A pectina é uma substância polissacarídica originada de plantas, que pode ser utilizada como agente gelificante, estabilizante de compotas, em bebidas láticas e iogurtes. A gelatina, proteína, nesse caso de origem bovina, é principalmente utilizada como agente gelificante, pois, forma hidrogéis por resfriamento. O processo de irradiação por radiação gama pode causar uma variedade de modificações nas macromoléculas algumas de aplicação industrial, como é o caso de reticulação. A resposta dinâmica de materiais viscoelásticos pode ser usada para dar informação sobre o aspecto estrutural de um sistema a nível molecular. No presente trabalho, pectina com diferentes graus de metoxilação, gelatina e a mistura de ambas foram empregados para estudar a sensibilidade à radiação por meio de medidas de viscosidade. Amostras de soluções de pectina de alto teor de metoxilação (ATM) 1%, pectina de baixo teor (BTM) 1%, gelatina 0,5%,1% e 2%, e a mistura de ambas a 1% e 2% foram irradiadas com raios gama em doses de até 15kGy e taxa de dose em torno de 2kGy/h. Após irradiação, a viscosidade foi medida dentro de um período de 48 h. A viscosidade da pectina ATM e BTM diminuiu drasticamente com o aumento da dose de radiação. A gelatina, entretanto, apresentou grande resistência à radiação. Na mistura de ambas, houve predomínio do comportamento esperado para a pectina. / Pectin is a polysaccharide substance of plant origin that may be used as gelling agent, stabilizer in jams, in yogurt drinks and lactic acid beverages. Gelatin, a protein from bovine origin, in this case, is mainly used as gelling agent due to hydrogel formation during cooling. The 60 Co-irradiation process may cause various modifications in macromolecules, some with industrial application, as reticulation. The dynamic response of viscoelastic materials can be used in order to give information about the structural aspect of a system at molecular level. In the present work samples of pectin with different degree of methoxylation, gelatin and the mixture of both were employed to study the radiation sensitivity by means of viscosity measurements. Solutions prepared with citric pectin with high methoxylation content (ATM) 1 por cent, pectin with low content (BTM) 1 por cent, gelatin 0.5 por cent, 1 por cent and 2 por cent, and the mixture 1 por cent and 2 por cent were irradiated with gamma rays at different doses, up to 15 kGy with dose rate about 2 kGy/h. After irradiation the viscosity was measured within a period of 48 h. The viscosity of ATM and BTM pectin solutions decreased sharply with the radiation dose. However, the gelatin sample presented a great radiation resistance. When pectin and gelatin solutions were mixed a predominance of pectin behavior was found.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:31:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SILVIA CRISTINA LIMBERGER.pdf: 9653999 bytes, checksum: da4450bc0f7c2702676d117e10c14d38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study is a review of capital accumulation in plastic packaging industry in Brazil, specifically targeted to the State of Parana, where we seek to discover how the industry has developed in this sector especially in the state and its regions with slow industrial development, where characterizes the consolidation of traditional sectors with lower technological level. To understand the dynamics of the packaging sector, there are some key elements as, II PND Policy (National Development Plan), which required investment for all Brazilian petrochemical chain in the 1970s; expansion of the national petrochemical industry and its reorganizing production in the 1990s; goods manufacturing industry for the plastic packaging sector that constitutes a lever for development; food and beverage industry, the main consumer market of plastic packaging. We demonstrate these features from the case study and analysis of spatial strategies of companies linked to the sector in the state of Parana. / O presente trabalho analisa a acumulação de capital no setor de embalagens plásticas no Brasil e, sobretudo, no Estado do Paraná. Buscamos descobrir como a indústria de embalagens plásticas se desenvolveu no Paraná, principalmente nas regiões do Estado com lento desenvolvimento industrial, que tem como característica a consolidação de setores tradicionais com menor grau tecnológico. Como elementos centrais para compreender a dinâmica do setor de embalagens plásticas estão a política do II PND (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento), que demandou investimentos para toda a cadeia petroquímica brasileira na década de 1970; a expansão da indústria petroquímica nacional e sua reorganização produtiva na década de 1990; a indústria de bens de produção para o setor de embalagens plásticas, que se constitui como alavanca para o desenvolvimento tecnológico; e a indústria alimentícia e de bebidas, principal mercado consumidor das embalagens plásticas. Buscamos demonstrar essas características a partir do Estado do Paraná, onde analisamos as estratégias espaciais de empresas ligadas ao setor.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SILVIA CRISTINA LIMBERGER.pdf: 9653999 bytes, checksum: da4450bc0f7c2702676d117e10c14d38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study is a review of capital accumulation in plastic packaging industry in Brazil, specifically targeted to the State of Parana, where we seek to discover how the industry has developed in this sector especially in the state and its regions with slow industrial development, where characterizes the consolidation of traditional sectors with lower technological level. To understand the dynamics of the packaging sector, there are some key elements as, II PND Policy (National Development Plan), which required investment for all Brazilian petrochemical chain in the 1970s; expansion of the national petrochemical industry and its reorganizing production in the 1990s; goods manufacturing industry for the plastic packaging sector that constitutes a lever for development; food and beverage industry, the main consumer market of plastic packaging. We demonstrate these features from the case study and analysis of spatial strategies of companies linked to the sector in the state of Parana. / O presente trabalho analisa a acumulação de capital no setor de embalagens plásticas no Brasil e, sobretudo, no Estado do Paraná. Buscamos descobrir como a indústria de embalagens plásticas se desenvolveu no Paraná, principalmente nas regiões do Estado com lento desenvolvimento industrial, que tem como característica a consolidação de setores tradicionais com menor grau tecnológico. Como elementos centrais para compreender a dinâmica do setor de embalagens plásticas estão a política do II PND (Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento), que demandou investimentos para toda a cadeia petroquímica brasileira na década de 1970; a expansão da indústria petroquímica nacional e sua reorganização produtiva na década de 1990; a indústria de bens de produção para o setor de embalagens plásticas, que se constitui como alavanca para o desenvolvimento tecnológico; e a indústria alimentícia e de bebidas, principal mercado consumidor das embalagens plásticas. Buscamos demonstrar essas características a partir do Estado do Paraná, onde analisamos as estratégias espaciais de empresas ligadas ao setor.

A pectina é uma substância polissacarídica originada de plantas, que pode ser utilizada como agente gelificante, estabilizante de compotas, em bebidas láticas e iogurtes. A gelatina, proteína, nesse caso de origem bovina, é principalmente utilizada como agente gelificante, pois, forma hidrogéis por resfriamento. O processo de irradiação por radiação gama pode causar uma variedade de modificações nas macromoléculas algumas de aplicação industrial, como é o caso de reticulação. A resposta dinâmica de materiais viscoelásticos pode ser usada para dar informação sobre o aspecto estrutural de um sistema a nível molecular. No presente trabalho, pectina com diferentes graus de metoxilação, gelatina e a mistura de ambas foram empregados para estudar a sensibilidade à radiação por meio de medidas de viscosidade. Amostras de soluções de pectina de alto teor de metoxilação (ATM) 1%, pectina de baixo teor (BTM) 1%, gelatina 0,5%,1% e 2%, e a mistura de ambas a 1% e 2% foram irradiadas com raios gama em doses de até 15kGy e taxa de dose em torno de 2kGy/h. Após irradiação, a viscosidade foi medida dentro de um período de 48 h. A viscosidade da pectina ATM e BTM diminuiu drasticamente com o aumento da dose de radiação. A gelatina, entretanto, apresentou grande resistência à radiação. Na mistura de ambas, houve predomínio do comportamento esperado para a pectina. / Pectin is a polysaccharide substance of plant origin that may be used as gelling agent, stabilizer in jams, in yogurt drinks and lactic acid beverages. Gelatin, a protein from bovine origin, in this case, is mainly used as gelling agent due to hydrogel formation during cooling. The 60 Co-irradiation process may cause various modifications in macromolecules, some with industrial application, as reticulation. The dynamic response of viscoelastic materials can be used in order to give information about the structural aspect of a system at molecular level. In the present work samples of pectin with different degree of methoxylation, gelatin and the mixture of both were employed to study the radiation sensitivity by means of viscosity measurements. Solutions prepared with citric pectin with high methoxylation content (ATM) 1 por cent, pectin with low content (BTM) 1 por cent, gelatin 0.5 por cent, 1 por cent and 2 por cent, and the mixture 1 por cent and 2 por cent were irradiated with gamma rays at different doses, up to 15 kGy with dose rate about 2 kGy/h. After irradiation the viscosity was measured within a period of 48 h. The viscosity of ATM and BTM pectin solutions decreased sharply with the radiation dose. However, the gelatin sample presented a great radiation resistance. When pectin and gelatin solutions were mixed a predominance of pectin behavior was found.

<p>Term: Spring term 2007</p><p>Study objects: Reitan Servicehandel AB, Vi-butikerna, ICA Sverige AB</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyse how procurement is used as a strategy to achieve better competitive strength, within the retail food industry.</p><p>Theoretical: The theoretical chapter illustrates different procurement organisations, multiple and single sourcing, brand equity, consumer behaviour and involvement, Efficient Consumer Response including supply chain and category management and finally Demand Chain Management.</p><p>Method: For the case studies, three food retail companies have been interviewed: Reitan Servicehandel AB, Vi-butikerna and ICA AB. To illustrate how consumer behaviour influences retail food market, several secondary consumer research studies have been analysed.</p><p>Conclusions: The results indicate that the procurement organisation can achieve a better competitive strength by a centralised organisation, which make it possible to improve conditions of terms when ordering higher purchase volumes. The sourcing strategies can improve a company’s power within the supply chain. All companies within the study had a very good knowledge about consumer behaviour. Information technology is a very important tool to achieve enhanced efficiency within the organisation. It also indicates that the procurement organisation by its knowledge in sales and marketing can improve a company’s competitive strength.</p>

Term: Spring term 2007 Study objects: Reitan Servicehandel AB, Vi-butikerna, ICA Sverige AB Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyse how procurement is used as a strategy to achieve better competitive strength, within the retail food industry. Theoretical: The theoretical chapter illustrates different procurement organisations, multiple and single sourcing, brand equity, consumer behaviour and involvement, Efficient Consumer Response including supply chain and category management and finally Demand Chain Management. Method: For the case studies, three food retail companies have been interviewed: Reitan Servicehandel AB, Vi-butikerna and ICA AB. To illustrate how consumer behaviour influences retail food market, several secondary consumer research studies have been analysed. Conclusions: The results indicate that the procurement organisation can achieve a better competitive strength by a centralised organisation, which make it possible to improve conditions of terms when ordering higher purchase volumes. The sourcing strategies can improve a company’s power within the supply chain. All companies within the study had a very good knowledge about consumer behaviour. Information technology is a very important tool to achieve enhanced efficiency within the organisation. It also indicates that the procurement organisation by its knowledge in sales and marketing can improve a company’s competitive strength.

A multistage production system consists of a number of production stages that are interrelated, that is the output from one stage forms input to the next stage. There are constraints associated with each stage as well as constraints imposed by the overall system. Besides, there are multiple objectives that need to be satisfied, and in numerous cases, these objectives conflict with each other. What is required is an efficient technique to allocate and schedule resources so as to provide a balance between the conflicting objectives within the system constraints. This study is concerned with the problem of scheduling multistage production systems in food processing industry. The system and products have complex structure and relationships. This makes the system difficult to be solved analytically. Therefore, the problem is solved by developing a heuristic algorithm that considers most of the constraints. The output generated by the algorithm includes a production schedule which specifies the starting and completion times of the products in each stage and the machines where the products are to be processed. In addition, a summary of system performances including throughput times, resources' utilizations, and tardy products is reported. / Graduation date: 1992

The subject of the thesis is systematic job evaluation for purposes of local wage determination for blue-collar jobs within the Swedish industry. The method is examined from a general wage-determination as well as from a gender equality perspective. The thesis is based on e.g. documents from the parties, on interviews with representatives of employers and unions at the central and local level, and on interviews with persons participating in job evaluation work in some companies. An analysis is made of one of the most common job evaluation systems, including the changes it has undergone since the 1950s. The use of a job evaluation system implies that a linkage is made between /certain/job demands and wages. It also means that this linkage is made in a systematic way. Systematics might, in its turn, imply consistency, rigidity and explicity. The thesis examines the significance of a linkage demands-wages and of consistency, rigidity and explicity for the parties' attitudes towards the method; as a purpose or as a means to achieve other goals. It demonstrates that the employers' problems to recruit labour and a desire for an increased wage differentiation has constituted a major reason for using the systems. The job evaluation system examined does not consider, or gives low weight to, certain demands which are common in female-dominated jobs. Various circumstances in the evaluation work process which provide it with scope for consideration are identified. This scope for consideration may disfavour female-dominated jobs. The thesis claims that the scope for consideration yet is less than in an unsystematic overall assessment of différencies in job demands between various jobs. A completed systematic job evaluation offers a basis for speaking of "work of equal value" in the sense of the Swedish Equal Opportunities Act, and forces the employer to explain possible différencies in the terms of employment when the points allotted are equal. It is unclear whether the court has to accept the application of the system made by the parties, or whether it could make its own evaluation with the same system. So far, no case concerning work of equal value has been settled in court. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Univ., 1991</p> / digitalisering@umu

Animal welfare is a topic subjected to great controversy, mostly within moral philosophy. The moral issue of human behaviour is often dealt with, alongside whether nonhuman animals are eligible certain rights. In our world, how humans behave towards nonhuman animals have fallen into something of political oblivion, which is the departure-point for this research. The essay’s discourse surrounds nonhuman animals’ political and moral status in Sweden, with the aim of drawing conclusions regarding whether they can be said to possess it. This is done through an analysis of ideas, using dimensions as tools, problematizing the Swedish parliamentary parties' views on animal welfare. A better understanding for nonhuman animals’ situation in Sweden has been provided, showing that there is no animal rights mentality tangible, while speciesist and utilitarian attitudes towards nonhuman animals dominate. The analysis show that nonhuman animals in Sweden possess moral status, as the parties agree that nonhuman animals should be spared from unnecessary suffering, and their welfare seems to count in its own right. However, human interests tend to take precedence in most cases, and in the end, nonhuman animals cannot be considered to possess any political status, despite their unmistakable presence in our society.

D. Tech. Industrial Engineering. / Discusses purpose of this study is to derive a new model capable of advanced diagnosis and analysis of energy usage to determine the possible energy efficiency potential through the following in a single model: Analysis of industrial historical data; Prediction of the industrial energy baseline; Computation of the industrial energy efficiency; and Optimization of the industrial energy consumption usage. In this context, the development of a new model involves: Carrying out literature survey; Carrying out Mathematical Analysis of the dynamics of energy efficiency in an industry; Critically analyzing and testing existing models; Evolve a new and novel model; Test the model using data from specific industry; Apply the model to eleven industrial sectors in South Africa. This thesis on energy efficiency potential will be a milestone for different stakeholders, policymakers and decision makers in the energy sector at national and international levels who are, or will be interested in reducing energy input and still produce the observed output levels, by becoming technically efficient. The approach adopted by the study is the integration of Index Decomposition Analysis (IDA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) into a single model.This methodology combines modeling, which is at the core of an energy-management technique, with a wider interpretation of activity growth, structure and efficiency changes which contribute to changes in energy consumption.