future, since the use of coal for energy production will be discontinued during the 2020s. Unfortunately, FBC ash is still largely unutilized at the moment and is mainly dumped in landfills. The general aim of this thesis was to generate information which could potentially improve the utilization of FBC ash by alkali activation. The specific objective was to produce geopolymer aggregates by means of a simultaneous alkali activation-granulation process. It was shown that geopolymer aggregates with physical properties comparable to commercial lightweight expanded clay aggregates (LECAs) can be produced from FBC fly ash containing heavy metals. Although the ashes were largely unreactive and no new crystalline phases were formed by alkali activation, a new amorphous phase was observed in the XRD patterns, possibly representing micron-sized calcium aluminate silicate hydrate-type gels. The heavy metal immobilization efficiency of alkali activation varied with the type of fly ash. Good stabilization was generally obtained for cationic metals such as Ba, Pb and Zn, but in common with the results obtained with alkali activation of coal fly ash, anionic metals became leachable after alkali activation. The efficiency of immobilization depended on the physical and chemical properties of the fly ash and was not related to the total content of the element. All the geopolymer aggregates met the criteria for a lightweight aggregate (LWA) as defined by EN standard 13055-1. Their strength depended on the reactivity and particle size distribution of the fly ash. Mortars and concretes prepared with such geopolymer aggregates had higher mechanical strength, higher dynamic modulus of elasticity and higher density than concrete produced with commercial LECA, while exhibiting similar rheology and workability. / Tiivistelmä Biopolttoaineet, esimerkiksi puu, ovat ympäristöystävällinen vaihtoehto kivihiilelle, koska ne sitovat hiilidioksidia kasvaessaan. Suomessa biopolttoaineita poltetaan tyypillisesti turpeen kanssa, ja nykyään myös jätteen hyödyntäminen polttoaineena on yleistynyt. Puu, turve ja jätepolttoaineet poltetaan tyypillisesti leijupetipoltto-tekniikalla. Tuhka on polton epäorgaaninen, palamaton jäännös. Puun ja turpeen tuhkaa tuotetaan Suomessa 600 000 tonnia vuodessa ja määrän odotetaan kasvavan, sillä kivihiilen poltto lopetetaan 2020-luvulla. Leijupetipolton tuhkaa ei tällä hetkellä juurikaan hyödynnetä ja tuhka päätyykin pääasiassa kaatopaikoille. Tämän tutkielman päämääränä oli tuottaa tietoa, joka parantaisi leijupetipolton tuhkien hyödyntämistä alkali-aktivaatiolla. Erityisesti tavoitteena oli valmistaa geopolymeeriaggregaatteja yhtäaikaisella alkali-aktivaatiolla ja rakeistuksella. Tutkielmassa osoitettiin, että raskasmetalleja sisältävistä tuhkista valmistettujen geopolymeeriaggregaattien fysikaaliset ominaisuudet ovat vertailukelpoiset kaupallisten kevytsora-aggregaattien (LECA) kanssa. Vaikka tuhkien reaktiivisuus oli matala, ja uusia kidefaaseja ei muodostunut alkaliaktivaatiolla, uusi amorfinen faasi havaittiin XRD-mittauksissa. Uusi amorfinen faasi oli mahdollisesti mikrometrikokoluokan kalsium-aluminaatti-silikaatti-hydraatti-tyyppinen rakenne. Raskasmetallien stabiloinnin tehokkuus vaihteli tuhkien välillä. Kationiset metallit, kuten barium, lyijy ja sinkki, stabiloituivat pääasiassa hyvin, mutta anionisten metallin liukoisuus kasvoi alkali-aktivoinnin myötä. Stabiloinnin tehokkuus riippui tuhkien fysikaalisista ja kemiallisista ominaisuuksista, mutta raskasmetallin kokonaispitoisuudella ei ollu vaikutusta. Kaikki geopolymeeriaggregaatit olivat kevytsora-aggregaatteja standardin EN 13055-1 mukaisesti. Aggregaattien lujuus riippui tuhkan reaktiivisuudesta ja partikkelikokojakaumasta. Geopolymeeriaggregaateilla valmistettujen laastien ja betonien mekaaninen lujuus, Youngin moduuli ja tiheys olivat korkeampia kuin kaupallisella kevytsora-aggregaateilla valmistetut, vaikka niiden reologia ja työstettävyys olivat samanlaisia.

L'augmentation croissante de la demande énergétique mondiale entraine une production importante de dioxyde de carbone fossile. Pour limiter ces émissions, les énergies alternatives renouvelables sont prometteuses, et notamment, l'utilisation de la biomasse. C'est dans ce contexte qu'a été mis en place le projet ANR GAMECO par un consortium rassemblant des laboratoires universitaires et des unités de R&D industrielles. Ce projet vise à consolider l'utilisation d'un lit fluidisé bouillonnant de gazéification sous air pour convertir de la biomasse lignocellulosique en gaz de synthèse. Ce travail de doctorat a pour ambition de répondre à l’une des problématiques de ce projet : la répartition des particules de biomasses et de semi-coke ou charbon au sein du lit fluidisé et sa prise en compte dans la modélisation du gazéifieur. L'étude a porté sur des mélanges contenant de l'olivine et des particules de bois de caractéristiques différentes. Les résultats de mélange-ségrégation présentés ont été obtenus grâce à des mesures en maquette froide développée dans le cadre de cette thèse. Les données expérimentales obtenues ont permis de valider et consolider un modèle de mélange-ségrégation de la littérature. La dernière étape de la thèse consiste en la mise en place d'un modèle global du réacteur à lit fluidisé de gazéification de la biomasse pour prédire la productivité et la qualité du gaz produit. Ce modèle intègre les résultats hydrodynamiques précédents auxquels sont couplés des réactions chimiques de conversion de la biomasse (pyrolyse, oxy-gazéification du charbon, craquage des goudrons) provenant de la littérature. Les résultats de ce modèle sont comparés aux résultats obtenus sur une maquette chaude / The increasing population in the world leads to increasing energy demand. In order to limit emissions of fossil carbon dioxide, a solution is to develop renewable energy alternatives. In this context, the use of biomass is one of the solutions to study. It is in this context that implemented the project ANR GAMECO by a consortium of academic and industrial. This project aims to make reliable use of a bubbling fluidized bed of gasification with air to convert lignocellulosic biomass into synthesis gas. This PhD work aims to address one of the problems of this project: the distribution of biomass and char particles in the fluidized bed and the impact of these distributions when modeling of the gasifier. The study focused on mixtures containing olivine and wood particles of different characteristics. Mixing-segregation results were obtained through measurements in a cold model developed during this PhD work. The obtained experimental data were used to validate and consolidate existing hydrodynamic mixing model of the literature. The last step of the thesis consists in establishing a global model of the fluidized bed reactor for gasification of biomass. This model incorporates the previous hydrodynamic results, coupled with chemical reactions models describing biomass conversion (pyrolysis, oxy-coal gasification tar cracking) after the literature. The results of this model are then compared with results obtained on a hot model

Améliorer la compréhension des phénomènes pilotant l’agglomération au sein des réacteurs à lit fluidisé lors de la conversion thermochimique de biomasse (700-1000°C) est important pour prédire son occurrence à l’échelle industrielle. L’agglomération est liée à la formation de phases liquides (oxydes liquides et/ou sels fondus) provenant de la fusion des espèces inorganiques contenues dans la ressource (cendres). Leur présence conduit à la défluidisation des matériaux de lit, à l’origine d’une baisse des rendements de production en gaz, voire d’un « blocage » du réacteur. La phénoménologie de l’agglomération est examinée à partir de trois approches expérimentales, en matériaux simulants et réels, à trois échelles différentes et dans des gammes de températures allant de l’ambiante à 1000°C. L’analyse des mécanismes à l’origine de cette agglomération du lit montre que la formation du liquide est le seul paramètre limitant dans la formation d’agglomérats. Ce phénomène provoque une augmentation du diamètre apparent des particules de lit en parallèle d’une diminution de leur masse volumique. Ces modifications peuvent être associées à un déplacement au sein de la classification de Geldart de la catégorie B vers la catégorie D. D’un point de vue hydrodynamique, la défluidisation du lit résulte de la ségrégation des agglomérats au fond du réacteur. Ce phénomène contribue à dégrader l’homogénéité de répartition du gaz de fluidisation dans le réacteur. La défluidisation complète du lit survient pour une fraction de liquide dans le lit très faible (quelques % vol. de lit). Sur la base de ces résultats, une formulation simplifiée a été proposée et permet de prédire, à partir de la ressource utilisée et pour un fonctionnement simplifié, la durée de fonctionnement avant défluidisation. / Improving the knowledge on the driving phenomena of agglomeration during fluidized-bed conversion of biomass (700-1000°C) is essential to predict its occurrence at industrial scale. Agglomeration is due to liquid phase formation (molten salts and/or molten silicates) coming from the melting of inorganic species contained inside the biomass (ash). Their presence leads to bed materials defluidization, reducing the process efficiency and even going up to a “blockage” of the reactor. The phenomenology of agglomeration is investigated with three experimental approaches, using simulant and real materials, at three different scales, and with a temperature ranging from ambient one to 1000°C. The analysis of the mechanisms underlying the bed agglomeration indicates that the liquid formation is the single limiting parameter for agglomerates formation. This phenomenon leads to an increase of the apparent diameter of the bed particles and at the same time to a decrease of their density. These modifications can be seen as a shift among the Geldart’s classification, from the B to the D-class. Concerning the hydrodynamic aspect, the bed defluidization is due to the agglomerates segregation at the bottom of the reactor. This phenomenon contributes to degrade the homogenous fluidization gas distribution across the reactor. The total bed defluidization occurs for a very low liquid fraction in the bed (few % vol. of bed materials). Based on these results, a simplified model has been proposed in order to predict the operating time before defluidization of the reactor, taking into account the biomass composition and simplified operating conditions.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Simulationsansätze angewandt um die Hydrodynamik in einem neu entwickelten Wirbelschichtvergaser zu untersuchen. Die Ansätze umfassen a) entdimensionalisierter Ähnlichkeitskennzahlen und empirischer Gleichungen, b) 1D Simulationen mittels ASPEN Plus®, c) 3D CFD Simulationen mittels Ansys Fluent® zur detaillierten Abbildung der zu erwartenden Hydrodynamik. Vor- und Nachteile der jeweiligen Ansätze sowie Klassen von ermittelbaren Simulationsdaten werden diskutiert. Ein Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt in der Identifizierung geeigneter Experimente aus der Literatur, auf Basis von Ähnlichkeitskennzahlen, um die Simulationen zu validieren. Die Vergasersimulationen zeigen, dass sich erwartungsgemäß ein aus hydrodynamischer Sicht gestufter Prozess ausbildet. Die entstehenden Zonen lassen sich als Festbett, blasenbildende Wirbelschicht, Jet-Wirbelschicht mit Rezirkulationszelle und strähnenbildende, zirkulierende Wirbelschicht identifizieren und entsprechen demnach dem Verfahrensanspruch.

The thesis is oriented on monitoring of hydration process of portland cement based on fluidized bed ash, firstly on investigation of AFt phases, mainly ettringite and thaumasite. Specific aim of the task is to prepare the scheme of these minerals synthetic preparation and to verify their laboratory preparation by different ways, using methods of RTG-diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy.

Subject of the present Ing. thesis is problem of incineration of sewage sludge and influence of lime on production of editions. In work are described kinds of sewage sludge combustion and possibilities of edition cleaning. Work includes design and description of experimental combustion of sewage sludge mixtured with kalcite in fluidized bed reactor. The end of work delal with, evaluation of editions from combustion experiment. Evaluated components of bunt gases are: heavy metals, TZL, SO2, CO, CO2, HCl, HF, O2, NO, PAH, PCB, PCDD/F.