Šiame darbe yra analizuojama ginčo sprendimo organų jurisdikcija pagal 1982 m. JT Jūrų Teisės Konvenciją. Ši Konvencija nustato planetos jūrų ir vandenynų naudojimo teisinį rėžimą. Todėl, siekiant suderinti valstybių interesus ir pasiekti kiek įmanomą platesni Konvencijos pripažinimą, Konvencijos nuostatos dėl ginčo sprendimo procedūrų suteikia valstybėms laisvę rinktis pageidaujamas ginčo sprendinio procedūras ir platų spektrą pasirinkimo galimybių. Tačiau dėl šios aplinkybės Konvencijos nuostatos tapo labai sudėtingos ir apibrėžti ginčo sprendimo organų jurisdikciją tapo labai sudėtinga. Pirmiausia, Konvencijos nuostatos įtvirtina ginčo šalių savanoriško ginčo sprendimo prioritetą. Nepasiekus tokio sutarimo, pradeda veikti privalomos ginčo sprendimo procedūros, numatančios įpareigojančius sprendimus. Šiame darbe detaliai išanalizavus ginčo sprendimų procedūras, autorius konstatuoja, kad nors ir galima bendrais bruožais apibrėžti ginčo sprendimo organų jurisdikciją, tačiau tikslaus atsakymo dėl jurisdikcijos negalima pateikti abstrakčiai. Išvada, patvirtinanti darbo tezę yra tokia, kad į klausimą ar konkrečiu atveju atitinkamas teismas ar arbitražas turės jurisdikciją, gali atsakyti tik tas teismas ar arbitražas, išsamiai išnagrinėjęs visas bylos bei su bylos šalimis susijusias aplinkybes. / Present thesis aims to define jurisdiction of dispute settlement forums under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Convention embodies the regime-building conception for the two thirds of the planet, covered by the seas and oceans. Therefore in order to achieve high number of participating States in the Convention, it provides wide choice of dispute settlement procedures and freedom for the States Parties to choose their preferred means for dispute settlement. However this poses a problem of defining jurisdiction of the dispute settlement forums for the disputes under the Convention. First, it should be noted, the provisions of the Convention reflects the underlying view, that voluntary resolution of disputes are preferred. Where no such resolution has been reached, compulsory procedures, entailing binding decisions comes into play. Although the provisions of the Convention provides the framework to establish jurisdiction of the dispute settlement forum, the question whether the particular forum will have jurisdiction, could not be answered in abstract. Hence the author concludes that final answer whether particular dispute settlement forum under the Convention will have jurisdiction or not could be given only by that forum after thoroughly consideration on the merits of the dispute and legal relations of the dispute parties.

Denna explorativa studie analyserar gemensamma och differentiella mönster för kommunikation och beteende hos användare i Hjälpforum. Målet med studien är att kartlägga aktiva användartyper med syfte att ge SVT kunskap om Hjälpforumets användare. Om forumadministratörer har mer kunskap om användarna i Hjälpforum kan de anpassa sin kommunikation utifrån användarnas individuella behov och öka deras förmåga att bidra med mer kvalitativ återkoppling. Detta kan i sin tur bidra till en positivare inställning och ökat förtroende hos användare i Hjälpforum. I denna studie kunde fem användartyper kartläggas i Hjälpforum med stöd av egen empiri och tidigare forskning. Nybörjare utgör främsta användartypen i Hjälpforum och SVT bör därför tillgodose deras behov för att eventuellt minska antalet nya användarinlägg. Dessutom kunde denna studie med hjälp av lämpliga databearbetningsverktyg kartlägga, en för tillfället, okänd användartyp i Hjälpforum utifrån ovanliga mönster i beteende och kommunikation vilket kan vara intressant för vidare analys. Studien presenterar förslag på hur resultatet kan användas för att skapa riktlinjer för framtida kommunikation och utveckling av Hjälpforum och SVT:s webbplats. / This exploratory study analyzes the common and differential patterns of communication and behavior of users in Help Forum. The goal of the study is to map the active user types with the aim of providing SVT knowledge of the Help Forum users. If the forum administrators have more knowledge of the users in the forum, they can adapt their communication based on the individual needs and enhance their ability to contribute more qualitative feedback. This may in turn contribute to a more positive attitude and greater confidence among users in Help Forum. In this study, five types of users could be identified in the Forum with the support of its own empirical data and previous research. Beginners are primary user type in the forum and SVT should cater to their needs in order to possibly reduce the number of new user posts. Furthermore, this study using appropriate data processing tool map, one for the moment, unknown user type in the forum by unusual patterns of behavior and communication which may be of interest for further analysis. The study presents suggestions on how the results can be used to create guidelines for future communication and development of Help Forum and SVT's website.

This multi-disciplinary study examines the linguistic characteristics which influence communication and social interaction in computer-mediated communication (CMC). We begin by conducting a qualitative data analysis on a group of graduate students taking online courses. Through this, we look more closely at their perception of social interaction in their online learning environment (Knowledge eCommons). We then take individual student notes and analyze their linguistic characteristics. We look at the emotional cues in notes, the use of factual, objective language and other linguistic features. We study these notes through the use of sentiment analysis methodologies – which will be explained in detail in the first and second chapter. We have proposed a method for deducing note objectivity and have computed reliability testing of this method. Our analyses show that there is a high correlation between the use of objective language in a note and the value that students place on that note.

This multi-disciplinary study examines the linguistic characteristics which influence communication and social interaction in computer-mediated communication (CMC). We begin by conducting a qualitative data analysis on a group of graduate students taking online courses. Through this, we look more closely at their perception of social interaction in their online learning environment (Knowledge eCommons). We then take individual student notes and analyze their linguistic characteristics. We look at the emotional cues in notes, the use of factual, objective language and other linguistic features. We study these notes through the use of sentiment analysis methodologies – which will be explained in detail in the first and second chapter. We have proposed a method for deducing note objectivity and have computed reliability testing of this method. Our analyses show that there is a high correlation between the use of objective language in a note and the value that students place on that note.

Thesis (M. Communication Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Summary in English and Afrikaans. Includes bibliographical references.

Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής είναι να αναγνωρίσει βασικά και αντιπροσωπευτικά λογισμικά υποδομής για φόρουμ και να τα αξιολογήσει. Ομαδοποιούνται τα χαρακτηριστικά τους με σκοπό τη δημιουργία ενός συγκριτικού πίνακα, ο οποίος προκύπτει έπειτα από ενδελεχή μελέτη των παροχών, των χαρακτηριστικών και των δυνατοτήτων του εκάστοτε λογισμικού. Θα καταλήξει σε συμπεράσματα που θα είναι χρήσιμα για όποιον ενδιαφέρεται να μάθει για τα φόρουμ, να έρθει σε επαφή με τον τρόπο δημιουργίας και να επιλέξει εν τέλει αυτό το λογισμικό που τον αντιπροσωπεύει καλύτερα. / The intention of this paper is to recognize, rate and compare the most common web forum softwares.

The thesis analyses the discursive construction of migrants’ identities through their native language communications, using Russian-speaking migration in the UK as the case study. Material from internet forums these migrants were engaged in the years 2002-2005 forms the basis of this research. The project is concerned with the question of how Russian-speaking migrants, faced with the process of accustoming themselves to a new place of residence (UK), re-negotiate the Self, their homeland (in both real geographical terms and metaphorically through their cultural affiliations) and the Other. This study draws on theories from a range of research perspectives including hermeneutics, discourse analysis, cultural studies, and ethnography. The theoretical framework developed in this thesis combines Foucault’s analysis of discourse with Lotman’s model of dialogue between cultures. The thesis also develops sampling techniques for virtual data. By examining how the dichotomy Russia vs. Europe/the West is imagined in the researched data, this study argues that the concept of Europeanism obtains positive associations, while the concept of the West retains its ambiguity for Russian-speaking migrants. The thesis identifies Europeanism as a discursive object of knowledge and examines its categorizations. The study identifies kul`tura and tsivilizatsia as grids of specifications of Europeanism, and investigates Self/Other dialectics attached to the object of knowledge. Finally, the thesis analyses the dynamics of cultural appropriation under influences of the host context, and elaborates on semiotic “translation” of new phenomena.

Evidence suggests that few women disclose, seek help or report their experiences of rape or sexual assault (RSA) to police, which may leave them vulnerable to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, some women may disclose and seek help or support anonymously online. Through conducting a thematic analysis of 212 messages posted by women in an online RSA support forum, I identified two key themes relating to women’s possible motivation for using the forum: to seek validation as a victim of RSA and for others to bear witness to her story. Themes relating to the possible functions of the forum were serving as a jury, assigning blame, encouraging disclosure or help-seeking, and providing emotional support. These findings suggest that women whose experiences of RSA do not match stereotypical depictions may use online forums to anonymously seek out validation that their experiences qualify as RSA. Moreover, the findings suggest that online platforms may provide women with a safe and supportive environment in which to develop a coherent narrative of their experiences of RSA, which in turn may assist some women’s recovery from the trauma of RSA. Future research might explore if NHS online support or psychological interventions are therapeutic for this population.

The growth and the specificities of the Distance Education in Brazil have promoted a number of respects, mainly with regards to the capabilities of the team who elaborate and develop the courses. In this sense the presence of the tutor, despite being questioned, is stated as required. Moreover, studies about his/her participation in the teaching-learning process aim at examining his/her role in monitoring the student, which have as a principle the interactions that his/her performs in AVA. The goal of this research paper is to analyze how the interactions between tutors and students in discussion forums within a Virtual Learning Environment contribute to the cognitive development of the student, based on the findings by Aretio (1999, 2001), Dillenbourg (1999), Costa, Paraguaçu e Pinto (2009), Gallimore e Tharp (1996), Gonzales (2005), Gros e Silva (2006), Primo (1998, 2000, 2001, 2007) Roscoe e Chi [1999?] e Vygotsky (1981, 1989, 2001 and 2008). Indeed, studies about the interactions and their shapes and types, can contribute to the understanding of the tutor functions in Distance Education. The methodology used for performing this online qualitative research has been the case study, involving two data sources: reading, analysis and categorization of tutor s records in discussion forums in chosen disciplines and direct observation of the interactions of tutors in discussion forums available on Moodle environment at UFAL. The search also was developed from bibliographic data surveying and webgráficos, data collection, data analysis and tabulation. The findings suggest that the tutors make use of several types of interaction, not all off then a possible process. However, some studies point to a mutual interaction and collaborative as the most suitable for the tutor in teaching-learning process to follow up students and leading them to participate more effectively. / O crescimento e as especificidades da EAD no Brasil têm promovido uma série de singularidades, sobre a formação da equipe que elabora e desenvolve os cursos. A presença do tutor, apesar de ser questionada por vários estudiosos da área, apresenta-se como necessária para o desenvolvimento dos cursos, e os estudos sobre a sua participação no processo de ensino-aprendizagem visam a analisar suas funções em acompanhamento ao aluno e têm como princípio as interações que realiza no Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem. Esta pesquisa analisa como as interações entre o tutor e os alunos nos fóruns de discussão, realizados em um AVA, contribuem de forma significativa para o desenvolvimento cognitivo do aluno, e está fundamentada em Aretio (1999 e 2001), Dillenbourg (1999), Costa, Paraguaçu e Pinto (2009), Gallimore e Tharp (1996), Gonzales (2005), Gros e Silva (2006), Primo (1998, 2000, 2001 e 2007), Roscoe e Chi (1999), Papert (1994) e Salmon (2000) e Vygotsky (1981, 1989, 2001 e 2008). Os estudos acerca das interações, de suas formas e tipos podem não só contribuir para o entendimento das funções do tutor na EAD mas também da própria modalidade de ensino, em franca expansão. A metodologia utilizada para a realização desta pesquisa qualitativa on-line foi o estudo de caso, e envolveu duas fontes de dados: leitura com análise e categorização dos registros dos tutores nos fóruns de discussão nas disciplinas escolhidas e observação direta das interações dos tutores nos fóruns de discussão presentes no Moodle Ufal. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de levantamento de dados bibliográficos e webgráficos, coleta de dados, tabulação e análise dos dados. Os resultados encontrados apontam que os tutores usam vários tipos de interação, nem todos favoráveis para o processo; aponta também para uma interação mútua e colaborativa como as mais indicadas para a atuação do tutor no processo ensino-aprendizagem, acompanhando os alunos e conduzindo-os a uma participação mais efetiva.

BARBOSA, Lorena Lima. Há negociação de sentidos nas interações em fóruns educacionais online? 2016. 190f. - Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2016. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-10T13:03:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_llbarbosa.pdf: 1899601 bytes, checksum: 977e96d63e9be1fa31010f2b5d58f85d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-11T13:26:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_llbarbosa.pdf: 1899601 bytes, checksum: 977e96d63e9be1fa31010f2b5d58f85d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T13:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_llbarbosa.pdf: 1899601 bytes, checksum: 977e96d63e9be1fa31010f2b5d58f85d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Based on sociointeractionist theories of second language acquisition, this study aimed at investigating the negotiation of meaning that takes place in online forums of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) courses. Data were collected using aqualitative research methodology which had included some statiscal treatment. First, an instrument was elaborated to analyze the interactions and the negotiation of meaning that take place in online language learning forums. The elaboration of the instrument employed categories borrowed from Conversation Analysis (SEEDHOUSE, 2004), Interaction Patterns (SPADA & FRÖHLICH, 1995), Meaning Negotiation (GASS & e VARONIS, 1985) and Feedback Analysis(BARBOSA, 2011). Next the instrument was tested for its validity. Ten EFL teachers used the elaborated instrument to analyze forum posts of an EFL course organized in 15 (fifteen) interaction blocks of interaction. The answers given by the ten teachers were submitted to two statistical procedures: Cronbach Alpha and Friedman ANOVA. During the validation process, a few modifications were made to the elaborated instrument. The final version obtained the following results: Cronbach Alpha of 0.786 and 0.025–0.031 ANOVA. The final version used in the quantitative analysis served as the starting point for the qualitative analysis of the interactions and of the negotiation of meaning that took place in the online forums of 06 (six) courses of an online English Teaching Certificate Program at UFC-UAB. These courses were grouped into 02 (two) language courses, 02 (two) metalanguage courses and 02 (two) literature courses. Three forums of each course were analyzed for a total of 18 analyzed forums. Results indicated that, in relation to Conversation Patterns, most conversation turns in the analyzed forums were initiated by the tutors, 64.7% of the time (sixty four point seven percent), and conversation sequence was not maintained in most of the forums. In all analyzed forums, only two presented instances of meaning negotiation, and these two instances occurred in forums of the same course. These instances of meaning negotiation happened as the result of either a pseudo inquiry or a true inquiry, or as a response to either some predictable or unpredictable information. In both instances of negotiation, discourse was maintained and unrestricted forms of language were used. Also, in the two instances of meaning negotiation, corrective feedback occurred in one, while in the other there was no corrective feedback. The results of this study support the argument that, in online educational forums, two types of negotiation of meaning can occur: one which is restricted to specific instances of negotiation of the meaning of one word or language form, which interrupts the communication flow of an interaction; and the other, of a broader type (proposed by this researcher), in which two or more participants interact while trying to understand the meaning of a concept or idea. This broader type of negotiation does not depend on feedback to be triggered. In fact, there is no need of a specific trigger, since negotiation can happen as the result of a doubt raised by a student or of a question asked by the tutor or by another student. Results also indicated that corrective feedback, especially of the explicit type, favors a more restricted type of negotiation of the meaning, than of a specific word or language form. / Fundamentada na teoria sociointeracionista de aquisição de segunda língua e nos conceitos de interação e negociação de sentidos, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral investigar a negociação de sentidos em fóruns online de disciplinas de língua inglesa, a partir da análise da conversação, dos padrões de interação e do feedback. A fim de atingirmos esse objetivo, realizamos uma análise qualitativa com algum tratamento estatístico, indutiva, de dados interpretativos. Primeiramente, elaboramos um instrumento para análise das interações e negociação de sentidos em fóruns educacionais online, baseado em categorias da análise da conversação (SEEDHOUSE, 2004), da interação (SPADA & FRÖHLICH, 1995), da negociação de sentido (GASS & e VARONIS, 1985) e do feedback (BARBOSA, 2011). Para testarmos a confiabilidade do instrumento elaborado, 10 (dez) professores de Língua Inglesa o utilizaram para analisar mensagens postadas e agrupadas em 15 (quinze) blocos de interação de um fórum de uma disciplina de inglês da Licenciatura a Distância em Letras: Língua Inglesa da UFC/UAB. As respostas fornecidas por esses professores foram submetidos a dois procedimentos estatísticos: o ANOVA de Friedman e o alfa de Cronbach. Após algumas alterações feitas à versão inicial do instrumento, obtivemos o índice alfa de Cronbach de 0,786 e ANOVA, entre 0,025 e 0,031. A versão final do instrumento foi usada para a análise quantitativa que serviu de base para a análise qualitativa da interação e da negociação de sentido em fóruns educacionais online de 06 (seis) disciplinas da licenciatura mencionada. As disciplinas foram agrupadas em três grupos: língua, metalinguagem e literatura. Foram analisadas as interações ocorridas em três fóruns de cada uma das seis disciplinas, totalizando 18 (dezoito) fóruns. Os resultados das análises apontaram que, em relação aos padrões de conversação, a maioria dos turnos nos fóruns analisados foi iniciada pelos tutores, 64,70% (sessenta e quatro vírgula setenta por cento) e que a sequência não foi mantida na maioria dos fóruns. Em todos os fóruns analisados, apenas dois blocos apresentaram instâncias de negociação de sentido, sendo essas instâncias em uma única disciplina. A negociação de sentido ocorreu tanto a partir de um pseudo-pedido, um pedido autêntico, uma informação imprevisível ou uma informação previsível. Observamos também que, nos dois casos de negociação de sentidos, ocorreu discurso mantido e uso irrestrito das formas linguísticas. Ainda, nas instâncias de negociação de sentidos, evidenciamos a ocorrência do feedback corretivo em um dos blocos, enquanto que no outro bloco não houve feedback. Com base nas análises empreendidas, defendemos a tese de que, em fóruns educacionais online, podem ocorrer dois tipos de negociação de sentido: um tipo mais restrito a instâncias específicas de negociação de algum termo ou estrutura que gera uma quebra no fluxo comunicacional; e um tipo mais amplo (proposto pela pesquisadora) em que os interlocutores se engajam em uma negociação visando discutir e compreender um determinado conceito. Quando a negociação de sentido acontece em seu sentido mais amplo, não há necessidade de que haja um feedback na posição de indicador. Na verdade, o indicador pode nem existir, uma vez que o conceito pode ser criado a partir de uma dúvida de um aluno ou de uma pergunta feita pelo tutor ou outro participante da interação. Em relação à negociação de uma palavra ou estrutura específica, acreditamos que o feedback corretivo, principalmente o explícito, seja mais favorável a negociação por apontar diretamente o erro do aluno, facilitando sua identificação.