Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Miljoene mense ervaar voedselonsekerheid en een uit elke 50 hanger mense is woonagtig in Suid­ Afrika. Daar is genoeg voedsel op ons planeet om elke mens van 'n voldoende voorraad voedsel te verseker; dit waarborg egter nie voedselsekuriteit aan almal nie. Dit is die voedselparadoks: ondanks globale surplusproduksie van voedsel, ly miljoene mense wereldwyd aan wanvoeding en honger, maar veral in die ontwikkelende lande. Suid-Afrika is geen uitsondering nie en ten spyte van selfvoorsiening in voedsel, balanseer die voedselgelykstelling nie. Daar bestaan 'n ekstreme gaping tussen die produksie en verbruik van voedsel. Gevolglik is die probleem wat nagevors is in hierdie studie die gebrek aan voedselsekuriteit binne 'n wereldkonteks met voedselsurplusse en hoe dit reflekteer in Suid-Afrika. Teen hierdie agtergrond is daar 'n studie gedoen van die oorsake van voedselonsekerheid en die teoriee en verduidelikings van hongersnood. Die fokus van hierdie navorsingstudie is drieledig van aard. Eerstens fokus dit op 'n konseptuele ondersoek na hanger, armoede, voedselsekuriteit en hongersnood in Afrika. Tweedens is ondersoek ingestel na die oorsake vir die gebrek aan voedselsekuriteit in Afrika. Derdens is daar gefokus op Suid-Afrika en is 'n ondersoek gedoen na die voorkoms van hanger, wanvoeding, armoede en die nasionale konteks van voedselsekuriteit met die doel om vraagstukke daaromheen te identifiseer. Daar is bevind dat voedselsekuriteit bepaal word deur die beskikbaarheid van voedsel (aanbod) en die vermoe van mense om dit te bekom (aanvraag). Dit blyk dat die ontwikkelingsproses, regeringsbeleid, ekologiese omgewing en tegnologie, wetenskap en navorsing 'n direkte invloed het op die voedselsekuriteit van mense, en dat Suid-Afrika nie verskil van ander Afrikalande in hierdie verband nie. Hoewel Suid-Afrika voedselselfvoorsiening bereik het, ly miljoene mense honger weens armoede en die gebrek aan aansprake wat bydra tot 'n gebrek aan voedselsekuriteit. Die studie toon dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regering verskeie beleidsmaatreels in plek het ter bevordering van voedselsekuriteit, maar dat dit nie in die praktyk verwesenlik word nie. / Millions of people in the world experience food insecurity and one out ofevery 50 hungry people lives in South Africa. There is enough food on our planet to assure every person of an adequate supply of food; however, this does not guarantee food security for all. This is the food paradox: despite a global surplus production of food, millions of people experience malnutrition and hunger all over the world, but especially in the developing countries. South Africa is no exception and despite self-sufficiency in food, the food equation is not balanced. An extreme gap exists between the production and consumption of food. Consequently, the problem researched in this study is the lack of food security in a world context with surplus food and how this is reflected in South Africa. Against this background a study was undertaken of the causes of food insecurity and the theories and explanations of famine. The focus of this research study is threefold. Firstly it focuses on a conceptual enquiry intohunger, poverty, food security and famine in Africa. Secondly there is an enquiry into the causes of the lack of food security in Africa. Thirdly it focuses on South Africa and an enquiry is done into the incidence of hunger, malnutrition and poverty, and into the national context of food security with the aim of identifying relevant problems in food security. It was found that food security is determined by the availability of food (supply) and the capability of people to obtain it (demand). It appears that the development process, government policy, ecological environment and technology, science and research directly affect the food security of people, and that South Africa does not differ from other African countries in this regard. Although South Africa has achieved food self-sufficiency, millions of people experience hunger because of poverty and the lack of entitlements. The study shows that the South African government has various policy measures for the promotion of food security in place, but that food security does not materialise in practice. / Development Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Ontwikkelingsadministrasie)

South Africa has over 19 500 different indigenous plant species. Most of these are of ethnobotanical significance and are still used by local rural communities as medicine, food and for making beverages. The relatively little research that has been conducted on indigenous plant species has focused mainly on their medicinal potential. However, in view of the rapidly growing size of the global and local beverage industry and their constant search for new products, beverage-making indigenous plant species may have commercial development potential. To date, no detailed studies have been conducted on these plants, especially in the species-rich Limpopo province. The aim of this study was, therefore to evaluate the potential of indigenous plants for commercial beverage production. In order to achieve this, a survey was conducted in the Limpopo province to identify beverage-making plants and to document beverage preparation methods. Selected beverages were analysed and evaluated for their nutrient and sensory characteristics and a market product acceptability survey was conducted to identify those beverages with the greatest potential for development. Sixty three different beverage-plant species were identified in three study areas within the Limpopo province. These were used for the preparation of teas, fruit juices and alcoholic beverages. Plants that received further research attention were selected on the basis of their status as indigenous plants, frequency of use, nature of harvesting methods and availability. Some of the selected beverages were found to be rich in nutrients, especially with respect to vitamin C and mineral content. Furthermore, sensory analyses and market surveys indicated that four species, namely, Doyvalis caffra, Garcinia livingstonei, Grewia flavescens and Englerophytum magalismontanum have potential for further development for the beverage industry while Athrixia phylicoides has commercialisation potential as a herbal tea. However, further research is required to improve and refine preparation methods and to ensure compliance with quality standards. The availability of sufficient plant material for the industry must also be ensured. This research has indicated that South African indigenous plants have untapped market potential for the beverage industry which, if developed sustainably, could contribute to economic growth of the rural parts of South Africa. / Environmental Sciences / D. Ed. (Environmental Management)

The South African fast-food industry is growing steadily, and so is the trend towards healthy eating. South Africans are becoming more aware of what they put into their bodies and not only do they want to consume meals that are quick and convenient, but they also want to ensure that what they are eating offers nutritional benefits. Although fast-food outlets have responded to customer demand by adding healthier food options to their menus, customer satisfaction regarding these options has not been investigated sufficiently in South Africa. The purpose of this study was to explore customer satisfaction with the healthier food options available at fast-food outlets in South Africa. An extensive literature review was conducted on the South African fast-food industry (the link between fast-food and obesity was noted, followed by a discussion on the trend towards healthy eating) and customer satisfaction. An empirical study was conducted, in which data was collected from students studying at the University of Pretoria by means of self-administered questionnaires. The study followed a mixed method approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative research in order to satisfy the research objectives. The results of this research study indicate that there is a high level of satisfaction amongst South African customers with the healthier food options available at fast-food outlets. / Business Management / M. Comm. (Business Management)

Objectif. Décrire les attitudes et habitudes de Canadiens relativement à la préparation des aliments à la maison et au repas familial, afin de saisir les motivations à exploiter lors de la promotion de ces habitudes. Méthodes. Un sondage électronique de 39 questions à choix multiples a été placé sur le site des Diététistes du Canada du 16 novembre au 22 décembre 2006. Les énoncés analysés abordent la perception des bénéfices associés à la cuisine maison, à la planification des soupers et au repas familial, les obstacles à cuisiner, le temps de préparation et la planification des soupers, l’apprentissage de la cuisine, les sources d’idées recettes et la consommation des repas familiaux. Résultats. Au total, 4080 individus ont complété le questionnaire. Bien qu’ils croient que la cuisine maison puisse améliorer la qualité de l’alimentation et les comportements alimentaires, les répondants rencontrent plusieurs obstacles à la préparation des aliments au quotidien, parmi lesquels le manque de temps, d’énergie, d’idées et de planification. Bien qu’une majorité de Canadiens soupent en famille, il existe des écarts selon les groupes d’âge et les régions canadiennes. Conclusion. Cette étude souligne la pertinence d’élaborer des stratégies de communication pour informer les consommateurs sur les bénéfices de la cuisine maison et du repas en famille, afin de les aider à surmonter les défis associés à ces habitudes. Si les nutritionnistes sont des intervenants de choix, des collaborations interdisciplinaires sont proposées pour promouvoir une cuisine maison saine, bien planifiée, simplifiée et savourée en famille. / Objective. To describe Canadians' attitudes and habits with regard to home food preparation for family meals in order to seize the motivations to be exploited during the promotion of these habits. Methods. An electronic poll of 39 multiple-choice questions was posted on the Dieticians of Canada's website from November 16th till December 22nd, 2006. The analyzed statements cover the perception of the benefits associated with home cooking, supper planning and family meals, the barriers to cooking, the preparation time and supper planning, the development of cooking skills, sources of recipes ideas and consumption of family meals. Results. A total of 4080 individuals completed the questionnaire. Although they believe that home cooking can improve the food quality and eating habits, the participants meet several barriers to food preparation in everyday life, among which the lack of time, energy, ideas and planning. Although a majority of Canadians have family suppers, there are gaps according to age groups and Canadian regions. Conclusion. This study highlights the relevance of elaborating communications strategies to inform consumers of the benefits of home cooking and family meals in order to help them to deal with the challenges associated with these habits. If nutritionists are the best interveners, interdisciplinary collaborations are proposed to promote a healthy, well planned home cooking enjoyed with the family.

The South African fast-food industry is growing steadily, and so is the trend towards healthy eating. South Africans are becoming more aware of what they put into their bodies and not only do they want to consume meals that are quick and convenient, but they also want to ensure that what they are eating offers nutritional benefits. Although fast-food outlets have responded to customer demand by adding healthier food options to their menus, customer satisfaction regarding these options has not been investigated sufficiently in South Africa. The purpose of this study was to explore customer satisfaction with the healthier food options available at fast-food outlets in South Africa. An extensive literature review was conducted on the South African fast-food industry (the link between fast-food and obesity was noted, followed by a discussion on the trend towards healthy eating) and customer satisfaction. An empirical study was conducted, in which data was collected from students studying at the University of Pretoria by means of self-administered questionnaires. The study followed a mixed method approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative research in order to satisfy the research objectives. The results of this research study indicate that there is a high level of satisfaction amongst South African customers with the healthier food options available at fast-food outlets. / Business Management / M. Comm. (Business Management)

Cette thèse examine le processus de mobilisation pour des étudiants en formation professionnelle et ses relations avec la constitution des buts de leur activité et les caractéristiques des dispositifs et des situations de formation rencontrées. Pour cela, nous adoptons une approche par l'activité des étudiants en situation de formation afin de nous démarquer des approches de la « motivation » développées par la psychologie et des approches en termes de « rapport au savoir » développées en sociologie. Nous nous appuyons sur le cadre théorique de l'activité élaboré par Rubinstein (2007) pour développer le concept de mobilisation proposé initialement par Charlot, Bautier et Rochex (1992). Nous avons réalisé un recueil de données de type ethnographique et longitudinal auprès de trois classes d'étudiants inscrits dans une formation de Brevet de Technicien Supérieur en Agroalimentaire dans trois établissements différents. Notre analyse se déroule en trois temps : * caractérisation des environnements, dispositifs et situations de formation rencontrés par les étudiants des trois établissements ; * approche statistique de l’état de mobilisation pour les différentes situations de formation ; * monographies longitudinales concernant quatre étudiants. Nous montrons que l'état de mobilisation pour une classe de situations est préfiguré par quelques situations passées, présentes et projetées pour chaque individu. Mais cet état s'actualise en fonction des caractéristiques des situations rencontrées, dont certaines jouent un rôle important : cohérence des finalités de la situation avec la finalité professionnelle affichée par la formation ; contenus abordés en tant que savoirs outils (Douady, 1983) pour l'action en situation professionnelle ; tâches appelant à déployer des actes de création réelle (Rubinstein, 2007) ; … Les étudiants sont mobilisés pour des situations par lesquelles leur personnalité se réalise dans et par les actions déployées : elle se constitue et se donne à voir à l'individu et aux autres. Ces situations sont au fondement de la constitution de buts stables pour leur activité et d'un itinéraire de toute une vie pour l'individu. Les étudiants n’ont pas de meilleurs résultats scolaires pour les situations de formation pour lesquelles ils sont mobilisés. Les étudiants sont démobilisés lorsque leur activité est morcelée et ne parvient plus à réguler les actions au regard de leurs buts, des caractéristiques de leur personnalité et des conditions et exigences des situations. Leurs résultats scolaires sont inférieurs à leurs résultats moyens pour les situations où ils sont démobilisés. En conclusion nous proposons des développements pour la théorie de l'activité élaborée par Rubinstein et pour le cadre théorique de la didactique professionnelle. Nos résultats permettent de développer ceux présentés par Rochex dans son ouvrage « Le sens de l’expérience scolaire » (1995). Ils nous amènent à proposer des pistes de réflexion pour penser les questions de l’alternance, de l’orientation et du décrochage scolaire en formation professionnelle. / This thesis aims to highlight mobilization process of students for vocational training curriculum and its relations with development of activity goals and training situations characteristics. We adopt an ethnographical approach to follow thirty nine students enrolled in a vocational training to become food industry technicians. We use the theory of activity developed by Rubinstein (2007) as supportive framework, in order to distance ourselves from “motivation” psychological approaches. We develop the concept of mobilization process, initially proposed by Charlot, Bautier and Rochex (1992). Our analysis consists in : * a description of the three curriculum and their training situations ; * a statistical approach of mobilization conditions of students for different training situations ; * four students’ monographs. Our results show that mobilization condition of students for a specific situation depends on situations of their past, present and project life. But characteristics of current training situation update this mobilization conditions. Some of those characteristics are very important in the mobilization process: coherence between aims of the situations and professional aims of the curriculum ; knowledges that are presented as tools for professional situations ; creative tasks ;…Students are mobilized for situations where actions allow them to realize, build up and show their personality. Those situations found long lasting goals for their activity and establish continuity in their “whole life itinerary”. This does not improve their student performances. They are demobilized when situation parceled out their activity, which couldn’t coordinate any more actions with goals of activity, personality characteristics and tasks conditions. Their student performances decrease in that case. In conclusion, we propose some developments for the Rubinstein’s theory of activity and for the theoretical framework of professional didactics. We suggest lines of enquiry for professional training, vocational guidance and school dropout.

Wirtschaftliche Prozesse sind in Zeiten der Globalisierung zunehmend komplexer. Immer mehr Akteure sind an der Erstellung eines Produktes von der Konzeption bis zur Konsumption durch die Verbraucher beteiligt. Innovationen im Bereich von I&K-Technologien oder im Verkehr, sinkende Transport- und Transaktionskosten sowie organisatorische Neuerungen ermöglichen eine räumliche Trennung einzelner Produktionsschritte der Wertschöpfungskette. Es entstehen Unternehmensnetzwerke, die nicht auf räumlicher, sondern organisatorischer Nähe basieren. Die Verflechtungen zwischen den Akteuren können in Wertschöpfungsketten abgebildet werden. Allgemeine Betrachtungen zu Wertschöpfungsketten, Modelle zu Warenketten und zum politisch-ökonomischen Zusammenhang in der Nahrungsmittelproduktion bilden die theoretische Grundlage dieser Arbeit. In Kuba haben sich die Produktions- und Warenketten vor dem Hintergrund der binnen- und außenwirtschaftlichen Krise in den Jahren 1989/90 stark verändert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden ausgehend von den Entwicklungen in der Lebensmittelwirtschaft Kubas, die Verflechtungen zwischen den Akteuren des Agrarsektors, der Lebensmittelindustrie und des Einzelhandels untersucht. Die empirische Analyse umfasste darüber hinaus Betrachtungen zu den Transport- und Distributionsvorgänge innerhalb der Warenketten, den Macht- und Kontrolleinflüssen einzelner Akteure und zu den räumlichen Strukturen. Durch die qualitative Untersuchung konnten im Ergebnis fünf verschiedene Typen von Produktions- und Warenketten festgestellt werden. Die erste Gruppe repräsentiert industrielle Warenketten, die für den rationierten Einzelhandel produzieren. Die zweite Gruppe umfasst die industriellen Warenketten, die auf das Devisensegment orientiert sind. Die dritte Gruppe bildet jene Warenketten ab, bei denen das Segment der industriellen Produktion fehlt. Sie sind auf die direkte Versorgung der Bevölkerung mit frischen Agrarprodukten ausgerichtet. Gerade die Produktions- und Warenketten der dritten Gruppe stellen eine besondere Form dar. Wefen der ökonomischen Krise und den Transportschwierigkeiten in Kuba haben sich seit 1994 lokale Wirtschaftskreisläufe herausgebildet. Sie stellen die kürzesten Produktions- und Warenketten der Insel dar. / In times of globalisation economic processes become increasingly complex. More and more actors are involved in the production - starting at the design and ending at the consumption - of a product. Innovation in Information and Communication Technology or transport, decreasing transportation and transaction costs as well as process innovations facilitate a spatial separation of individual production steps of the value-added chains in different locations. Therefore new business networks develop which are not based spatial, but organisational proximity. Connections between the different actors can be shown in value-added chains. The theoretical frame for this dissertation are general approaches on value-added chains, models for commodity chains and political-economic relations in food industry. In Cuba commodity chains have changed radically due to the interior and exterior economic crisis in 1989/90. This work, based on the development of the Cuban food industry, studies the material and immaterial connections between the actors of the agricultural sector, food industry and retail trade. The empirical analysis also includes observations on transport and distribution processes within commodity chains, power and control impact by specific economic and institutional actors and spatial structures of commodity chains. Through the qualitative analysis, using the example of the tomato, five different types of commodity chains were identified. The first group represents industrial commodity chains, which produce for the state rationed retail trade. The second group includes industrial commodity chains, which focus on the currency segment. The third group sums up those commodity chains which lack the industrial segment. They focus on the population’s direct supply with fresh agricultural products. Especially the third group’s commodity chains represent a special type. Due to the economic crisis and the connected transportation problems, local economic cycles evolved in Cuba since 1994. Opposite to the industrial commodity chains they represent the shortest commodity chains on the island and therefore differ from the first and second group of commodity chains.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:33:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo_Ricardo_Carneiro_Barros_Filho.pdf: 1162396 bytes, checksum: 2dbb9e68e0598b336a41e6081fb11993 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-25 / The objective of this work is to identify the variables related to the operational and market aspects that influence the Market Value of the companies from meat and derivatives segment listed in S??o Paulo Stock Exchange over the period 2007 until 2013. The study was developed from the perspective of two theoretical axles. The first was an analysis of Market Value contributions as a useful indicator for determining the fair market value created for shareholders and, therefore, constitute a solid basis for measurement of companies performance. The second was the efficient market hypothesis which considers the information s efficiency or the impact of certain information on pricing assets. The results produced by the model ratified some of the hypotheses in this research, both in individual significance as on some independent variable sign. In addition, the model presented global significance, given by F test, at 5%, with a coefficient of multiple determination adjusted of 9,22% / O objetivo deste trabalho ?? identificar as vari??veis relacionadas aos aspectos operacionais e conjunturais que influenciam o Market Value das empresas do segmento de carnes e derivados listadas na BM&FBovespa, no per??odo de 2007 a 2013. O estudo foi elaborado sob a perspectiva de dois eixos te??ricos. O primeiro foi uma an??lise das contribui????es do Market Value como um indicador ??til para determina????o do valor justo de mercado criado aos acionistas e, portanto, constituindo uma base s??lida para mensura????o do desempenho das empresas. O segundo foi a hip??tese de mercado eficiente que considera a efici??ncia da informa????o ou o impacto de determinadas informa????es na precifica????o dos ativos. O modelo especificado produziu resultados que ratificaram algumas hip??teses da pesquisa, tanto na signific??ncia individual, quanto no sinal de algumas vari??veis independentes. Al??m disso, o modelo apresentou signific??ncia global, dada pelo teste F, a 5%, com um coeficiente de determina????o m??ltiplo ajustado de 9,22%.

Introdução - A obesidade é um problema de Saúde Pública no Brasil, onde segundo a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 2008-2009 uma em cada três crianças de 5 a 9 anos está acima do peso. No ano de 2010 a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) regulamentou a propaganda de alimentos e criou regras contra abusos nos anúncios para crianças, processo iniciado em 2004 que gerou grande interesse da mídia nacional, especialmente dos jornais impressos. A resolução da ANVISA, no entanto, não está em vigor em razão de ordens judiciais obtidas pelo setor atingido pela regulamentação. Objetivo - Verificar se a regulamentação da propaganda de alimentos ultraprocessados para crianças influenciou os discursos sobre o risco de obesidade infantil veiculados na mídia brasileira, especificamente nos jornais diários. Métodos - Estudo de natureza qualitativa, descritiva e analítica, realizado sob a perspectiva da construção social do risco e por meio de levantamento da cobertura jornalística sobre a regulamentação realizada pelo jornal Folha de S. Paulo, entre os anos de 2004 e 2012. Uma amostra do material coletado foi descrita para análise do enquadramento do tema na mídia e em seguida submetemos à Análise do Discurso Crítica textos publicados anteriormente e posteriormente à regulamentação. Resultados - Foram localizados 184 textos em 143 edições, média de 23 textos por ano, e em 17 editorias. Dos textos, 28% foram publicados como opinião e 55% indicavam posição contrária à regulamentação pelo Estado. O maior número de textos sobre a regulamentação ocorreu após sua publicação e 40% das fontes ouvidas pelo jornal em reportagens tinham ligação com o mercado atingido pela regulamentação estatal e contrário a sua efetivação. Quanto mais perto o País parecia estar de uma regulamentação estatal, mais o enquadramento distanciava-se do olhar da saúde pública e aproximava-se do olhar do mercado. Houve deslocamento dos discursos sobre obesidade infantil do campo de saúde pública para o campo da liberdade de expressão. Conclusão - A regulamentação da propaganda de alimentos infantis ultraprocessados pelo governo brasileiro influenciou os discursos sobre obesidade infantil veiculados na mídia. Houve deslocamento dos discursos sobre obesidade infantil para o campo de discussões sobre a liberdade de expressão na publicidade. / Obesity is a Public Health problem in Brazil, where one in three children are fat according to a national survey. In 2010 the National Agency of Sanitary Security released a regulation on the advertisement of food and created rules to protect children. The whole process started in 2004 with great attention from the press. Nowadays the regulation is not valid because of a decision from the brazilian Justice. We aim to evaluate the construction of the obesity risk in the childhood and changes in the discourse about obesity after this regulation using the framing theory and the Analysis of Critical Discourse in texts about the regulation published in the Folha de S. Paulo newspaper. In 184 texts about the regulations checked, 28% where opinions and 55% of this were against the regulation. The most of the texts were published after 2010 and 40% of the surveys were person from the market who was the regulation\'s target. When the regulation was about to be released the news framing was more favorable to the market. The discourse on child obesity was moved from the Public Health area to the Market area, which main issue is the freedom in the communications of the market.

Following the Civil War, the American government greatly expanded the opportunities available for private businessmen and investors in an effort to rapidly colonize the West. This expansion of private commerce led to the second industrial revolution in which railroads and the corporation became the symbols and tools of a rapidly modernizing nation. It was also during this period that the responsibility of food distribution was released from municipal accountability and institutions like public markets began to fade from the American urbanscape. While the proliferation of private grocers greatly aided many metropolises' rapid growth, they did little to secure a sustainable and desirable form of food distribution. During the decades before and after the turn of the century, public market campaigns began to develop in response to the widespread abandonment of municipal food distribution. Like many western cities, Portland, Oregon matured during the second half of the nineteenth century and lacked the historical and social precedent for the construction of a public market. Between 1851 and 1914, residents of Portland and its agricultural hinterland fought for the construction of a municipally-owned public market rallying against the perceived harmful and growing influences of middlemen. As a result of their efforts, the Carroll Public Market was founded on the curbsides of Yamhill Street in downtown Portland. While success encouraged multiple expansions and an increasingly supportive consumer base, a growing commitment to modernist planning among city officials and the spread of automobile ownership determined the market to be incompatible with the commercial future of Portland. In an effort to acknowledge and capitalize on the Carroll Public Market's community, a group of investors, incorporated as the Portland Market Company, worked with city officials between 1926 and 1934 to create the largest public market in the United States, the Portland Public Market. As the first building of the newly constructed waterfront development, many believed the massive institution would reinvigorate nearby businesses and ultimately influence the potential of the downtown business district. The Portland Public Market was decidedly distinct from the market along Yamhill and the promoters cast it as such. By utilizing the most modern technologies and promises of convenience there was little that the two organizations shared in common. In the end, the potential of the waterfront market was never fulfilled and amidst legal scandals, an ongoing struggle to meet operating costs, and the success of a rebellious Farmers Cooperative, it shut down after nine years. This thesis discusses these two public markets during a period of changing consumer interests and the rise of modernist planning in Portland, Oregon. Ultimately, the Carroll Public Market was torn down for reasons beyond its own control despite the comfortable profit it enjoyed each year. Many city officials refused to support the institution as they increasingly supported the values of modernism and urban planning. The Portland Public Market fit perfectly with many city planners' and private investors' intents for the future. This essay seeks to offer a unique glimpse of how commercial communities form and how commercial environments evolve through the politics of food distribution, consumerism, and producer-to-consumer relationships.