食物提供人類所需之能量及營養來源，而食物乃生長於農業用地。但因貿易、都市化、生活型態改變、人口成長及其它經濟因素，台灣人民食物消費習慣已與從前大不相同。台灣仰賴進口糧食的數量大於自產糧食數量。本研究檢視台灣人自1997 至2007年的食物消費型態，用以建立理想的糧食消費型態，再進一步推算各類糧食的理想消耗量，同時檢視自1997 至 2007年去的農業土地使用狀況。本研究發現台灣的食物消費型態未近健康，農業土地使用率偏低，且糧食自給率偏低，建議應進行消費型態之改善，以達永續發展的目的。 / Food is essential to life for several reasons: it provides energy and nutrients to support human life. Foods are grown from agricultural land. However, due to factors such as trade, urbanization, change of lifestyles, population growth and other economic factors, the food consumption pattern in Taiwan changed over time. Taiwan relied on imports rather than domestic production for many food sources. This research examines food consumption patterns in all food categories from 1987 to 2007 to establish an ideal food consumption level, and then to propose an ideal consumption quantity in each food category for both the individual level and the aggregate level. In addition, agricultural land utilization situations and policies are examined. The result shows contradictory findings. Taiwanese people were not eating healthfully during this period, the land utility rate was low, and the food self-sufficiency rate was low, also. Measures should be taken to improve the current situation.

The current study assessed the effectiveness of a training package, delivered in the form of a manual, to teach a parent to increase the variety and amount of food consumed by her son. The participant was a 5-year-old boy with Pervasive Developmental Disorder and limited food consumption. A changing criterion design across two variables, variety of food and quantity of food, was used. Results were that the parent who used the manual, with limited assistance from the experimenter, did succeed in increasing food variety and quantity of target foods.

The objective of this study was to investigate food consumption frequency patterns, defecation habits, and incidence of disease states associated with colon cancer by active LDS adult males, residing in Texas, which may help explain the lower incidence of colon cancer observed in the religious group. To accomplish this objective, a sample of 50 was randomly selected and administered a questionnaire, designed to gather information covering personal and demographic characteristics, defecation habits, incidence of associated disease states, and frequency of consumption of 132 selected foods. Data was analyzed by comparison of percentages, means, and frequencies, and a Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Results reported LDS males chose a wide variety of foods with a high frequency of fruits, vegetables, and cereals. A low incidence of problems associated with colon cancer and "western" or refined diets was also reported. Defecation habits were more frequent than general population and compared favorably to another low-risk population, rural Scandinavians.

The developmental psychopharmacology of cannabinoids is poorly understood and little is known about the developmental consequences of repeated exposure to cannabinoid antagonists. In these experiments, male Long-Evans rats were treated with SR141716A, a cannabinoid antagonist, throughout adolescence and allowed unrestricted access to food. Control groups were treated with vehicle during the same developmental period and allowed either unrestricted access to food or were pair-fed with a member of the SR-treated group. Motivation to work for food was measured in progressive-ratio sessions at varying levels of food deprivation. For rats that consumed fewer calories throughout adolescence, whether because of pharmacological intervention or food-restriction, motivation was not significantly related to the level of food deprivation. Additionally, the SR-treated group ate more of a novel, palatable food than the vehicle-treated group. Finally, the SR-treated group was generally more motivated to work for food than the pair-fed group, irrespective of the level of deprivation.

Contexte: L'enrichissement des aliments est une stratégie efficace pour lutter contre les carences en micronutriments. Toutefois, il existe de nombreuses étapes critiques, tels que l'évaluation des besoins de la population, l'obtention de l'appui du gouvernement et de l'industrie, le choix du véhicule alimentaire, la sélection des bons micronutriments (s) et son dosage, et enfin le suivi. Objectif: Cette thèse évalue et de discute les défis de l'enrichissement des aliments au Vietnam. Méthodologie: Les méthodes suivantes ont été utilisées: une étude transversale, une enquête sur la consommation, une étude d'impact, une étude de stabilité, une étude coût-conséquences, deux revues de littérature, une étude de validation, et les leçons tirées de programmes d'enrichissement financés par GAIN. Résultats: Les carences en micronutriments chez les femmes et les enfants au Vietnam sont encore très répandues et se chevauchent souvent. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas de consensus sur le meilleur indicateur pour déterminer le statut en zinc, la prévalence du déficit en zinc semble être élevée par example. De nombreuses initiatives d'enrichissement ont montré que le soutien du gouvernement et de l'industrie est essentiel pour réussir. Le gouvernement vietnamien a reconnu la nécessité de lutter contre les carences en micronutriments. Les véhicules appropriés pour l'enrichissement des aliments au Vietnam sont les huiles végétales et le riz, ainsi que la sauce de poisson, la sauce soja, les bouillons cubes et les aliments de complément. Cependant, il y a des questions qui doivent être soigneusement étudiés, tels que le niveau de peroxyde dans l'huile, la présence d'inhibiteurs de l'absorption du fer, ou le risque de sédimentation dans les sauces. Lors de l'ajout de micronutriments aux aliments, des facteurs tels que les coûts, la qualité et la sécurité doivent être pris en considération. Enfin, l'enrichissement doit être soigneusement surveillés pour s'assurer de la qualité et de surveiller les effets sur la santé de la population. Conclusion: Avant que la fortification des aliments puisse être mise en œuvre et être efficace au Vietnam, une série de défis devront être surmontés. / Background: Food fortification is an effective strategy to combat micronutrient deficiencies. However, there are many critical steps, such as assessing the population's needs, obtaining support from the government and industries, choosing the food vehicle, selecting the right micronutrient(s) and the dosage and finally monitoring. Objective: The overall objective of this thesis is to assess and discuss the challenges of food fortification in Vietnam. Methodology: The following methods were used: a cross-sectional study, a consumption survey, an impact study, a stability study, a cost-implication study, two literature reviews, a validation study, and lessons learned from GAIN funded fortification programs. Results: Micronutrient deficiencies in women and children in Vietnam are still widespread and often overlap. Although there is no consensus on which indicator is best to use to determine zinc status, zinc deficiency prevalence seems to be high. Numerous fortification initiatives have shown that the support from the government and the industry is essential in order to be successful. The Vietnamese government has recognized the need to fight micronutrient deficiencies. Suitable food vehicles for fortification in Vietnam are vegetable oil and rice, as well as fish sauce, soy sauce, wheat flour and possibly flavoring powders and complementary foods. However, there are issues that need to be carefully studied, such as the peroxide level in the oil, the presence of absorption inhibitors in the flour, or the risk of sedimentation in sauces. When adding micronutrients to foods, factors such as costs, quality and safety need to be considered. Finally, fortification needs to be carefully monitored to assure quality and to supervise the effect on the population's health. Conclusion: Before food fortification can be implemented and be effective in Vietnam, a series of challenges will need to be overcome.

Thesis (M. Tech. (Food Service Management, Dept. of Hospitality, Tourism and PR Management)--Vaal University of Technology / Introduction. Most of the children aged between five and 15 around the world live under difficult circumstances, which lead to a high dropout rate from school before the end of the secondary level. Most of them have poor nutrition, are undernourished and are exposed to a large range of harmful, parasitic and infectious diseases (Shariff et al, (2000:265). Purpose. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the nutritional status of primary school children in Orange Farms informal settlement in terms of their nutritional needs in order to implement a school feeding programme and assess its impact on the nutritional status of these children. Methodology. A cross-sectional baseline survey was conducted two weeks before commencing with the school feeding programme. The measurements taken during this phase were socio-demographic and health by means of a questionnaire, as well as dietary intake and food consumption patterns by means of a quantified food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour recall, weight and height measurements. The anthropometric measurements included height and weight and the biochemical measurements included serum ferritin, C-reactive protein, total protein, albumin, vitamin B 12, folate, glucose, full blood count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cell count, mean cell volume, white blood cell count, vitamins A, E and zinc. A single matched "placebo" -controlled, parallel group, clinical trial of ten months followed in a randomly selected sample of 100 participants, 50 forming part of the control group receiving a fruit and 50 forming part of the experimental group receiving com-soy blend porridge. After the 10-month period, the same measurements for the baseline survey were repeated, except for the sociodemographic and health measurements. Results. Malnutrition, including under and over nutrition, remains a major problem among primary school children globally. This was also true in both the experimental and control school groups in this study where 18.6 percent, 34.9 percent and 4.7 percent were underweight, stunted and wasted especially in the experimental group compared to 9.1 percent severe underweight, and 9.1 per cent each for severe stunting and wasting in the control group at baseline. A mainly carbohydrate based diet was consumed with limited vegetable and animal protein intakes. The socio-demographic data indicated that household food insecurity contributed to the poor dietary intake of the sample, as the majority of the caregivers were unemployed in both groups. This was further confirmed by the limited monthly household income of less than R 1000 for a relatively large family size of up to 5 members in the control group compared to 5-10 household members in the experimental group. The implementation of a school feeding programme that included a nutritious and acceptable meal in the form of enriched corn-soy blend or a fruit as part of the programme, also proved to be a relatively easy and cost-effective way to address hunger in these primary schools. Furthermore, the dietary intake levels for both groups showed statistically significant improvements for various macro- and micronutrients when compared to DRis. Conclusion Although few statistically significant differences were observed between the groups with regard to dietary intake patterns, biochemical changes and nutritional status indices, positive changes were observed in both groups, indicating that any food provision may have a positive impact on undernourished children. The results of the intervention indicated an improvement in dietary intake which could result in an improved nutritional status, specifically related to micronutrients. However, the anthropometric indices and certain biochemical parameters showed significant improvements in both groups after the intervention. School feeding programmes are a good strategy for addressing malnutrition among primary school children if monitored effectively. However, it does not impact directly on household food security. A long-term clinical intervention trial is recommended to measure the impact of a food-based approach to address specific micronutrient deficiencies prevalent among children in these age groups. / National Research Foundation

Orientador: Cátia Regina Branco da Fonseca / Resumo: A criança com a Síndrome de Down (SD) apresenta maior incidência de diversas complicações clínicas e a deficiência de zinco tem sido considerada problema de saúde pública, levando a maiores prejuízos e repercussões negativas em funções bioquímicas, imunológicas e clínicas. O quadro clínico pode variar dentro de um amplo espectro de manifestações. Não se conhece, ao certo, a magnitude desta deficiência no Brasil. A avaliação criteriosa da alimentação é importante para que possamos avaliar as necessidades nutricionais específicas e realizar uma orientação visando a alimentação mais equilibrada. O objetivo foi avaliar o estado nutricional e o consumo alimentar, e verificar se há deficiência sérica de zinco em crianças com a Síndrome de Down. Estudo aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Análise estatística realizada através do programa SPSS. Método: Estudo clínico transversal, em crianças com SD que realizam o seguimento no ambulatório de Pediatria Genética do Hospital das Clínicas de Botucatu (HCFMB). Foram realizados entrevista semiestruturada, recordatório alimentar de 24 horas (R24), avaliação nutricional (classificação segundo as curvas para SD) e dosagem de zinco sérica. Resultados: 84% dos incluídos receberam diagnóstico de eutrofia. No R24, verificou-se excesso do consumo de calorias e carboidratos, e sem deficiência no consumo de zinco. Quanto ao nível sérico do zinco, em 94,3% houve deficiência (considerado insuficiente valores abaixo de 65 μg/dL) com valor médio d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Children with Down Syndrome (DS) presents a higher frequency of clinical complications and the Zinc deficiency has been considered a public health problem, that may cause important damage to the biochemical, immunological and clinical functions. The clinical presentation may vary in a broad spectrum of manifestations. The magnitude of this deficiency in Brazil is unknown. The careful evaluation of the diet is essential to access the specific nutritional needs and to guide the best medical conduct and orientations for a more balanced diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status and diet of children with DS, and research serum zinc deficiency. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committe and statistical analysis was performed with SPSS program. Method: Cross-sectional clinical study with children with DS who performed follow-up at the Genetic Pediatrics outpatient clinics of Hospital das Clínicas de Botucatu (HCFMB). It was performed a semi-structured interview, 24-hour food diary (R24), nutritional assessment (classification according to the charts for DS) and serum zinc blood test. Results: 84% of the patients were diagnosed eutrophic. In the 24-hour food diary evaluation was detected an excess of calories and carbohydrate consumption, and no deficiency in zinc consumption. Regarding the serum zinc level, 94.3% had a deficiency (considered insufficient levels below 65 ug / dL) with a mean value of 50.40 ug / dL, median of 49.24 ug / dL (dp-10.0... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The world is facing a global climate crisis and a collective step towards a more sustainable lifestyle is of importance. Food consumption accounts for a large part of an individuals’ total emissions and as the production of meat generally emits less green-house-gases than that of plant-based alternatives, changing towards a more plant-based diet can be one step to a more sustainable lifestyle. This study outlines a field experiment at a university cafeteria where the menu order was altered by random assignment. It is tested if placing the vegetarian option at the top of the menu has a causal effect on the share of vegetarian option sold that day, i.e. if it is possible to nudge customers to choose a more sustainable option. Using ordinary least squares and a beta regression models, the results do not show a positive treatment effect on the share of vegetarian option sold but do find a significantly average negative effect of 5.5 percentage points on the share of meat option sold. This effect it translated to an average negative effect of 6 percent on the daily emissions due to food sales at the cafeteria.

Introdução: A avaliação da dieta habitual do adolescente é complexa devido às variações intra e interindividuais. Os estudos de validação e reprodutibilidade de questionários de freqüência alimentar são necessários para garantir a utilização de instrumentos capazes de mensurar a dieta habitual real. Objetivo: Desenvolver, verificar a validade e reprodutibilidade de um questionário de freqüência alimentar baseado nos grupos alimentares da pirâmide alimentar para adolescentes (QFA-PA). Materiais e métodos: Após a identificação dos alimentos a serem incluídos no QFA-PA, o método foi testado em estudo piloto. A versão final consistiu em 50 itens alimentares. O estudo foi realizado com 109 adolescentes de ambos os gêneros durante um período de quatro meses. Para verificar a validade e reprodutibilidade do QFA-PA foram aplicados quatro Recordatórios de 24h (Rec24h) e dois QFA-PA. A validade foi obtida pela comparação entre o segundo QFA-PA e à média dos Rec24h. A reprodutibilidade foi mensurada por meio da comparação dos dois QFA-PA. Resultados: O questionário desenvolvido representou 97,7% das calorias consumidas e pelo menos 90% da ingestão dos nutrientes selecionados. Foram incluídos os alimentos freqüentemente relatados ausentes no QFA e freqüentemente relatados sem maior contribuição energética. As variáveis melhor avaliadas foram os grupos do arroz, pão, massa, batata e mandioca; das carnes e de açúcares e doces. Os piores resultados foram observados para a vitamina C. Cabe ressaltar que este é o primeiro QFA desenvolvido, validado e acurado no Brasil para adolescentes que avalia o consumo alimentar baseado na pirâmide dos alimentos dos adolescentes. Conclusão: Considerando-se as análises realizadas, o QFA-PA apresentou validade satisfatória e reprodutibilidade aceitável para a maioria das variáveis. / Introduction: The assessment of habitual diet of adolescent is complex due to within and between-person variations. The studies of validity and reproducibility of food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) are needed to ensure the use of reliable and accurate instruments capable of measure usual diet. Objective: To develop, verify the validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire based on the food groups of food pyramid for adolescents (FFQ-PA). Methods: After identify the items to be included in the FFQ-PA, the method was tested in a pilot study. The final version consisted of 50 food items. The study was conducted with 109 adolescents of both genders over a period of four months. To check the validity and reproducibility of the FFQ-PA were applied four 24-hour records (Rec24h) and two FFQ-PA. The validity was obtained by comparing the second FFQ-PA and average Rec24h. The reproducibility was measured by comparing the two FFQ-PA. Results: The questionnaire represented 97,7% of the calories consumed by the population and at least 90% of the intake of selected nutrients. We included food often reported missing in the FFQ and the frequently reported without further energy contribuition. In the study of validity and reproducibility, the variables were evaluated further groups of rice, bread, pasta, potatoes and cassava, meat and sugar and sweets. The worst results were observed for vitamin C. It is noteworthy that this is the first FFQ developed, validated and accurate in Brazil for adolescents that assesses food consumption based on the adolescent food pyramid. Conclusion: Considering the analysis, the FFQ-PA showed satisfactory validity and reproducibility acceptable for most variables.

Introdução - Ao longo das últimas décadas o mundo vivenciou grandes mudanças no padrão alimentar da população mundial, que resultou no aumento do consumo de produtos ultraprocessados e redução do consumo de frutas e hortaliças. No período gestacional, a nutrição materna exerce papel importante tanto em desfechos obstétricos como perinatais. O ganho de peso excessivo ou insuficiente e a deficiência de micronutrientes contribuem para complicações de curto e longo prazo para a mãe e para o bebê. Objetivo - Investigar a associação entre frequência de consumo de frutas, hortaliças e produtos ultraprocessados e indicadores do estado nutricional em gestantes de Cruzeiro do Sul. Métodos Trata-se de uma análise transversal dos dados de estudo de coorte de gestantes inscritas no pré-natal da atenção básica à saúde na área urbana da cidade de Cruzeiro do Sul, estado do Acre, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Entre fevereiro de 2015 a janeiro de 2016 foram coletados dados socioeconômicos e obstétricos (obtidos por entrevista domiciliar até a 20ª semana gestacional) e antropométricos, bioquímicos e dietéticos maternos (obtidos na 1ª avaliação clínica, entre a 16ª e 20ª semana de gestação, realizada na unidade de saúde). O estado nutricional foi avaliado pela frequência de anemia (hemoglobina sanguínea < 110 g/L), deficiência de vitamina A (retinol sérico < 0,70 mol/L), concentrações séricas de vitamina E, ácido fólico e -caroteno e índice de massa corporal (IMC, kg/m2) pré-gestacional autoreferido. A associação entre variáveis categóricas foi investigada por meio do teste do Qui- Quadrado de Pearson e comparações entre variáveis contínuas foram realizadas pelo teste de Mann Whitney. Resultados Dentre as 860 gestantes rastreadas, 183 eram não elegíveis e 171 houve perda de contato para o estudo. Portanto, para a presente análise, foram incluídas 506 gestantes, das quais 26 por cento eram adolescentes (< 20 anos), 44 por cento primigestas e 76 por cento referiram cor de pele parda. Anemia e deficiência de vitamina A foram observadas em 15,4 por cento e 10,9 por cento das gestantes estudadas, respectivamente. No total, as frequências de baixo peso (IMC< 18,5kg/m²) e excesso de peso (IMC 25 kg/m²) segundo IMC pré-gestacional foram 10,1 por cento e 30,7 por cento , respectivamente. Concentrações séricas abaixo das medianas de -caroteno, vitamina E e folato foram associadas à menor idade (< 20 anos), menor escolaridade (< 10 anos), ser beneficiária do programa bolsa família e ser chefe de família. Anemia e deficiência de vitamina A foram também associadas à menor idade, menor escolaridade e menor IMC pré-gestacional. Gestantes com consumo diário de frutas e hortaliças apresentaram maiores concentrações séricas (mediana; intervalo interquartil em mol/L) de -caroteno (0,50; 0,30- 0,84) e vitamina A (1,90; 1,10-2,70) quando comparadas às gestantes sem consumo diário desses alimentos, para -caroteno (0.40; 022-0.76) e vitamina A séricos (1,70; 1,00-2,50). Não houve associação entre consumo de produtos ultraprocessados e os indicadores bioquímicos avaliados. Conclusões - Na presente população de estudo, características sócio demográficas foram associadas ao estado nutricional no segundo trimestre gestacional. O consumo diário de frutas e hortaliças influenciou positivamente as concentrações séricas de - caroteno e vitamina A das gestantes. Esses resultados reforçam a importância de programas de promoção social integrados `as ações para incentivo à alimentação saudável visando à melhoria das condições de saúde materna. / Introduction - Over the past decades we have seen major changes in dietary patterns of the worldwide population, with an increasing consumption of ultra-processed products and low consumption of fruits and vegetables. During pregnancy, maternal nutrition plays an important role on both obstetric and perinatal health outcomes. Excessive or insufficient weight gain and micronutrient deficiencies also contribute to short and long-term complications for both mother and baby. Objective To investigate the association among frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables and ultra-processed products and nutritional status indicators of pregnant women in Cruzeiro do Sul. Methods - This is a cross-sectional data analysis of pregnant women, who were part of a cohort study of prenatal at primary health care in the urban area of Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre state, Brazilian Western Amazon. From February 2015 to January 2016 socioeconomic and obstetric data were collected through home interviews and anthropometric, biochemical and maternal diet were obtained on the 1st clinical evaluation, amongst 16th and 20th pregnancy weeks, conducted in local health unit. Nutritional status was assessed through prevalence of anemia (blood hemoglobin < 110 g/L), vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol < 0,70 mol/L), serum concentrations of vitamin E, folic acid and -carotene and self-reported pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m2). The association between categorical variables was considered by using the chi-square test of Pearson and comparisons between continuous variables were conducted using the Mann Whitney test. Results: Overall, 860 pregnant women were screened; of them, 183 was ineligible for the study and 171 were lost during follow-up. Thus, the final number for this analysis was 506 pregnant women: 26% were adolescents (<20 years), 44% were at firstpregnancy and 76% reported brown skin color. Anemia and vitamin A deficiency were observed in 15.4% and 10.9% in the sample, respectively. The frequency of low body weight (BMI< 18,5kg/m²) and overweight (BMI 25 kg/m²) according to the pre-pregnancy BMI were 10.1% and 30.7%, respectively. Serum concentrations below the median values for - carotene, vitamin E and folate were associated with younger age (<20 years), lower schooling years (<10 years), beneficiary of the Cash Transfer Program (Bolsa Família), and when the pregnant woman is the householder of the family. Anemia and vitamin A deficiency were associated with younger age, less education and lower pre-pregnancy BMI. Pregnant women with daily consumption of fruits and vegetables had higher serum concentrations (median, interquartile range in mmol / L) of -carotene (0.50, 0.30 to 0.84) and vitamin A (1.90, 1.10 - 2.70) compared with those who did not have daily consumption of these foods, for both serum concentrations of -carotene (0:40; 022-0.76) and vitamin A (1.70; 1.00 to 2.50). There was no association between consumption of ultra-processed products and biochemical indicators. Conclusions In this study population, sociodemographic characteristics were associated with nutritional status in the second trimester of pregnancy. The daily consumption of fruits and vegetables positively influenced serum concentrations of -carotene and vitamin A in pregnant women. These results emphasize the importance of social support programs for scaling up nutrition interventions in order to improve maternal health status.