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This dissertation brings together a study of French and Arabic literature and the cultural history of post-independence Lebanon (1943—1975). It is intended first as a contribution to post-colonial criticism and historical literature on decolonization. Second, as a contribution to literary and historical research on multilingualism, as it undergoes various changes to recover “sub-national” narratives, gestures and behaviours that subvert ideas about homogenous national identities. It begins with a set of questions about language: in the context of multi-ethnic and multi-religious societies, such as Lebanon, what is the place of language in configurations of diversity, and what is its relationship with religion? What relationships do minorities seek or preserve with the national language at or after decolonization, and how does this affect their relationship with the state? Why do some collectives assert linguistic homogeneity and why do others promote more room? Finally, can language acquire indigeneity? While multilingualism in modern-day Lebanon is a wide-spread social practice, it is far from simple. I argue that in the aftermath of independence in 1943, a forgotten and eventually failed project of bilingualism was promoted by a conservative, nationalist and mainly Christian Maronite network of intellectuals, writers and academics attached to the Francophone university in Beirut. The project raised red flags for partisans of Arabic in Lebanon who argued that bilingualism was nothing more than a conceptual “fig leaf” for maintaining a colonial tie with France as well as an established cultural and political status quo that worked in favor of Lebanon’s Maronites. The project therefore failed to be adopted by a wider, national collective. Well before the start of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975, the project was dropped even by those who had initially rallied to its cause. This work analyzes bilingualism at the encounter of literature, law and the social sciences, both as disciplinary approaches and respective local discourses. In this way, I examine how descriptive, prescriptive and imaginary genres converge in the discourse of nation-building. Through a constellation of readings of debates over the place of bilingualism in legal education, cultural anthropology, and the literary field, and a close reading of French and Arabic literary works, this study asks how the strategic use of language by newly independent citizens casts a light on bilingualism as a multidimensional social and discursive reality and not a purely linguist or literary phenomenon as is often considered. My theoretical point of departure, therefore, is to study how language can play a role in constructing a knowledge-based discourse that incorporates law, literature, and the social sciences. There are two crucial aspects of this story that run throughout the histories and texts I engage with in this project. The first is that the project of bilingualism was part of a wider interest in making national identity defined by bilingualism. In so doing, it diluted the radical alterity nominally attached to multilingualism in the national setting. Yet the bilingual project might also be considered a radical one. In part, it setting out to enforce the re-signification of bilingualism in a postcolonial era, it sought, to an extent, to attenuate the centrality of the confessional structures of state. The project therefore draws our attention to the kinds of thought experiments that developed in the process of decolonization and the early years of the Cold War, a mode of creative thinking that was dropped and replaced by more hegemonic structures. But its failure indicates why, when this idea was deployed, it became the price to pay for the expected unity of the national collective. Ultimately, the bilingual project was vulnerable to critique and the failure of its re-signification was due to it being slated as an elite postcolonial project legitimizing Christian power in “cultural” terms. A second crucial aspect of this story is that the project, while representing a failure, is nevertheless conceptually critical for several reasons. This project of linguistic diversity engendered a new politics of interpretation of text and society that led intellectuals, academics, writers and politicians to articulate the cultural stakes of the new nation-state. Indeed what we risk missing in the representation of bilingualism —as elite, conservative, confessional and colonial— is that the project generated a culture of textual critique based on the language of diversity and difference in law, the social sciences and literature. The bilingual project demonstrates the extent to which the disciplines of law, social sciences and literature in Lebanon co-constituted one another after independence. The failure of bilingualism therefore produced new forms of cultural knowledge, and is a small but important feature of post-independence Lebanon.

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published_or_final_version / abstract / English / Master / Master of Arts

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Estudos linguísticos apontam que todas as línguas sofrem influência e se modificam com o contato com práticas linguísticas de diferentes grupos humanos. Além das palavras que são criadas pela necessidade do dia-a-dia, os produtos consumidos na sociedade, de modo geral, trazem junto a si palavras em línguas estrangeiras que passam a ser utilizadas diariamente em quase todas as regiões do planeta. Dessa forma, é inevitável que vocábulos estrangeiros façam parte da produção escrita e oral da sociedade e que o fenômeno da incorporação de lexias de língua inglesa, em especial, pareça cada vez mais frequente nos meios de comunicação de massa. Assim, esta pesquisa procura examinar a presença do processo linguístico conhecido por estrangeirismo, a luz dos estudos de Alves (2007), Barbosa (1981) e Basílio (1987), com foco na incidência de anglicismos nas práticas de escrita da mídia impressa da região da Serra Gaúcha. Para a análise de quais lexias fazem parte do uso cotidiano da língua inglesa nas práticas de escrita do maior jornal impresso dessa região, foram selecionados textos presentes nas Capas e Contracapas e nas seções Cidade-Caxias, Região-Cidades-Cotidiano e Sete Dias-Comportamento de doze edições dos anos 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 e 2015, totalizando sessenta exemplares do jornal Pioneiro. Este estudo revela que o uso de anglicismos pelo jornal Pioneiro, nas seções analisadas, foi constante nos anos pesquisados, sendo possível observar o aumento de incidências de 1995 até 2005. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-11-23T16:33:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mayra Moreira.pdf: 5301236 bytes, checksum: 1ac0c63b8e491eefb95bcf94d3156f00 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-23T16:33:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mayra Moreira.pdf: 5301236 bytes, checksum: 1ac0c63b8e491eefb95bcf94d3156f00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-23 / Linguistic studies indicate that all languages suffer influence and change with the contact with the linguistic practices of different human groups. In addition to the words that are created by the needs of the day-by-day, goods consumed by society, in general, bring along words in foreign languages that are daily used in almost all regions of the planet. In this way, it is unavoidable that foreign words take part of the written and oral production of society and that the phenomenon of the incorporation of English lexicon, in particular, seems increasingly common in the mass media. Thus, this research looks for the presence of the linguistic process known as foreignness, based on Alves (2007), Barbosa (1981) and Basílio (1987) studies, focusing on the incidence of anglicisms in the practices of the print media in the region of Serra Gaucha. For the analysis of which words are part of the English language daily used in the writing practices in the largest printed newspaper of this region, were selected texts present in texts from Capas and Contracapas and from the sections: Cidade-Caxias, Região-Cidades-Cotidiano and Sete Dias-Comportamento. This corpus was taken from twelve editions of the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015, totalizing sixty copies of the Pioneiro newspaper. This study reveals that the use of anglicisms by Pioneiro newspaper, in the analyzed sections, was constant in the researched years. It is also possible to observe the incidence increasing from 1995 to 2005.

Estudos linguísticos apontam que todas as línguas sofrem influência e se modificam com o contato com práticas linguísticas de diferentes grupos humanos. Além das palavras que são criadas pela necessidade do dia-a-dia, os produtos consumidos na sociedade, de modo geral, trazem junto a si palavras em línguas estrangeiras que passam a ser utilizadas diariamente em quase todas as regiões do planeta. Dessa forma, é inevitável que vocábulos estrangeiros façam parte da produção escrita e oral da sociedade e que o fenômeno da incorporação de lexias de língua inglesa, em especial, pareça cada vez mais frequente nos meios de comunicação de massa. Assim, esta pesquisa procura examinar a presença do processo linguístico conhecido por estrangeirismo, a luz dos estudos de Alves (2007), Barbosa (1981) e Basílio (1987), com foco na incidência de anglicismos nas práticas de escrita da mídia impressa da região da Serra Gaúcha. Para a análise de quais lexias fazem parte do uso cotidiano da língua inglesa nas práticas de escrita do maior jornal impresso dessa região, foram selecionados textos presentes nas Capas e Contracapas e nas seções Cidade-Caxias, Região-Cidades-Cotidiano e Sete Dias-Comportamento de doze edições dos anos 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 e 2015, totalizando sessenta exemplares do jornal Pioneiro. Este estudo revela que o uso de anglicismos pelo jornal Pioneiro, nas seções analisadas, foi constante nos anos pesquisados, sendo possível observar o aumento de incidências de 1995 até 2005. / Linguistic studies indicate that all languages suffer influence and change with the contact with the linguistic practices of different human groups. In addition to the words that are created by the needs of the day-by-day, goods consumed by society, in general, bring along words in foreign languages that are daily used in almost all regions of the planet. In this way, it is unavoidable that foreign words take part of the written and oral production of society and that the phenomenon of the incorporation of English lexicon, in particular, seems increasingly common in the mass media. Thus, this research looks for the presence of the linguistic process known as foreignness, based on Alves (2007), Barbosa (1981) and Basílio (1987) studies, focusing on the incidence of anglicisms in the practices of the print media in the region of Serra Gaucha. For the analysis of which words are part of the English language daily used in the writing practices in the largest printed newspaper of this region, were selected texts present in texts from Capas and Contracapas and from the sections: Cidade-Caxias, Região-Cidades-Cotidiano and Sete Dias-Comportamento. This corpus was taken from twelve editions of the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015, totalizing sixty copies of the Pioneiro newspaper. This study reveals that the use of anglicisms by Pioneiro newspaper, in the analyzed sections, was constant in the researched years. It is also possible to observe the incidence increasing from 1995 to 2005.

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The aim of this project is to propose a model for a private English language school in Greece with an emphasis on English for business purposes.