Este estudo de natureza qualitativa tem por objetivo compreender as experiências de famílias de crianças pré-termo (PT) e de baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) egressas de unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN) após a alta hospitalar, com vistas a subsidiar o cuidado de enfermagem. A parte empírica consistiu em um primeiro momento de encontros na unidade de cuidados intermediários (UCI) para a captação do sujeito, posteriormente realizamos visitas domiciliárias (VD) a seis famílias com o filho PT e de BPN, durante os três primeiros meses após a alta hospitalar, no município de Cascavel. As técnicas de coletas de dados empregadas foram: leitura de prontuários dos PT e BPN na UCI/UTIN, construção de genograma e ecomapa com a família, entrevistas gravadas nos domicílios e observação participante. A partir de abordagem qualitativa, na perspectiva de uma aproximação hermenêutica, primeiramente nos aproximamos das famílias por meio do genograma ecomapa, emergindo dados que foram analisados e agrupados ao redor de dois temas: a transição do hospital para o domicílio: a continuidade do cuidado; o seguimento da criança: em busca de interação. Os principais aspectos que emergiram nas experiências familiares estão ligados ao manejo da rotina de cuidados cotidianos com o PT e BPN; o manejo da amamentação e alimentação; as mudanças no cotidiano familiar; as experiências com os serviços de saúde no primeiro mês após a alta hospitalar; as preocupações com o crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil; as repercussões na rotina familiar no segundo e terceiro mês após a alta hospitalar; as experiências com os serviços de saúde especializados e de atenção básica e a rede social e apoio dessas famílias. O seguimento da criança PT e de BPN no contexto da família deve avançar, do acompanhamento ambulatorial de risco ao seguimento ampliado nos serviços de atenção básica, com início na primeira semana que estão em casa após a alta hospitalar, por ser este um período crítico para a adaptação da criança em casa, bem como dos pais à rotina de cuidado no domicílio. O modo como as famílias cuidam das crianças pode estar ligado ao modo como as práticas estão organizadas e ao modo de ser daquelas pessoas, demonstrando a necessidade de integração entre as práticas de saúde da criança nos serviços de atenção hospitalar, de atenção ambulatorial e de atenção básica, com vistas ao cuidado em saúde. Nesse sentido, é preciso reconstruir a prática de enfermagem na atenção ao PT e BPN egresso de UTIN, buscando articulação entre saberes técnicos e saberes práticos. / The purpose of this qualitative study is to understand the preterm (PT) infant and lowbirthweight (LBW) families experiences discharged of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), by subsidizing the nursing care. The empirical part consists of interviews recorded inside six families homes of Cascavel-PR, who were followed by home visit during the three first months after being discharged. This is a qualitative approach, in the hermeneutic perspective. We approached of the families by means of the genogram and ecomap, in those contacts appearing data that were analyzed and grouped evolving two subjects: the hospital to home transition: the care carrying; the infant following: in search of interaction and care. The main aspects that emerged in the family experiences are connected to the management of the daily care routine with the PT and LBW; the management of the breastfeeding and food; the changes in the family routine; the experiences with the health service in the first month after being discharged; the concerns with the child s growth and development; the repercussions in the family routine in the second and third month after being discharged; the experiences with the specialized health services and the primary care and the social net support of those families. The infant PT and LBW following in the family context may advance from the risky clinical to the extended following into the primary care service. It might begin in the first week after the discharge because this is a critical period for the infant adaptation at home, as well as the parents adaptation to the routine of the infant care. The way the families take care of the infants may be connected to the way the practices are organized and to the lifestyle of those people. This situation shows the need of integration between the health practices of the infant in the hospital care service and in the clinical and in the primary care attention, leading to the health care. Finally, it is necessary to reconstruct the nursing practice for the attention to the PT and LBW health after being discharged from the NICU, by articulating the technical and practical knowledge.

A presente pesquisa busca apresentar considerações sobre as diferentes formas de participação da família na clínica do Acompanhamento Terapêutico (AT). São as peculiaridades desse setting que tornam necessárias as reflexões sobre a família nesta modalidade clínica. A natureza da relação que se configura entre acompanhante-acompanhado é de extrema intimidade, viabilizada pelo número maior de horas, assim como pelo acompanhamento que ocorre no cotidiano do paciente. Tais especificidades trazem em seu bojo a presença familiar enquanto tema a ser considerado. Observam-se quatro formas de presença familiar neste enquadre de atendimento, a saber: 1) no próprio contato com a família, nos atendimentos realizados em consultório; 2) na presença dos familiares durante os acompanhamentos, quando realizados em ambiente domiciliar e extra-domiciliar; 3) na fala do paciente sobre a própria família, e por fim; 4) nas questões apresentadas pelos pacientes durante os atendimentos. Procura-se, através de narrativas literárias sintéticas de casos clínicos, considerar aspectos da relação at-família / famíliaacompanhado na clínica do Acompanhamento Terapêutico. A metodologia é orientada pelo pensamento clínico de Donald. W. Winnicott, pediatra e psicanalista inglês, e do professor Dr. Gilberto Safra, psicanalista brasileiro contemporâneo / The present study discusses considerations about the different forms of family participation during therapeutic follow-up. The peculiarities of this setting make it necessary to reflect on the family in this clinical modality. The nature of the relationship established between companions and those being accompanied is extremely intimate and made possible by the greater number of hours, as well as by the accompaniment that occurs in the daily life of the patients. Such specificities represent the presence of the family as an issue to be taken into consideration. There are four forms of family presence within this context, namely: (1) the contact with the family during the consultations at the doctor\'s office; (2) the presence of family members during followups performed at home or out-of-home settings; (3) patients\' statements about their families; and (4) the questions raised by the patients during medical visits. Synthetic literature narratives of clinical cases were assessed to consider aspects of the relationships \"therapist-family\" and \"family-patient\" during therapeutic follow-up. The methodology was based on Donald W. Winnicott\'s clinical thinking, an English pediatrician and psychoanalyst, and Dr. Gilberto Safra, a contemporary Brazilian psychoanalyst

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafaella Brito e Silva.pdf: 1520832 bytes, checksum: 8e85b14e377af7a9cc5261f236135b9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / This thesis, which is the result of a personal and professional experience with dancing, as well as of an interest in studies and initiatives in the field of Psycho-oncology, consisted of a follow-up research study based on the theoretical framework of Gestalt Therapy. The aim of the study was to investigate how mastectomized women who underwent a group corporeal intervention, with belly dancing as a therapeutic means, perceived themselves in their corporeality three years after their experience. The importance of this study is related to the need to expand therapeutic strategies for health promotion during the breast cancer post-treatment of mastectomized women. It comprises a qualitative survey in which follow-up interviews were conducted in groups and individually. The analysis and discussion were based on the collaborators' reports, by employing the phenomenological method. It was possible to identify that belly dancing played an important role in copying with the disease and also in the participants' lives. Belly dancing helped to mobilize resources in order to deal with the changes resulting from the treatment, as well as changes in the maturing process. The dance, the music and the movement were perceptible as a trigger for the promotion of contact with femininity and sensuality in a pleasant and ludic way. The therapeutic group was significantly important as an outer support, providing a welcoming space for experiencing the body and for the exchange of experiences. It can be concluded that belly dancing is a potential therapeutic tool in the rehabilitation of mastectomized women in the long term too / Esta tese, fruto de uma experiência pessoal e profissional com dança e do interesse por estudos e ações na área da Psico-Oncologia, consistiu em uma pesquisa de acompanhamento baseada no referencial teórico da Gestalt-Terapia. O objetivo foi investigar como, mulheres mastectomizadas que passaram por uma intervenção corporal grupal com a dança do ventre como recurso terapêutico, se percebem na sua corporeidade três anos após a vivência. A importância desse estudo está relacionada à necessidade de ampliação de estratégias terapêuticas voltadas para a promoção da saúde no póstratamento do câncer de mama de mulheres que foram mastectomizadas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa na qual foram realizadas entrevistas de acompanhamento em grupo e individuais. A análise e discussão foram feitas com base no discurso das colaboradoras, pautada no método fenomenológico. Foi possível identificar que a dança do ventre teve um papel importante no enfrentamento da doença e posteriormente na vida das participantes. A dança ajudou a mobilizar recursos para lidar com as mudanças decorrente do tratamento, assim como com as mudanças no processo de amadurecimento. Pudemos perceber a dança, a música e o movimento como um estopim que promove contato com a feminilidade e sensualidade de forma prazerosa e lúdica. O grupo terapêutico foi bastante importante no papel de heterossuporte, propiciando um espaço acolhedor para a vivência do corpo e troca de experiências. Pode-se concluir que a dança do ventre é um possível recurso terapêutico na reabilitação de mulheres mastectomizadas também a longo prazo

BACKGROUND: Obstetric fistula (OF) is described as a health and human rights tragedy due to its devastating consequences and debilitating sequelae. In sub-Saharan Africa, the lifetime prevalence of OF symptoms is estimated at 3.0 cases (95% CI 1.3-5.5) per 1000 women of reproductive age. In Guinea, this prevalence is 6·0 (95% CI 3·9–7·4) per 1000 women of reproductive age, a double that of sub-Saharan Africa. As maternal mortality reduction is accelerating in many countries due to better access to cesarean section and more women are benefiting treatment for OF worldwide, women who have a successful fistula repair need more attention to prevent fistula recurrence and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.AIM: To analyze the long-term reproductive health outcomes in women who undergo fistula surgery in Guinea and contribute to closing the knowledge gap on the reproductive health of women after fistula surgery.METHODS: The situational analysis of fistula management programs in Guinea included three retrospective cohort studies. Study I analyzed the clinical outcomes of fistula care programs in Guinea. Study II analyzed the trends and factors associated with loss to follow-up after surgical repair of obstetric fistula in Guinea. Study III estimated the overall proportions of surgical failure of fistula closure and incontinence among women undergoing repair for obstetric fistula in Guinea and identified factors associated with these outcomes. To analyze the health and reproductive outcomes in women after female genital fistula surgery in Guinea, two studies (IV and V) were conducted. Study IV critically reviewed the existing literature on pregnancy and childbirth post repair of obstetric fistula and Study V analyzed the incidence of fistula recurrence and pregnancy post repair along with the associated maternal and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: Routine programmatic repair of OF was found to achieve satisfactory short-term clinical outcomes with 85% of women having their fistula closed and 79% becoming continent after surgery (Study I). However, additional 18% recurrence and 10% residual urinary incontinence were recorded within 28 months median follow-up post-surgery (Study V). Reimbursement of transportation costs and the reduction of geographical barriers to care for women with OF were highly related to reduced loss to follow-up after hospital discharge (Study II). Women who present for surgery with a damaged urethra and those who delivered vaginally during the delivery leading to the fistula were more likely to experience surgical repair failure and residual urinary incontinence (Study III). Women who become pregnant and deliver after fistula repair in sub-Saharan Africa were identified as carrying high risk of adverse maternal and neonatal health outcomes (Study IV). In Guinea, only few women achieved pregnancy (28%) after surgery. Stillbirths (24%) and recurrence of fistula after delivery (14%) were common among women who delivered after fistula repair (Study V). CONCLUSIONS: Improving the performance of fistula management programs in the context of decentralization of services in Guinea needs therefore to integrate long-term perspectives. This should include establishing a “level of care framework” into fistula surgery along with training for health providers, tracing of women after repair, and increased community awareness-raising that include men and target gender inequalities (Studies I to III). Increasing funding and support for fistula care from both local governments and international donors is needed in the current context of decentralization of fistula care to address service gaps for women suffering from fistula (Studies III to V). Achieving a fistula free generation should include interventions to address women’s vulnerability before fistula formation and after fistula repair (Studies IV and V). / Doctorat en Sciences de la santé Publique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

På många intensivvårdsavdelningar skrivs det dagbok för patienten. Dagboksskrivande på intensivvårdsavdelning är dokumentation av vårdtiden skrivet till patienten av sjuksköterskor och annan vårdpersonal och i vissa fall närstående. Intensivvårdsavdelningen är en tekniktät miljö som kan upplevas skrämmande och stressig för patienten, vård på intensivvårdsavdelning kan orsaka posttraumatisk stress syndrom efter vårdtiden. Forskning visar att dagboken tillsammans med uppföljningsverksamhet efter vårdtiden på intensivvårdsavdelningen kan minska risken för utveckling av post traumatisk stress syndrom. Syftet med studien var att beskriva innehållet i patientens dagbok från vårdtiden på intensivvårdsavdelningen. Den vetenskapliga ansatsen är kvalitativ där datainsamling har skett genom insamling av totalt sju patientdagböcker från fyra olika sjukhus i Sverige. Analysmetoden kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes. Resultatet presenteras i 16 underkategorier och fem kategorier. Resultatet visar att innehållet i dagboken handlar om orsak till patientens sjukdomstillstånd och behandling, förändringar i andningen, patientens kommunikation, hälsofrämjande aktiviteter och beskrivningar av omvärlden. Kategorierna har sammanförts till ett tema där dagbokens innehåll ses som en verklighetsbeskrivning genom dialog grundad på uppmuntran och hopp. / Program: Specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning med inriktning mot intensivvård

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the differences in postoperative pain, nausea and time of discharge in children 3-12 years old after undergoing Tonsillectomy (TE) or Tonsillotomy (TT) at the post anaesthetic care unit (PACU), children’s ward and at home.  Background: TE involves risk of bleeding, severe postoperative pain and nausea. TT is a less invasive method with lower risk of bleeding and postoperative pain and nausea according to performed studies. Method: A prospective, comparative follow-up study design. Eighty-seven children from December 2008 until April 2009 in the ages 3-12 undergoing TE or TT participated. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for children’s pain and nausea assessments. Result/Findings: Significantly fewer children operated on by the TT assessed postoperative pain ≥ 3 according to the VAS than children operated on by the TE in both the PACU and the children’s ward. A significant difference of postoperative nausea was only present during the care at the PACU and children’s ward with fewer TT children that assessed nausea VAS ≥ 3. The time of postoperative care was shorter among the TT children in both the PACU and the children’s ward. Postoperative pain and pain related difficulties in eating after discharge was significantly more present among the TE children compared to the TT children. Conclusion: The results of our study indicated that TT is a more favourable alternative than TE in children.

Estudo descritivo, correlacional, de delineamento longitudinal, com 78 pacientes que iniciaram anticoagulante oral (ACO) entre abril de 2008 a junho de 2009 em três serviços de saúde de um município do oeste do Paraná. Os objetivos foram avaliar a adesão medicamentosa e comparar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS) e o estado global de saúde no início e com seis meses de tratamento. Os dados foram coletados por entrevistas individuais com instrumentos específicos para adesão farmacológica (Medida de Adesão ao Tratamento), QVRS (Medical Outomes Survey Short form - SF-36; Duke Anticoagulation Satisfaction Scale DASS), todos validados para o uso no Brasil, e o estado global de saúde (Escala Visual analógica EVA). Foram realizados testes de comparação de médias (Teste t de Student pareado e para amostras independentes), de correlação (coeficiente de correlação de Pearson) e de regressão linear múltipla. O nível de significância foi 0,05. Entre os sujeitos, 53,8% eram mulheres, com idade média de 56,8 anos, casados (71,8%), com baixa escolaridade e 48,7% não desempenhavam atividades remuneradas. As principais indicações para o uso do ACO foram fibrilação atrial (34,6%) e prótese cardíaca mecânica (26,9%) e o ACO mais usado foi a varfarina sódica (91%). Os resultados apontaram que após seis meses, apenas dois participantes foram classificados como não aderentes ao tratamento com ACO e que, no geral, houve melhora na QVRS avaliada por ambos os instrumentos. A avaliação pelo SF-36 mostrou que as diferenças entre os oito domínios foram estatisticamente significantes, exceto para saúde mental. Entretanto, as comparações das médias dos domínios do DASS foram estatisticamente significantes apenas para os domínios Impacto psicológico negativo e Impacto psicológico positivo. O estado global de saúde avaliado pela EVA apresentou valores médios que aumentaram da primeira para segunda avaliação, de 74 para 83, respectivamente, em um intervalo possível de zero a 100. Considerando como variável resposta a medida do DASS total, um modelo de regressão linear multivariada composto pelas variáveis idade, escolaridade, número de medicamentos em uso, indicação para o ACO, dosagem semanal do ACO, Saúde mental (domínio do SF-36), Vitalidade (domínio do SF-36) e intervalo terapêutico explicaram 39,3% da variância da medida da QVRS. Neste modelo, as variáveis com maiores valores de coeficiente beta () e estatisticamente significantes foram: idade (= - 0,317; p=0,017), número de medicamentos usados pelo indivíduo (= -0,353; p=0,005) e saúde mental (= -0,364; p=0,032). Um segundo modelo de regressão linear multivariada foi feito tendo como variável resposta a medida do estado global de saúde. As variáveis explanatórias foram: escolaridade, número de medicamentos em uso, Vitalidade, Saúde mental, Aspectos emocionais e intervalo terapêutico que explicaram 40,4% da variância desta medida. Os resultados obtidos podem subsidiar a prática dos profissionais da saúde na prevenção de fatores que possam afetar à adesão ao medicamento e a qualidade de vida dos usuários de ACO. / A descriptive, correlational design of longitudinal, with 78 patients who initiated oral anticoagulant taking (OAC) within the months of April, 2008 and June, 2009 in three health care services from a municipality of the state of Parana. The aims of this study were to evaluate the medication adherence and compare the health-related quality of life (HRQL) and the global health status in its beginning and within six months of treatment. The datas were all collected through individual interviews making use of specific instruments for pharmacological adherence (Means of Adherence to Treatment), QVRS (Medical Outcomes Survey Short form - SF-36; Duke Anticoagulation Satisfaction Scale DASS), which ones are validated to use in Brazil, and the global health status (Visual Analog Scale VAS).Comparison of average tests were applied (Students test t for paired and independent samples), of correlation (Pearsons correlation test) and of multiple linear regression. The significance level was set at 0,05. Among the subjects, 53,8% were women, at the average age of 56.8, married (71.8%), with low education and 48,7% did not performed any paid job. The main indications to the use of OAC were atrial fibrillation (34,6%) and mechanical cardiac prosthesis (26,9%) and the most used OAC was the warfarin sodium (91%). The results pointed out that after six months, only two participants were classified as not-adherent to treatment with OAC and that, by and large, there was improvement in the HRQL evaluated by both instruments. The evaluation with SF-36 showed that the differences among the eight domains were statistically significant, except for mental health. However, the average comparisons of domains of the DASS were statistically significant only to the negative psychological impact and positive psychological impact domains.The global health status evaluated by VAS presented average score increase from the first to the second evaluation, from 74 to 83, respectively, in a possible interval from zero to 100. Considering it as a variable response to the measurement of the total DASS, a model of linear regression multivariate made up by age variables, education, number of chemicals in use, indication to the OAC, weekly dose of OAC, mental health (domain of SF-36), Vitality (domain of SF-36) and interval therapy explained 39,3% of the variability of the measurement of HRQL. In this model, the variables with higher beta () coefficient scores and statistically significant, were: age (= -0,317; p=0,017), number of chemicals taken by the individual (= -0,353; p=0,005) and mental health (= -0,364; p=0,032).A second model of linear multivariate regression was done, taking into account as a variable response to the measurement of global state of health. The explanatory variables were: education, number of chemicals in use, Vitality, Mental health, Emotional functioning and interval therapy explained 40,4% of the variability of this measurement. The results obtained may subside the practice of healthcare professionals in the prevention of factors that may affect the adherence to the medication and the health-related quality of life of OAC users.

Neste trabalho foi proposto o estudo prospectivo de gestações após a 40a semana, objetivando: a) verificar os índices de morbidade e mortalidade perinatais; b) identificar os testes de avaliação da vitalidade fetal mais adequados para a vigilância destas gestações; c) comparar os resultados dos testes de avaliação da vitalidade fetal com os resultados perinatais na 1a e 2a semana, após a 40a semana de gestação, para testar o protocolo do Serviço. Para a realização do estudo, selecionaram-se 52, gestantes divididas em 2 grupos: GI (1a semana) com 32 gestantes e GIl (2a semana) com 20 gestantes. Acompanhou-se a vitalidade fetal com a Cardiotocografia de Repouso e Intraparto, Teste da Estimulação Sônica, Avaliação do Volume do Líquido Amniótico através da Técnica dos Quatro Quadrantes, Perfil Biofisico Fetal e Dopplerfluxometria Uterina e Umbilical, realizados 2 vezes na semana. Os resultados neonatais e os índices de morbidade foram: Índices de Apgar no 10 e 50 minutos (alterados < 7), pH da artéria umbilical (alterado < 7,20), peso dos recém-nascidos, tempo de internação dos recém-nascidos, oligoidrâmnia, líquido amniótico meconial, alterações na cardiotocografia com presença de desacelerações e índices de cesárea. O estudo permitiu como resultados e conclusões: a) a incidência de oligoidrâmnio foi de 44,23%, líquido meconial de 28,85%, cardiotocografia alterada, 50,00% e partos cesáreos, 57,70%, não havendo óbito fetal ou neonatal. Não houve alterações significativas nos índices de Apgar, pH da artéria umbilical e tempo de internação dos recém-nascidos. b) A cardiotocografia e, principalmente, a avaliação do volume do líquido amniótico, pelo índice de líquido amniótico, foram os métodos mais adequados na detecção de alterações verificadas neste grupo de gestantes. Do parâmetro ultra-sonográfico do Perfil Biofisico Fetal, apenas o Volume do Líquido Amniótico demonstrou ser importante. A Dopplerfluxometria (uterina e umbilical) não revelou nenhuma utilidade na vigilância destas gestações. c) A distribuição dos casos com oligoidramnia, líquido meconial, cardiotocografia alterada, índices de cesárea e pH da artéria umbilical < 7,20, semelhante na 41a semana (GI) e 42a semana (GIl), valida o protocolo do Serviço. d) Adicionalmente, este estudo permite ainda as seguintes observações: 1) importância da oligoidrâmnia e líquido meconial na determinação dos elevados índices de cesáreas; 2) incidência elevada (50,00) de nulíparas nesta casuística. / This study proposed pros.pectively the evaluation of the gestations after 40 weeks with these objectives: a) Analysis of the perinatal outcome. b) Identification of the proper test for fetal well-being assessment for this gestation. c) Comparation of these tests results with perinatal outcome at the first and second weeks after 40 weeks, therefore, testing the protocol of this Service. It recruited 52 patients divided in two groups: GI (1st week) with 32 patients and Gil (2nd week) with 20 patients. The fetal surveillance was assessed by antepartum and intrapartum cardiotocography, acoustic stimulation test, amniotic fluid volume assessment by the ultrasonographic four quadrant technique (amniotic fluid index), fetal biophysical profile and umbilical and uterine doppler velocimetry, ali tests were performed twice weekly. The neonatal outcome results and morbidity parameters were: Apgar index in 1st and s\" minutes (alterated < 7), umbilical artery pH (alterated < 7,20), the new born weight, oligohydramnios, meconium stained, deceleration (DIP 11 or umbilical deceleration) and cesarean section rates. The study permitted these results and conclusions: a) The oligohydramnios, meconium stained, cardiotocography alterations and cesarean section incidences were 44,23%, 28,85%, 50,00% and 57,70%, respectively. There was no fetal death. b) The cardiotocography and amniotic fluid assessment by the amniotic fluid index, were the best tests to detect the alterations verified. The amniotic fluid volume was the most important parameter in the fetal biophysical profile. Doppler (uterine and umbilical) revealed no utility. c) The equal distribution of the oligohydramnios, meconium stained, altereted cardiotocography, cesarean section and umbilical artery pH < 7,20 cases in the group studied reassure the Service protocol. d) In addition this study also permitted observation of: 1) The importance of the meconium stained in the cesarean section rate. 2) The nuliparus elevated incidence (50,00%) in this group.

La anemia en niños menores de tres años es un problema de salud pública en el Perú y el mundo. Se estima que la causa principal de la anemia, aunque no la única, es la deficiencia de hierro. Existen muchos estudios y revisiones sobre cómo esta carencia en los infantes impacta negativamente en el desarrollo psicomotor y, a pesar de corregirse la anemia, los niños con este antecedente presentan, a largo plazo, un menor desempeño en las áreas cognitiva, social y emocional. Estos hallazgos se describen en estudios observacionales, de seguimiento, así como en experimentales con grupo control. La anemia puede disminuir el desempeño escolar, y la productividad en la vida adulta, afectando la calidad de vida, y en general la economía de las personas afectadas. Se describen algunos posibles mecanismos de cómo la deficiencia de hierro, con o sin anemia, podría afectar el desarrollo en la infancia; por ello, causa preocupación la alta prevalencia de anemia que se observa en este grupo de edad. La prevención de la anemia en el primer año de vida debe ser la meta para evitar consecuencias en el desarrollo de la persona a largo plazo. / Anemia in children younger than 3 years is a public health problem in Peru and worldwide. It is believed that one of the primary causes of anemia is iron deficiency. Numerous studies and reviews have reported that iron deficiency limited psychomotor development in children and that, despite the correction of anemia, children with iron deficiency experienced poorer long-term performance in cognitive, social, and emotional functioning. These outcomes were reported in observational studies, follow-up studies, and experimental studies with a control group. Anemia can decrease school performance, productivity in adult life, quality of life, and the general income of affected individuals. Here we describe possible mechanisms underlying the effect of iron deficiency, with or without anemia, on childhood development. The high rate of anemia in this age group is a cause for concern. Moreover, anemia should be prevented in the first year of life to avoid long-term negative effects on individual development. / La investigación ha sido financiada por el Instituto Nacional de Salud de Perú. / Revisión por pares

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between Chlamydia trachomatis reinfection rates of Puerto Rican adolescents and failure to follow the retesting protocol, failure of sexual partners to receive treatment, and failure to participate in the sexual orientation program about risk factors. Secondary data analysis, from a historical prospective study from the Health Department of Puerto Rico, was used in this study. Data analysis was restricted to adolescents 15 to 19-years-old who had a positive chlamydia result and reinfection pattern since January 2008 through December 2012. Multiple logistic regression analyses were run to predict Chlamydia trachomatis reinfection. Results showed a statistically significant association association between Chlamydia trachomatis reinfection and not having followed the retesting protocol (OR=1.243, 95% CI 1.089-2.930, p-value 0.038). A statistically significant association association was found between Chlamydia trachomatis reinfection and sexual partners having not received treatment (OR=1.713, 95% CI 0.761-2.024, p-value 0.029). A statistically significant association was found between Chlamydia trachomatis reinfection and having not participated in the Puerto Rico Department of Health's sexual orientation program (OR=1.243, 95% CI 0.762-2.026, p-value 0.034). The contribution to social change is identifying factors significantly associated with Chlamydia trachomatis reinfection. Study findings provide useful guidance for clinicians and public health professionals on how to reduce Chlamydia trachomatis reinfection rates among at risk Puerto Rican adolescents.