In the "Art of the Short Story" Hemingway elaborates on his concept of omission as it relates not only to prose writing, but to the special case of writing short stories. Hemingway develops two models to describe his short stories: on the one hand, he describes short stories like "The Sea Change" in terms of omission and exclusion, in terms of leaving the story out of the short story, and on the other, he refers metaphorically to "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" as an airplane loaded with story material which would be enough for four novels. Both models suggest a doubling of the concept of story---in the case of the story left out of the story, Hemingway makes a distinction between the text of the published short story and the underlying events and facts (the story), and in the case of the "loading" of "The Snows in Kilimanjaro" he distinguishes between the vehicle part and the cargo part. This doubling of the story in Hemingway's short stories can be examined in terms of first and secondary narratives using Gérard Genette's analytical method of study of narrative discourse. First and secondary narratives emerge as a result of temporal discordances between the order of the events narrated in the text of the short story and the chronological order of the events in the story. Thus the effect of the doubling of the story can be mapped onto the dynamic interplay of surface first narratives and submerged, fragmentary secondary narratives in the case of the stories characterized by omission, and in the case of the short stories with loaded narratives, onto the interplay between temporally differentiated first and secondary narratives. Hemingway slides the temporal plane of his first narratives into the future and outside the temporal plane of important events which are then evoked by the characters as secondary narratives capable of affecting the surface dynamics of the first narrative. Instead of presenting the information about these temporally omitted or differentiated events in the discourse of an objective narrator, Hemingway relies on characters' discourse to evoke and thus recreate in a subjective, fragmentary way the story left out.

Orientador: María-Dolores Aybar-Ramírez / Banca: Ricardo Maria dos Santos / Banca: Luciana Moura Colucci de Camargo / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é explorar a relação intrínseca e sinérgica entre as categorias narrativas do espaço e da focalização e seu efeito de sentido no romance The ambassadors (1998), do escritor estadunidense Henry James (1843-1916). Os principais teóricos que servirão de base a esse estudo são Iuri Lotman (1978) com A estrutura do texto artístico e Osman Lins (1976) com Lima Barreto e o espaço romanesco relativamente às questões do espaço. Para o estudo da focalização, explorar-se-á principalmente The rhetoric of fiction, de Wayne C. Booth (1983), Discurso da narrativa, de Gérard Genette (1995) e Teoría de la narrativa, de Mieke Bal (2001). Será analisado, então, como a focalização sugere interpretações ambíguas quanto à consciência central do protagonista Lewis Lambert Strether e de que forma os Estados Unidos da América, a Inglaterra e a França, sob essa perspectiva, são elementos essenciais para a transformação do objetivo inicial do embaixador, para a caracterização psicológica e social de personagens e para a evocação de memórias / Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to explore the intrinsic and synergistic connection between the narrative categories of space and focalization and its effect in novel The ambassadors (1998), by the American writer Henry James (1843-1916). The main theorists who will base this study are Iuri Lotman (1978) with A estrutura do texto artístico and Osman Lins (1976) with Lima Barreto e o espaço romanesco, regarding the literary space. To study the focalization, this research will explore notably The rhetoric of fiction, by Wayne C. Booth (1983), Discurso da narrativa, by Gérard Genette (1995) and Teoría de la narrativa, by Mieke Bal (2001). Thus, this analysis investigates how the focalization implies ambiguous interpretations regarding the central consciousness of the protagonist Lewis Lambert Strether and how the United States of America, England and France, from this perspective, are key elements for the transformation of the ambassador‟s first purpose, for the social and psychological portrayal of characters and for the evocation of memories / Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a ficção da escritora Chicana contemporânea Helena María Viramontes, focalizando principalmente seu romance Their Dogs Came With Them, e secundariamente seus contos Neighbors e The Cariboo Café. Este trabalho concentra-se nas relações entre espaço e poder nos Estados Unidos contemporâneos e como essas relações são refletidas na ficção de Viramontes, tendo como base a investigação da herança Puritana dos Norte Americanos e a discussão de Michel Foucault acerca da sociedade disciplinar. Este trabalho também se concentra no uso que Viramontes faz da múltipla focalização como meio para alcançar um sentimento de fragmentação, a qual reflete a fragmentação nas vidas de seus personagens. Para isso, compara seu uso da focalização à linguagem usada em filmes como Amores Brutos / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the fiction of contemporary Chicana writer Helena María Viramontes, focusing primarily on her novel Their Dogs Came With Them, and secondarily on her short stories Neighbors and The Cariboo Café. This work concentrates on the relations between space and power in the contemporary United States and how these relations are reflected in Viramontess fiction, in view of Americas Puritan heritage and Michel Foucaults discussion of the disciplinary society. It also concentrates on Viramontess use of multiple focalization as a means to achieve a sense of fragmentation which reflects the fragmentation in the lives of her characters. It compares her use of focalization to the language used in films such as Amores Perros

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo estudar a representação das identidades da comunidade indo-portuguesa nos romances Skin (2001), de Margaret Mascarenhas, e A casa-comboio (2010), de Raquel Uchoa, por meio de uma análise comparativa que focaliza os vínculos estabelecidos entre as personagens e o universo colonial indo-português, bem como de que maneira os narradores enunciam sua ideologia por intermédio dessas conexões. Buscaremos averiguar de que forma esses romances contribuem para fundamentar identidades coloniais distintas, tendo por referência a colonização portuguesa na Índia. / This dissertation aims to discuss the representation of identity of Indo-Portuguese communities depicted in the novels Skin (2001), written by Margaret Mascarenhas, and A casa-comboio (2010), written by Raquel Ochoa. The comparative analysis of these novels will focus on the connections established between the characters and the Indo-Portuguese colonial universe as well as on how the narrators enunciate their ideology. We also intend to investigate how these novels contribute to found distinct colonial identities, taking as reference the Portuguese colonization in India.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a ficção da escritora Chicana contemporânea Helena María Viramontes, focalizando principalmente seu romance Their Dogs Came With Them, e secundariamente seus contos Neighbors e The Cariboo Café. Este trabalho concentra-se nas relações entre espaço e poder nos Estados Unidos contemporâneos e como essas relações são refletidas na ficção de Viramontes, tendo como base a investigação da herança Puritana dos Norte Americanos e a discussão de Michel Foucault acerca da sociedade disciplinar. Este trabalho também se concentra no uso que Viramontes faz da múltipla focalização como meio para alcançar um sentimento de fragmentação, a qual reflete a fragmentação nas vidas de seus personagens. Para isso, compara seu uso da focalização à linguagem usada em filmes como Amores Brutos / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the fiction of contemporary Chicana writer Helena María Viramontes, focusing primarily on her novel Their Dogs Came With Them, and secondarily on her short stories Neighbors and The Cariboo Café. This work concentrates on the relations between space and power in the contemporary United States and how these relations are reflected in Viramontess fiction, in view of Americas Puritan heritage and Michel Foucaults discussion of the disciplinary society. It also concentrates on Viramontess use of multiple focalization as a means to achieve a sense of fragmentation which reflects the fragmentation in the lives of her characters. It compares her use of focalization to the language used in films such as Amores Perros

[pt] A globalização dos mercados, em meados da década de 90, levou muitas empresas a uma ampla e profunda reestruturação organizacional e produtiva, que deu origem à adoção de estratégias de focalização e descentralização produtiva, que pôde, em muitos casos, ser traduzida em vantagens competitivas para essas empresas. Na tentativa de se tornarem novamente adequadas, frente às novas tendências emergentes, as empresas passaram por um fenômeno chamado de Reestruturação Industrial, e que se caracteriza como o tema central deste estudo. Na contextualização, observa-se de forma distinta a existência de dois grandes marcos no estudo da trajetória das organizações, a verticalização, da era Fordista, e posteriormente a desverticalização com o conseqüente surgimento das novas tendências, tais como o outsourcing, as redes de cooperação, as joint-ventures, as privatizações, e outras mais que se encontram separadas em três grandes eixos de estudo e abordados mais detalhadamente ao longo do trabalho. Pelo fato do tema ser bastante atual e possuir uma diversidade de interpretações e ainda por estar sendo utilizado pelas empresas de forma caótica e até mesmo equivocada, é que o objetivo mais geral desse trabalho se concentra em mapear esse fenômeno chamado Reestruturação Industrial, no tocante às suas dimensões e amplitudes. Contudo, o foco central do trabalho destina-se a verificação da relação entre o conceito de Reestruturação Industrial da literatura e o encontrado nas empresas, por meio de um estudo empírico que visa responder alguns questionamentos nos quais o trabalho está orientado. O estudo empírico realizado sob a forma de entrevistas, foi um instrumento fundamental na busca pelo entendimento dos conceitos da literatura e na compreensão da história de cada empresa visitada, no que se refere ao surgimento e à adoção das novas tendências abordadas neste estudo e identificadas na prática. / [en] The market globalization that took place throughout the nineties led many companies to carry out an extensive review of their productive and organizational structure which cause the adoption of strategies such as focalization and productive decentralization that, in many cases, could be associated with competitive advantages for such companies. Trying to become adjusted to a new market and deal with the new emergent trends, the corporations crossed over a phenomenon called Industrial Restructuring which is the central theme of this dissertation. Concerning the study of the organizations trajectory, it can be observed two major marks; the verticalization during the Fordism Era, and afterwards the appearing of new trends such as outsourcing, cooperation networks, joint-ventures, privatizations and others. In this work, the new trends were grouped in three main axis of analysis and are discussed in detail. Due to the fact that the subject is pretty new, has a lot of interpretations and is still being used by the companies in a chaotic and, some times, incorrect way, the most general objective for this work is concentrated in mapping the Industrial Restructuring phenomenon taking into account its dimensions and amplitudes. However, the central focus of this study is related to check the relations between the concepts as found in the literature and the Industrial Restructuring phenomenon as utilized by the organizations. To support this objective an empiric analysis was carried out in four large companies. The empiric analysis which was based on a series of interviews was a fundamental tool to the understanding of the literature concepts as well as for the knowledge of each company considering the arising and adoption of new trends discussed in this study and identified in practice.

While Disgrace seems to be written from a single perspective, it is in fact multi-layered. In order to support this claim, this essay investigates what the novel's protagonist sees, how he sees it and who is narrating the story, using respectively the narratological key concepts of internal focalization, fallible filter and covert narration. The essay thereafter studies how the novel has affected readers in South Africa and how it is neccessary to challenge the perspective presented in the novel in order to fully understand the text.

In 1912 Hjalmar Söderberg wrote what came to be a Swedish classic, The serious game, about the two young lovers Lydia and Arvid and their failed attempts to be with each other. 1973 Gun-Britt Sundström responded with her own novel, For Lydia, that tells the same story but from Lydia´s point of view.  This essay discusses if the macro perspective, Sundström´s tendency in giving Lydia an agency, can be seen in the structure of the language, the micro perspective. To enable this, the essay has been using parts of the narratology theory founded in the 1960’s that was partly produced by Gérard Genette and supplemented by Mieke Bal. Looking at focalization (from what angle the story is told), it is possible to investigate what kind of information the reader can assimilate of Lydia and her progress. Susan Lanser defined feminist narratology and in accordance to her theory the essay examines the context and author of the novel to fully understand the writings. Sundström in a higher degree than Söderberg includes intern focalization when it comes to Lydia, which gives the reader more information about Lydia and her agency. Söderberg focalizes Arvid rather than Lydia which gives the reader the impression that Lydia acts selfish and unaccountable. Both novels arose in circumstances characterized by female emancipation and by regarding that, a more prominent picture of Sundström´s intention to make For Lydia a feministic response to The serious game can be seen. In conclusion, the essay shows that, the tendency of Sundström, to make a feministic response to Söderberg´s novel, can be seen even in the micro perspective of the language.

To broaden the knowledge of narrator/character Death in Markus Zusak's novel The Book Thief, this research explores how Death uses his narrative space to alleviate the story's tragedy. This paper examines narration in the context of focalization, time, and unusual narration. In addition, the space of Death is analysed in the framework of how death—both as a concept and as a powerful being—is portrayed in literature. To conduct the research, the essay uses different theorists' perspectives of narration and Death. For instance, Rimmon-Kenan, Cohn, Phelan, Saghafi, and Brennan. This paper uses discourse analysis to study academic journals written about narrative theories and the space of Death in literature. As a result, it provides broader perspectives and helps analyse Death's role in The Book Thief.

This paper deals with the semantic and constructional variation of the Spanish verb hablar and offers a description of the multiple contexts in which this verb can appear, based on the study of the focalization semantics of its root and the temporal configuration of the event in the model of Wotjak (2010, 2012).