This study aims to advance the understanding of Digital Opportunity Trust’s (DOT) value proposition by characterizing the ‘modus operandi’ and to develop a method to explore the impact of entrepreneurship in the developing (or under-developed) regions of the world undertaken by Digital Opportunity Trust. DOT is an initiative to help reduce poverty, and to achieve greater social and economic stability by empowering people with skills and knowledge by utilizing new technologies in their communities. Prior research suggests the adaptation of ‘Information and Communication Technology’(ICT) and technological advancement as a means of addressing 500 million people worldwide, those residing at the ‘bottom of the pyramid’ (Prahalad, 2005) for an effective social transformation. “Digital Opportunity Trust (DOT)” is one of the not-for-profit (NFP) / non-governmental organizations (NGO), which strives to accomplish this goal by blending ‘entrepreneurial’ education with ‘corporate social responsibility’ to foster new ventures that use digital communications technology. DOT is operating in eleven (11) countries for more than eight (8) years now, rendering it important to validate and evaluate the extent to which Information and Communication Technology ICT allows people in poor communities to exchange knowledge, and to compete with new enterprise. Personal interviews (Case Study Methodology) with DOT’s executives, staff, interns and contractors were arranged to gather insightful information and to characterize the value proposition. The aim is to gather estimates of achievement for each of the defining attributes (‘as things are’ to reflect present achievement and ‘as things could be’ to reflect how far the attribute might be ‘pushed’). While it must be the responsibility of DOT’s leaders to articulate formally its value proposition, evidence gathered in this case study points in possible directions. For example, DOT’s value proposition is based on a humanitarian goal and a win-win situation that benefits the people of underdeveloped regions as well as DOT itself. DOT does not merely advance monetary aid to the poor regions of the world; rather it creates a model of economical sustainability. It empowers people by imparting technical prowess and training to them. This not only keeps them abreast of the whole world, but also helps improve their quality of life. DOT provides technological initiatives and programs in developing areas, while adhering effectively to accountability structure. Multinational companies and not-for-profit organizations can gain useful and practical knowledge from DOT’s experience. DOT brings an edge to entrepreneurship by advocating productivity and skill, especially in technological fields. The poor man’s plight turns into a healthy, industrious skill. An emerging paradigm for creating shared value suggests that this is precisely the model worldwide corporations should invest in and apply in these ever-challenging economic times.

This study aims to advance the understanding of Digital Opportunity Trust’s (DOT) value proposition by characterizing the ‘modus operandi’ and to develop a method to explore the impact of entrepreneurship in the developing (or under-developed) regions of the world undertaken by Digital Opportunity Trust. DOT is an initiative to help reduce poverty, and to achieve greater social and economic stability by empowering people with skills and knowledge by utilizing new technologies in their communities. Prior research suggests the adaptation of ‘Information and Communication Technology’(ICT) and technological advancement as a means of addressing 500 million people worldwide, those residing at the ‘bottom of the pyramid’ (Prahalad, 2005) for an effective social transformation. “Digital Opportunity Trust (DOT)” is one of the not-for-profit (NFP) / non-governmental organizations (NGO), which strives to accomplish this goal by blending ‘entrepreneurial’ education with ‘corporate social responsibility’ to foster new ventures that use digital communications technology. DOT is operating in eleven (11) countries for more than eight (8) years now, rendering it important to validate and evaluate the extent to which Information and Communication Technology ICT allows people in poor communities to exchange knowledge, and to compete with new enterprise. Personal interviews (Case Study Methodology) with DOT’s executives, staff, interns and contractors were arranged to gather insightful information and to characterize the value proposition. The aim is to gather estimates of achievement for each of the defining attributes (‘as things are’ to reflect present achievement and ‘as things could be’ to reflect how far the attribute might be ‘pushed’). While it must be the responsibility of DOT’s leaders to articulate formally its value proposition, evidence gathered in this case study points in possible directions. For example, DOT’s value proposition is based on a humanitarian goal and a win-win situation that benefits the people of underdeveloped regions as well as DOT itself. DOT does not merely advance monetary aid to the poor regions of the world; rather it creates a model of economical sustainability. It empowers people by imparting technical prowess and training to them. This not only keeps them abreast of the whole world, but also helps improve their quality of life. DOT provides technological initiatives and programs in developing areas, while adhering effectively to accountability structure. Multinational companies and not-for-profit organizations can gain useful and practical knowledge from DOT’s experience. DOT brings an edge to entrepreneurship by advocating productivity and skill, especially in technological fields. The poor man’s plight turns into a healthy, industrious skill. An emerging paradigm for creating shared value suggests that this is precisely the model worldwide corporations should invest in and apply in these ever-challenging economic times.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 guilhermesanchesturma2003.pdf.jpg: 18091 bytes, checksum: fc3161dc0ad5e4fd3a746921dbea5095 (MD5) guilhermesanchesturma2003.pdf: 311787 bytes, checksum: 4f7eeecb22b5945b99a72be3bb9bde39 (MD5) guilhermesanchesturma2003.pdf.txt: 92492 bytes, checksum: 411ad5e61d1c0024cd2009325a3bfd28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-17T00:00:00Z / O trabalho ora apresentado busca elaborar um roteiro analítico para a estruturação de um modelo de governança corporativa particularmente em firmas sem fins lucrativos. Tal roteiro, elaborado com base em instrumental teórico, é ilustrado por meio da Teoria da Agência. Procura-se acrescentar à determinação das figuras de Agente e Principal a determinação dos outros stakeholders que influenciam a governança das firmas. Mostram-se as características que diferenciam as firmas presentes nos três setores da economia, a saber, firmas privadas com fins privados, firmas públicas com fins públicos e finalmente firmas privadas com fins públicos. Devido às características mais complexas das firmas sem fins lucrativos no âmbito da governança, baseamo-nos no modelo de Glaeser como referência central. Além do framework descrito e analisado, propomos uma agenda de estudos para o Brasil regulamentar melhor as firmas do Terceiro Setor. / This paper seeks to elaborate an analytical framework for the study of a firm governance model, particularly a non-profit one. The framework is based on Agency Theory concepts and considers the influence of other possible stakeholders beside the Principal-Agent figures. This work also explores some main and specific characteristics of the firms in the sectors of the economy, i.e., private for profit firms, estate owned firms (either for profit or not) and finally private not-for-profit firms. Given the more complex characteristics of the governance system for non-profit firms, the Glaeser governance model is used as the central reference. In addition to the suggested analytical framework, I propose an agenda for research and studies in the Brazilian environment in order to better rule the domestic third sector.

O presente trabalho tem por tema o crescimento do ensino superior brasileiro que vem ocorrendo desde o final da década de 1990, impulsionado pela crescente participação de instituições de ensino superior (IES) privadas com fins lucrativos. A partir da realidade do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, procurou-se investigar como se inserem essas instituições com fins lucrativos no mercado educacional brasileiro. Essas instituições se inserem num mercado em concorrência com instituições públicas com oferta de ensino gratuita e instituições privadas sem fins lucrativos. O objetivo principal foi investigar como surgiram e com que diferenciais de atuação se apresentam as IES lucrativas. Utilizou-se para análise o referencial da teoria dos sistemas de Niklas Luhmann, que permite observar as instituições como sistemas organizacionais que tem por meio de decisões sua forma de produção e reprodução. Os métodos empregados para a compreensão do processo de expansão e as estratégias das instituições foram a análise de dados disponíveis nos bancos de dados oficiais (INEP, e-MEC) e documentos disponíveis das instituições. Pode-se constatar ao longo do estudo que há diferentes origens e formas de atuação das instituições com fins lucrativos, grupos de instituições com estratégias distintas, desde a especialização em uma área de atuação até grupos de instituições que atuam nacional ou internacionalmente. Por fim, o trabalho permitiu perceber a diversidade do ensino superior com fins lucrativos no Rio Grande do Sul e entender como essas organizações observam a si mesmas e como atuam no ambiente do mercado educacional para garantir a sua existência. / This work is about the growth of the Brazilian higher education that has been occurring since the late 1990s, driven by the increasing participation of for-profit higher education institutions. From the reality of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, we sought to investigate how fit the for-profit institutions in the Brazilian education market. These institutions are part of a market in competition with public institutions that offer free education and private non-profit institutions. The main objective was to investigate how and which are the differential of the for-profit institutions of higher education. Was used to analyze the theory of Niklas Luhmann, allowing to observe the institutions as organizational systems that have through their decisions their form of production and reproduction. The methods employed for understanding the process of expansion and strategies of institutions were the analysis of data available in official databases (INEP , e-MEC) and available documents of the institutions . Can be seen throughout the study different backgrounds and ways of working of for-profit institutions, groups of institutions with different strategies, from specialization in one area of activity to groups of institutions that operate nationally or internationally. Finally, the work allowed us to understand the diversity of for profit higher education in Rio Grande do Sul and understand how these organizations observe themselves and how they act in the educational market environment to ensure their existence.

O presente trabalho tem por tema o crescimento do ensino superior brasileiro que vem ocorrendo desde o final da década de 1990, impulsionado pela crescente participação de instituições de ensino superior (IES) privadas com fins lucrativos. A partir da realidade do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, procurou-se investigar como se inserem essas instituições com fins lucrativos no mercado educacional brasileiro. Essas instituições se inserem num mercado em concorrência com instituições públicas com oferta de ensino gratuita e instituições privadas sem fins lucrativos. O objetivo principal foi investigar como surgiram e com que diferenciais de atuação se apresentam as IES lucrativas. Utilizou-se para análise o referencial da teoria dos sistemas de Niklas Luhmann, que permite observar as instituições como sistemas organizacionais que tem por meio de decisões sua forma de produção e reprodução. Os métodos empregados para a compreensão do processo de expansão e as estratégias das instituições foram a análise de dados disponíveis nos bancos de dados oficiais (INEP, e-MEC) e documentos disponíveis das instituições. Pode-se constatar ao longo do estudo que há diferentes origens e formas de atuação das instituições com fins lucrativos, grupos de instituições com estratégias distintas, desde a especialização em uma área de atuação até grupos de instituições que atuam nacional ou internacionalmente. Por fim, o trabalho permitiu perceber a diversidade do ensino superior com fins lucrativos no Rio Grande do Sul e entender como essas organizações observam a si mesmas e como atuam no ambiente do mercado educacional para garantir a sua existência. / This work is about the growth of the Brazilian higher education that has been occurring since the late 1990s, driven by the increasing participation of for-profit higher education institutions. From the reality of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, we sought to investigate how fit the for-profit institutions in the Brazilian education market. These institutions are part of a market in competition with public institutions that offer free education and private non-profit institutions. The main objective was to investigate how and which are the differential of the for-profit institutions of higher education. Was used to analyze the theory of Niklas Luhmann, allowing to observe the institutions as organizational systems that have through their decisions their form of production and reproduction. The methods employed for understanding the process of expansion and strategies of institutions were the analysis of data available in official databases (INEP , e-MEC) and available documents of the institutions . Can be seen throughout the study different backgrounds and ways of working of for-profit institutions, groups of institutions with different strategies, from specialization in one area of activity to groups of institutions that operate nationally or internationally. Finally, the work allowed us to understand the diversity of for profit higher education in Rio Grande do Sul and understand how these organizations observe themselves and how they act in the educational market environment to ensure their existence.

O presente trabalho tem por tema o crescimento do ensino superior brasileiro que vem ocorrendo desde o final da década de 1990, impulsionado pela crescente participação de instituições de ensino superior (IES) privadas com fins lucrativos. A partir da realidade do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, procurou-se investigar como se inserem essas instituições com fins lucrativos no mercado educacional brasileiro. Essas instituições se inserem num mercado em concorrência com instituições públicas com oferta de ensino gratuita e instituições privadas sem fins lucrativos. O objetivo principal foi investigar como surgiram e com que diferenciais de atuação se apresentam as IES lucrativas. Utilizou-se para análise o referencial da teoria dos sistemas de Niklas Luhmann, que permite observar as instituições como sistemas organizacionais que tem por meio de decisões sua forma de produção e reprodução. Os métodos empregados para a compreensão do processo de expansão e as estratégias das instituições foram a análise de dados disponíveis nos bancos de dados oficiais (INEP, e-MEC) e documentos disponíveis das instituições. Pode-se constatar ao longo do estudo que há diferentes origens e formas de atuação das instituições com fins lucrativos, grupos de instituições com estratégias distintas, desde a especialização em uma área de atuação até grupos de instituições que atuam nacional ou internacionalmente. Por fim, o trabalho permitiu perceber a diversidade do ensino superior com fins lucrativos no Rio Grande do Sul e entender como essas organizações observam a si mesmas e como atuam no ambiente do mercado educacional para garantir a sua existência. / This work is about the growth of the Brazilian higher education that has been occurring since the late 1990s, driven by the increasing participation of for-profit higher education institutions. From the reality of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, we sought to investigate how fit the for-profit institutions in the Brazilian education market. These institutions are part of a market in competition with public institutions that offer free education and private non-profit institutions. The main objective was to investigate how and which are the differential of the for-profit institutions of higher education. Was used to analyze the theory of Niklas Luhmann, allowing to observe the institutions as organizational systems that have through their decisions their form of production and reproduction. The methods employed for understanding the process of expansion and strategies of institutions were the analysis of data available in official databases (INEP , e-MEC) and available documents of the institutions . Can be seen throughout the study different backgrounds and ways of working of for-profit institutions, groups of institutions with different strategies, from specialization in one area of activity to groups of institutions that operate nationally or internationally. Finally, the work allowed us to understand the diversity of for profit higher education in Rio Grande do Sul and understand how these organizations observe themselves and how they act in the educational market environment to ensure their existence.

Diploma thesis "The Interest Group the Union of Cities, Towns and Communities of the Czech Republic in the Process of Public Policy in the Czech Republic" is a deeper analysis of one of the important interest groups associating cities, towns and communities in the Czech public space, the Union of Cities, Towns and Communities of the Czech Republic. Activities of the Union and its contribution to the Czech public policy are in depth analyzed against a background of social movements and the theory of interest groups. The Union is assessed from the perspective of its history, types of interest groups and resources it manages (namely the membership base, financial means and means of public policy lobbying). The analysis indicates that the negative image that lobbying has in the Czech Republic needs not necessarily be fair. As an organization addressing peer groups, yet defending public interests due to the fact that the Union's members are as a part of public administration municipalities, the Union advocates those things that finally bring positive effects to lives of all citizens in the Czech Republic. In relation to challenges the Union currently faces the thesis covers also a case study of emergence of Sdružení místních samospráv. This Association of Local Governments that pursuant to the amended...

Immigration is a topic that plays an important role in American society, it manages to capture both the general public as well as the political world. Especially in the United States of America, it is a very complex issue that affects a large number of sectors which is why a specific area has been selected for this thesis in order to narrow the researched field and provide detailed information. The thesis seeks to analyze the situation in immigration detention facilities throughout the U.S. with regard to basic human rights violations. For this reason, the thesis focuses on international humanitarian law and the Constitution of the United States, which should protect both legal and illegal immigrants, however, their non-compliance is one of the main points interconnecting all chapters of this paper. Due to the availability of resources and greater relevance this paper focuses on the situation of the last 15 years (namely from 2008 onwards) and attaches great importance to the final 3-4 years and the administration of Donald Trump. The thesis finds repeated and long-term violations of domestic and international law concerning human rights as well as the rights of asylum seekers and shows wrongful criminalization and dehumanization of immigrants (documented and undocumented). Furthermore, the thesis...

Prison privatization is a hotly debated topic in the United States that has its place in the political agendas of both political parties and generates opinion by various public interest groups. United States has the biggest prison population in the world caused by the harsh sentencing policies that were implemented in the 1980s. California has had the largest criminal justice system in the nation until it was very recently surpassed by Texas. The state of California has been fighting with the overcrowding crisis for three decades. It began contracting out with private prison companies for the management of its prisons in hope it would ease the situation in state prison system that operated at double of its designed capacity. This thesis is a case study that concerns itself with the prison privatization in the state of California. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate whether contracting with private prisons helped California to solve its overcrowding crisis and whether privately-run prison are a good choice that benefits California society. This goal will be achieved by evaluating existing experience with the private prisons in California's context.

The purpose of this study was to adapt a strategic management model for use in not-for-profit organisations in Namibia. Such organisations are facing increasingly turbulent environments and strategic management has been useful for allowing them to adapt better and to remain sustainable. Not-for-profit organisations, also known as the third sector, make a significant economic contribution; a contribution which, in Namibia, amounted to 2.1% of GDP in 2015/16. However, not-for-profit organisations are largely reliant on donor funding. In Namibia, such funding has declined by 33% since 2010, accounting for just 6% of total health expenditure in 2014/15. A triangular approach to strategic management, with a strategic focus on financial sustainability, programme sustainability and people sustainability, is deemed to be the most effective way to address sustainability in not-for-profit organisations. Accordingly, a qualitative study was undertaken to investigate the way in which not-for-profit organisations that receive PEPFAR funding and operate in the field of HIV/AIDS in Namibia conduct their strategic management. A pragmatic research philosophy was followed with an abductive approach to theory development. The research strategy comprised a case study conducted within a cross-sectional time frame. Purposive sampling was used to identify the 12 research participants, with whom semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data were subsequently analysed using content and thematic analysis. The study concluded that not-for-profit organisations in Namibia carry out limited strategic management. The thematic analysis, however, showed relationships between strategic management and sustainability, strategic management and financial sustainability, strategic management and programme sustainability, and strategic management and people sustainability. A strategic management model was subsequently adapted for use in not-for-profit organisations in Namibia. This model covers the stages of strategic management, namely, the business mission, external and internal analyses, strategy formulation, programme formulation, implementation, as well as feedback and control. Additionally, the model addresses strategic management and the triangular sustainability of organisations in terms of financial, programme and people aspects, and presents the tools necessary for both external and internal analysis during strategy making. This study concludes that the use of this adapted model for strategic management will contribute to the sustainability of not-for-profit organisations in Namibia. / Business Management / D. Phil. (Management Sciences)