Ett växande problem i världen idag är att nå en hållbar matproduktion. Världens befolkning växer stadigt och miljontals människor lever på gränsen till svält. Fosfor är en icke-förnyelsebar resurs på jorden och ett av de näringsämnen jorden behöver för att ge bra avkastning. Fosfor förekommer i alla växter, djur och människor och kan återvinnas av naturen på egen hand. Ibland när människor och den moderna teknologin påverkar den naturliga cykeln så förändras den till ett öppet system där resurser överutnyttjas. I den här uppsatsen har fyra fallstudier från Sverige, Ghana, Thailand och Zimbabwe jämförts med fokus på hur organiskt hushållsavfall hanteras i de olika länderna. Resultatet visar inte på några större skillnader mellan utvecklingsländer och industrialiserade länder, vilket kan bero på tillgänglig data. Alla länder i studien har förutsättningar att använda sig av olika återvinningsmetoder av organiskt avfall, både med och utan exkrementer. Genom att använda olika tekniska lösningar, som exempelvis rötning och olika typer av kompostering, kan förlusterna av fosfor minskas ordentligt. Ofta kostar teknik och den nödvändiga kunskapen pengar, men i många fall kan återvinning av organiskt avfall vara en ekonomisk vinst då mindre kemiska gödningsmedel behöver importeras. För att nå en hållbar matproduktion bör fosfor från alla olika utflöden användas; organiskt avfall (från kök och trädgård), avloppsvatten (från bad, kök och tvätt), och från exkrementer (urin och fekalier). / Sustainable food production is an important issue in a world with a rapidly growing population and millions of people living on the verge of starvation. Phosphorus is a non-renewable resource and one of the nutrients needed for soil to give good crop outcomes. Phosphorus is essential to all plants, animals and humans, and can be recycled by nature itself within the phosphorus cycle. Problems could arise when humans and modern technology interfere with this cycle and turn it into an open-ended system. In this thesis four case studies from Sweden, Ghana, Thailand and Zimbabwe are compared with focus on how organic waste is handled in the different countries. There results show no big differences between developing and developed countries. This might depend on the data used for the study. All countries show potential for using different recycling methods to increase the reuse of organic waste, both including and excluding excreta, but lacks technology and knowledge. By using technology, for example anaerobic digestion or composting, phosphorus losses could be reduced substantially. Technology costs money and needs knowledge, but in many cases these costs could probably be offset by not needing chemical fertilizers, or less of these. To reach a sustainable food production, phosphorus from all outflows needs to be considered for reuse: solid organic waste (food waste and garden waste), greywater (water from kitchen, bath and laundry) and excreta (urine and faeces).

Com o objetivo de estudar o custo da produção segura, de salgados, em uma fábrica localizada no munícipio de Jundiaí, São Paulo, foi realizado um estudo de caso por observação de processos e registros, em planilhas de Excel, dos custos da produção do alimento seguro com a execução das Boas Práticas de Fabricação referente ao período de agosto de 2010 a julho de 2011 e posteriormente retirados os custos pertinentes as Boas Práticas de Fabricação para comparação entre ambas às situações. Também foram levantados os custos das obrigações legais e sua influência no resultado final do preço unitário. Para identificar os custos diretos de uma produção que assegura a qualidade do alimento, mantendo-o inócuo, foram utilizados os conceitos de custos variáveis. As contas foram agrupadas segundo seu destino de utilização. Foram estudadas também as mudanças de hábitos alimentares devido à mudança de comportamento, especialmente das mulheres que tem crescente participação nas atividades remuneradas, fora do lar. O perfil de consumo das famílias está mudando e com este o aumento de ocorrências de doenças causadas por contaminação alimentar, que segundo os autores estudados acontece com maior frequência do que se tem registrado de fato. Para entender melhor esta relação foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a evolução do consumo, aumento da demanda de alimentos prontos para consumo, riscos de contaminação alimentar e doenças de origem alimentar, as normas técnicas, legislações e políticas públicas pertinentes à fabricação do alimento seguro que reúnem informações para melhorar a qualidade dos alimentos produzidos. Nos resultados encontrados os custos variáveis tiveram menor alteração em relação à simulação do não cumprimento das boas práticas de fabricação (BPF) e das obrigações legais, a maior influência foi sobre os custos fixos. A redução encontrada nos custos totais (soma dos custos variáveis com os fixos) para a situação onde os custos pertinentes ao cumprimento das BPF foram retirados foi de 5,8% e de 16,4% quando retirados os custos referentes às obrigações legais, que resulta na soma de 22,2% de diminuição dos custos, percentual este que favorece a produção caseira (informal), quando comparado com a produção formal. O resultado financeiro obtido quando cumpridas todas as exigências de BPF e obrigações legais foi negativo em 11,9% e na simulação da ausência destas práticas e exigências foi positivo em 17,5% (situação caseira e informal). Estes resultados estão relacionados com a utilização da capacidade produtiva instalada, que foi de 50%, equivalente a 43,9 t. e, portanto, existe ainda possibilidade de mudanças nos resultados ao atingir a capacidade ótima de produção. / With the aim of studying the cost of finger food safe production in a factory located in the municipality of Jundiaí, São Paulo, we conducted a case study by observation of processes and records, in Excel spreadsheets, of the cost of food safe production with the implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices for the period from August 2010 to July 2011 and subsequently withdrawn the costs involved with Good Manufacturing Practices for comparison between the two situations. We also raised the costs of legal obligations and its influence on the final result of the unit price. To identify the direct costs of production, which ensures the quality of food, keeping it harmless, we used the concepts of variable costs. The accounts were grouped according to their destination of use. We also studied the changes in eating habits due to behavior change, especially women who have increased participation in paid work outside home. The profile of household consumption is changing and consequently increased occurrences of diseases caused by contaminated food, which according to the authors studied happens more frequently than thought. To better understand this relationship we conducted a search on consumption trends, rising demand for ready to eat foods, risks of food contamination and foodborne diseases, technical standards, legislation and public policy pertinent to the manufacture of safe food to gather information to improve the quality of food produced. In the results the variable costs had less changes in relation to the simulation of non-compliance with good manufacturing practices (GMP) and legal obligations, the greatest influence was on the fixed costs. The reduction found in the total costs (sum of variable costs with fixed) where the costs pertaining to the enforcement of GMP were removed was 5.8% and 16.4% when taken out costs related to legal obligations, which sum results in a 22.2% decrease in costs, which favors home production (informal) when compared with the formal production. The financial result when met all the requirements of GMP and legal obligations was negative in 11.9% and in simulation and practical absence of these requirements was positive in 17.5% (homely and informal). These results are related to the utilization of the production capacity of 50%, equivalent to 43.9 tons, and therefore there is a possibility of changes in the results if optimum production is achieved.

The world food production is more than enough to meet the needs of the entire population of the earth, but the losses in the different production stages and the preparation and consumption make this amount produced becomes inadequate. In a hungry world in which we live, any food waste could mean the end of all human life. Although the harvesting techniques and logistics are constantly enhanced, and the quantity and quality of food prepared in homes and restaurants, the waste is still large. Restaurants should prepare only what you need and customers should not serve in excess. This study aims to identify the possible "bottlenecks" where food is wasted in the University Restaurant (RU) of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) and propose measures that seek to reduce such waste. The subject is justified by the need to reduce costs in the public sector in order to continuously improve the quality of services, the sustainability of the planet and fighting hunger. To reach that goal, we used the methodology of case study, qualitative approach and descriptive. Data were collected through a questionnaire conducted during the year 2013, with users from the RU about the possible causes which impel them to leave remnants in the dishes. The results highlight the need for changes in the menu and change as preparing meals, providing plates and cups of different sizes and obligation in scheduling meals to reduce food waste in the RU. / A produção mundial de alimentos é mais que suficiente para suprir as necessidades de toda a população da terra, porém as perdas nas diferentes fases produtivas bem como na preparação e consumo fazem com que essa quantidade produzida se torne insuficiente. Em um mundo faminto no qual se vive, qualquer desperdício de alimentos pode significar o fim de mais uma vida humana. Ainda que as técnicas de colheita e logística sejam aperfeiçoadas constantemente, bem como a quantidade e qualidade dos alimentos preparados em residências e restaurantes, o desperdício ainda é grande. Os restaurantes devem preparar somente o necessário e os clientes não devem se servir em excesso. O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar os possíveis gargalos por onde os alimentos são desperdiçados no Restaurante Universitário (RU) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) e propor medidas que busquem reduzir esses desperdícios. O tema justifica-se pela necessidade de reduzir os custos do setor público visando melhorar permanentemente a qualidade dos serviços prestados, a sustentabilidade do planeta e o combate a fome. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, utilizou-se a metodologia de estudo de caso, de abordagem qualitativa e caráter descritivo. Os dados foram coletados por meio da aplicação de um questionário realizado durante o ano de 2013, com os usuários do RU sobre as possíveis causa que os levam a deixar restos nos pratos. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam a necessidade de alterações no cardápio e mudanças na forma de preparo das refeições, disponibilização de pratos e copos de tamanhos diferenciados e obrigatoriedade no agendamento de refeições para reduzir o desperdício de alimentos no RU.

A presente pesquisa surge a partir da reflexão sobre o sistema atual de produção de alimentos e abastecimento das cidades e as consequências geradas no ambiente e na saúde da população. Há um movimento para o retorno da produção de alimentos nas cidades, onde a maioria da população mundial habita, tanto com a finalidade de reduzir os impactos ambientais da agricultura industrial, quanto para proporcionar o acesso equitativo a alimentos mais saudáveis e com preços mais acessíveis. O desenvolvimento sustentável busca sistemas resilientes de produção visando à existência de cidades mais seguras e autossuficientes. Uma cidade autossuficiente é aquela que consegue gerar infraestrutura básica para se manter dentro de sua pegada física e metabolizar os resíduos gerados, minimizando os efeitos negativos dos assentamentos urbanos no ambiente. Dentre a busca por alternativas que contribuíssem para o planejamento de cidades mais sustentáveis, foi identificado o conceito da agricultura urbana (AU); em particular, das hortas domésticas. As hortas domésticas, consideradas um dos sistemas de cultivo mais antigos do mundo, parecem ser a mais bem-sucedida estratégia de AU para aumentar a segurança alimentar das famílias, além de proporcionar diversos outros benefícios. Desse modo, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é contribuir para um maior entendimento sobre como as hortas domésticas podem se constituir em uma estratégia para aumentar a segurança alimentar nas cidades, particularmente em áreas urbanas de pequenas municipalidades objetivando uma maior sustentabilidade urbana. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foram utilizadas duas estratégias de pesquisa principais: pesquisa bibliográfica e estudo de caso. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três etapas: compreensão, desenvolvimento e reflexão Na etapa de compreensão, realizou-se a revisão bibliográfica para entendimento do tema e para obtenção de subsídios para as etapas seguintes. Na etapa de desenvolvimento, foi realizado um estudo exploratório, no objeto de estudo, o Município de Feliz (RS), cujo objetivo foi avaliar o potencial das hortas domésticas, em termos de produção de alimentos, bem como de outros benefícios proporcionados aos moradores urbanos. Em uma segunda etapa, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para avaliar o potencial da área de estudo, em termos de produção de alimentos para suprir as necessidades alimentares da população local, visando a autossuficiência alimentar. Na etapa de reflexão, apresentam-se os resultados da pesquisa e as contribuições teóricas. A presente pesquisa é inovadora, e corroborou a teoria acerca do potencial de produção de alimentos das hortas domésticas, em termos de segurança alimentar e autossuficiência das pequenas municipalidades, a partir do estudo realizado em Feliz/RS. Além disso, os casos de hortas domésticas analisados no estudo exploratório, revelaram que já existem inúmeras iniciativas de autossuficiência alimentar com diversa produção de alimentos na área de estudo, bem como disponibilidade de áreas potenciais de agricultura urbana, para ampliar essa atividade. / The following research proposal emerges from the reflection of our current food production system and cities supply and their consequences to the environment and to city people’s health. Presently, there is a movement towards food production comeback in cities, where the majority of the present world population lives. Such movement has the goal of reducing the environmental impacts caused by intensive farming, as well as providing fair access to healthier food, at more affordable prices. Sustainable development aims at resilient systems of production, as well as on safer and more self-reliant cities. A self-reliant city provides basic infrastructure, keeping it into its ecological footprint. During the search for alternatives for more sustainable cities planning, the concept of urban agriculture (UA) was identified, more specifically backyard food production. Home food gardens, considered to be one of the oldest ways of producing food, seem to be UA’s most successful strategy to increase family food security, besides providing a number of added benefits. This way, the main goal of this research is contributing to a better understanding on how residential food gardens can constitute a strategy to increase food security in cities, particularly in urban areas and small towns aiming a higher degree of sustainability. For the development of this study, two specific research strategies were used: literature review and case study. The research was carried out in three steps: comprehension, development and reflection. In the comprehension step, a literature review was made in order to better understand the subject and to look for subsidies for the following steps. In the development step, an exploratory study on the object of study was made. The object of study was the municipality of Feliz (RS), where the goal was to evaluate in what extent residential food gardens could supply a family’s necessities of food and what other benefits it could provide to urban inhabitants, and, on a second stage, a methodology was developed to assess the potential of the area of study with regard to food self-reliance. In the reflection step, the results of the research and theoretical contributions were presented. In addition, a sample of home food gardens were identified and analyzed, and showed that there are already various good initiatives aiming at food self-reliance in the area of study, being as well identified the availability of potential plots for expanding urban agriculture in the municipality’s area.

Předložená diplomová práce byla zpracována s cílem vytvořit přehled poznatků v oblasti akvaponické potravinové produkce. Informace získané během tvorby tohoto přehledu pak měly vést, v kombinaci s daty získanými z funkčního provozu, k vytvoření matematického modelu akvaponického cyklu. Na akvaponické farmě provozované společností Flenexa plus s.r.o., která byla zdrojem potřebných procesních dat, měla být dále zpracována a vyhodnocena bilance energie a vody. Nakonec měla být v průběhu práce posouzena možnost implementace mikrořasového fotobioreaktoru do akvaponického cyklu. Úvod práce představuje motivaci vedoucí k potřebě inovovat dnešní potravinovou produkci. Kriticky jsou zhodnoceny predikce vývoje lidské populace, a to pak hlavně z pohledu dopadu, který by tento růst měl na zemědělskou produkci. Současná situace se na základě získaných poznatků ukazuje jako neudržitelná, primárně pak v oblastech vodohospodářství a energetické spotřeby. Následně je jako možné řešení vedoucí ke zlepšení udržitelnosti potravinové produkce zkoumána akvaponie. Akvaponie je definována a její jednotlivé komponenty jsou představeny z hlediska mechanismu jejich fungování a z pohledu jejich návrhu. Mezi popsané oblasti patří například principy tzv. coupled a decoupled akvaponie a popis možných typů hydroponického komponentu. V této části práce je pozornost věnována také představení cyklů jednotlivých živin v rámci akvaponie. Následující a poslední teoretická část práce je pak věnována mikrořasovému fotobioreaktoru. Jsou zde popsány mechanismy, jak motivující, tak odrazující od zakomponování bioreaktoru do akvaponie. V oblasti výhod se jedná hlavně o jeho roli ve stabilizaci pH a spotřebě toxikého amoniaku. Na druhou stranu jeho ekonomické dopady na profitabilitu akvaponie jsou velmi proměnlivé v závislosti na způsobu implementace. Samotný mikrořasový fotobioreaktor je pak v práci detailněji představen. Jednotlivé procesní ukazatele ovlivňující růst řas jsou rozebrány, a to společně s jednotlivými typy fotobioreaktoru, metodami sklizně a využitími pro vyprodukované mikrořasy. Na základě poznatků schromážděných v této práci pak lze jako nejvhodnější k implementaci do akvaponie doporučit hybridní fotobioreaktory, u kterých je většina osvětlení zajištěna v podobě slunečního svitu. Samotná experimentální část práce pak začíná popisem zkoumaného provozu společnosti Flenexa plus s.r.o. z pohledu aplikovaného akvaponického procesu. Jednotka podrobená měření byla provozně stabilní a využívala implementace hydroponického komponentu typu Deep Water Culture (DWC). Spolu s detailním popisem celého provozu jsou poskytnuty a vyhodnoceny vypracované bilance vody a energií. Pozornost je pak přesunuta k matematickým modelům vypracovaným a ověřeným na základě dat a poznatků shromážděných z provozu společnosti Felenexa plus s.r.o. Logika a algoritmy, na kterých jsou oba modely postaveny, jsou v této části vysvětleny a diskutovány společně s hlavními funkcemi a schopnostmi obou modelů. První, primárně statistický model je představen jako nástroj pro použití při uvádění akvaponie do provozu. Druhý, fyzikální model pak v uživatelsky přívětivém formátu představuje základ pro model řízení akvaponické farmy s mikrořasovým fotobioreaktorem. V neposlední řadě jsou nastíněny také cesty možného budoucího vývoje pro oba vytvořené modely. Práce je následně završena shrnutím a diskusí nad poznatky a výstupy získanými během celého tvůrčího procesu.

Many of the world’s children, particularly those living in developing countries, subsist on diets that seldom vary and often do not allow for an adequate intake of the complete range of nutrients required for healthy living. Of concern is the absence of regular consumption of fresh vegetables and fruit that provide vitamin A which, if deficient, impairs children’s growth and development. In South Africa about 21% of children under the age of six years attend crèche facilities on a daily basis. The nutritional state of meals provided to children at many crèches tends to lack micronutrients, particularly vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency is the main nutritional problem facing crèche children in South Africa today. Underlying causes are unsatisfactory diets restricted in variety and minimal knowledge of optimal dietary practices, a situation exacerbated by a high incidence of food insecurity. Limpopo is a province seriously affected by vitamin A deficiency. A South African study, based on a quantitative research paradigm, was undertaken (April-September 2007) in Thulamela municipality with the aim of developing and implementing nutrition strategies to improve crèche children’s consumption of vitamin A-rich vegetables and fruit, as advocated by an officially recognised food-based dietary guideline. Through convenience sampling, 100 caregivers from 20 crèches in the study area responded to questionnaires and participated in a game. Ongoing observation continued. Information about the participants, their nutrition knowledge and the meals provided was collected following the triple-A cycle approach (assessment, analysis and action). The research process was structured in three phases. Phase one involved a situational assessment and analysis that provided baseline information. Limitations contributing to the problem under investigation were identified and data showed that the children’s intake of vitamin A from vegetables and fruit at crèches was low. This was found to be due to a lack of knowledge and information about vitamin A, coupled with the unavailability and inaccessibility of food primarily due to non-production and affordability. Food preparation, storage and preservation also posed challenges to caregivers. Using evidence from documented studies and the findings from phase one, nutrition strategies were developed and implemented in phase two. Caregivers were shown how to increase the availability and use of foods rich in vitamin A and were encouraged to grow, and use, both cultivated and non-cultivated vitamin A-rich vegetables and fruit. Furthermore, the concept of the food-based dietary guideline “eat plenty of vegetables and fruits everyday” was introduced to the caregivers and became part of the developed nutrition strategies. Follow-up data collected in phase three showed substantial advancement in caregivers’ knowledge and skills. Access, availability and utilisation of vitamin A-rich vegetables and fruit had improved markedly. Flourishing vegetable gardens, planned menus and well prepared meals were concrete evidence, and vegetables and fruit were more frequently served to children. Implementation of the developed nutrition strategies epitomised the envisaged outcome of this study. Based on the research results, important recommendations are made to enhance the appropriate consumption of vegetables and fruit rich in vitamin A, leading to a reduction in disease and death caused by vitamin A deficiency among children. / Dissertation (MConsumer Science)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Consumer Science / unrestricted

At present, it is focused either on aquaculture or agriculture. Those who focus on aquaculture or Recirculating Aquaponics System (RAS) receive a by-product of ammonia, which is then cleaned and the water either goes back to the fish or it is not cleaned at all and as they do in the salmon farms for example they let it sink to the bottom which creates eutrophication and major problems among the marine. Those who focus on agriculture use colossal amounts of land and outdoor areas for cultivation. Most of them use chicken manure and huge amounts of pesticides for the plants to be optimal. Another alternative is that you can use aquaponics, which is a kind of ecosystem where fish and plants live and thrive on each other's residual products. The fish produce ammonia in the fish tank which eventually makes the water uninhabitable and instead of having a cleaning pump in the fish tank, the water is sent to the cultivation bed where the plants pick up the nutrients and clean the water in turn so that the water can be pumped back to the fish tank. This system makes it possible to produce both fish and plants in an optimized and safe system. Aquaponics is advantageous in that it utilizes the by-product of the fish and gives it to the plants. Where ammonia is the fish’s residual product that turns into nitrite and then to nitrate and it is precisely nitrate that the plants use as nutrition, in turn, they purify the water that goes back into the fish tanks, which gives a closed cycle. At present, aquaponics has not been able to impact on a large scale more than in a few places, partly because there is ignorance of how it works and partly because it requires technical knowledge of how to build a functioning system together. The project goal that we strive for is to get a PlugNPlay solution that enables people who want to invest in aquaponics, but do not have the technical knowledge to compile a functioning optimal system. The project group will also compare different farming methods and make measurements on which medium is the best to grow in, but also what kind of food that works to grow in an efficient way. / I dagsläget fokuseras det antingen på vattenbruk eller på jordbruk. De som fokuserar på vattenbruk eller Recirkulerande Akvaponiska System (RAS) får en biprodukt bestående av ammoniak, som sedan rengörs och vattnet går antingen tillbaka till fiskarna eller så rengörs det inte alls och som de gör i till exempel laxodlingarna, de låter det sjunka till bottnen vilket skapar övergödning och stora problem bland det marina. De som fokuserar på jordbruk använder kolossala mängder av jord och ytor utomhus för att kunna odla. De flesta använder sig av hönsgödsel och enorma mängder bekämpningsmedel för att plantorna ska bli optimala. Ett annat alternativ är att man kan använda sig av akvaponik som är ett sorts ekosystem där fiskar och växter lever och frodas på varandras restprodukter. Fiskarna producerar ammoniak i fisktanken som gör så att vattnet till slut blir obeboeligt och istället för att ha en rengöringspump i fisktanken så skickas vattnet över till odlingsbädden där växterna plockar upp näringen och rengör vattnet i sin tur så att vattnet sedan kan pumpas tillbaka till fisktanken. Detta system gör det möjligt att producera både fisk och växter i ett optimerat och säkert system. Akvaponik är fördelaktigt i den mån att den utnyttjar biprodukten ifrån fiskarna och ger denna till växterna. Där ammoniak är fiskens restprodukt som blir till nitrit och sedan till nitrat och det är just nitrat som växterna använder som näring, i sin tur så renar de vattnet som går tillbaka in till fisktankarna vilket ger ett slutet kretslopp. Akvaponiken har i dagsläget inte slagit igenom storskaligt mer än på ett fåtal platser, dels för att det finns okunskap om hur det fungerar dels för att det krävs teknisk kunskap om hur man bygger ihop ett fungerande system. Projektmålet som vi strävar efter är att få till en PlugNPlay lösning som gör det möjligt för människor som vill satsa på akvaponik men inte har den tekniska kunskapen att sammanställa ett fungerande optimalt system. Projektgruppen kommer även att jämföra olika odlingssätt och göra mätningar på vilket medium som är bäst att odla i men även vilken sorts mat som fungerar att odla på ett effektivt sätt.

Abstract The management and handling of organic waste in primarily low-income developing cities, due to high urbanization has become a global problem. The main form of waste handling in these cities are landfilling, due to it being the cheapest and easiest option. Not only are nutrients wasted, but landfills of mixed waste create strong emission of greenhouse gasses and a leachate that affects groundwater quality. This major problem in addition to a higher demand for food due to the increase of the world population leaves us two problems to solve; to handle waste and produce food. The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) and its larvae can solve both of these problems in one. The organic waste is fed to the fly larvae and the larvae produce biomass (larval weight) and a residue similar to un-mature compost. The larvae can then be fed live to animals or made into pellets to feed animals such as fish, and the residue can be used as fertilizer. However, in order for the larvae to be able to be extruded into pellets or fed live to ex. hens, an optimal protein and fat content of the larvae is needed. A higher protein and lower fat content of the larvae is optimal for both pellet production and to feed to animals. It has previously been found that an inclusion of mussels can lower the fat content and increase the protein content of the larvae. In this article, different amounts of mussels are included in the larvae diet apart from bread and cabbage to see if it has an effect on the compost process efficiency. The experiment is done by larvae being added to different ratios of bread: cabbage: mussels. The larvae are then harvested and process efficiency parameters; BCE (biomass conversion efficiency), survival percentage, material reduction and respiration are calculated. It was found that mussel inclusion was equivalent to a higher feeding load per larva. The BCE of the treatment with a higher feeding load and the treatment with the highest mussel inclusion were the same, meaning that mussel inclusion is equivalent to a diet with high amounts of carbohydrates. Mussel inclusion in the larva diet seems to be beneficial from a BCE standpoint and suits as a substrate as pH and survival was not negatively affected by the mussels.

As the Stockholm Slaughterhouse district is being examined for future redevelopment to include mixed-use housing, this project explores new possibilities and relationships dealing with current issues surrounding food and its presence in the city by combining those two prime functions. / Stockholms stad planerar att utveckla Slakthusområdet från ett renodlat verksamhetsområde till att bli en stadsdel med blandad bebyggelse. I det här examensarbetet undersöker jag möjligheterna att inkludera matproduktion och distribution I ett bostadsområde genom att skapa utrymme för boende och matproduktion inom samma byggnad.

This paper analyses the EU’s European Green Deal and the changes to Food production it seeks to implement in its Farm to Fork Strategy, introduced in 2019. Attempting to establish whether or not it will enable them to succeed in meeting their goal of a 55% reduction of Green House Gas Emissions by 2030. The analysis on the EU’s food production system is done using a theory which looks at the production efficiency, the shift of diets and the reduction of food waste that the strategy seeks to implement. Arguing that specific shifts in these categories must be made if the EU’s climate goals are to be met. This is then compared to the actual policies implemented in the Farm to Fork Strategy. The thesis concludes that, while the EU succeeds in its food waste preventions as well as some aspects of its production efficiency, it is lacking in its strategy regarding shifting diets and that, in order to meet its climate goals, substantial shifts will need to be made in this category.