Le caractère littéraire de l’écriture de Michel Foucault a souvent été remarqué. Peut-on dire pour autant que certains passages de l’œuvre de Michel Foucault s’approchent de la fiction ? Comment comprendre la fiction et le rôle qu’elle joue dans une démarche qui ne se réduit pas à elle ? Ce mémoire s’emploie à décortiquer des extraits de l’œuvre foucaldienne : le premier chapitre des Mots et les choses (« Les suivantes ») (1966), les dialogues de Raymond Roussel (1963), L’archéologie du savoir (1969) et de L’ordre du discours (1971). Dans Fiction et diction (1991), Gérard Genette avait théorisé la possibilité pour les textes non-littéraires d’être tout de même qualifiés de littéraires. Nous nous proposons cette licence « conditionnaliste » à la fiction : il serait ainsi possible qu’elle puisse se retrouver dans des ouvrages de non-fiction. La méthodologie de notre étude se base, dans ses deux premiers chapitres, sur les théories de la fiction, adoptant le point de vue lectural à l’aide des théories de Karlheinz Stierle, Roger Odin, et de Richard Saint-Gelais. Le troisième chapitre est l’occasion d’un pas de côté pour envisager les rapports entre fiction et subjectivité : la fiction chez Foucault serait un moyen discursif pour réaliser la « mort de l’homme » dans le discours ou, en d’autres termes, pour accomplir la fracture textuelle du sujet philosophique. / The literary aspect of Michel Foucault’s works is well known. Is it enough to say, however, that some excerpts from his works are fictional ? How can we understand the role of fiction in texts that belong to a historical or philosophical approach ? This essay studies the narrative of Las Meninas in The Order of Things, the dialogues in Raymond Roussel (1963), The Archeology of Knowledge (1969) and The Order of Discourse (1971). In Fiction et diction (1991), Gérard Genette granted the “conditionalist” possibility for non-literary texts to be nonetheless qualified as literary. We suggest that this could be extended to fiction for works of non-fiction. Our methodology for the first two chapters relies on theories of fiction, such as those of Karlheinz Stierle, Roger Odin and Richard Saint-Gelais. In the third chapter, we envision fiction through the angle of subjectivity : fiction in Foucault’s works appears as a mean to manifest the “death of man”, or in other words, to fracture the philosophical subject.

[pt] Este trabalho investiga a relação de Foucault com a polêmica temática da pós-modernidade, através do debate Foucault-Habermas. Pós-modernidade é um conceito controverso, possuindo inúmeras leituras e caracterizações. Escolhemos o diálogo com Habermas, não apenas pela importância do filósofo alemão na cristalização desse conceito ao longo da década de 80, mas também porque ele direciona críticas diretas à filosofia foucaultiana. Habermas compreende a modernidade como um projeto inacabado, a ser resgatado e completado pelo desenvolvimento de uma racionalidade comunicativa. Sua teoria da modernidade, então, visa combater a pós-modernidade emergente, marcada pelo irracionalismo e pelo relativismo. Habermas enxerga em Nietzsche o ponto de inflexão para a pósmodernidade. A genealogia nietzschiana, método que será também o de Foucault, figura aos olhos do filósofo alemão como uma espécie de crítica devastadora da razão, que se dá nos limites exteriores da modernidade. Tratar-se-ia de uma crítica da razão enquanto tal, que a desmascara como mera vontade de poder e de dominação. Tentamos mostrar, então, o modo como o filósofo francês tratou do tema da modernidade. Para Foucault, se ela também se caracteriza pelo Iluminismo, é muito mais pela atitude crítica que ele desperta, do que por determinado modelo de racionalidade tido como ideal. O Iluminismo abriu a reflexão filosófica para a investigação de quem nós somos em nosso presente, do que é nossa atualidade, e consolidou o esforço de nos situarmos criticamente contra as racionalidades que nos orientam e que nos governam. Foucault enfatiza, então, a noção de maioridade kantiana: ser moderno é muito simplesmente a recusa de ser tutelado. Deste modo, toda a obra de Foucault complexifica a clássica narrativa Iluminista, que se apresenta nos termos de um progresso das Luzes, de uma luta da razão contra as sombras, do conhecimento contra a ignorância e os preconceitos, etc., mostrando que existem elementos autoritários no seio do próprio projeto da Ilustração. O Iluminismo se inscreveu na história não apenas como movimento de questionamento da autoridade da Igreja, mas também como questionamento de toda e qualquer autoridade. Se a razão moderna se torna uma nova fonte de autoridade, a crítica precisa se radicalizar em uma metacrítica, que possa dar conta das novas racionalidades que nos governam. / [en] This work investigates Foucault s relationship with the polemical thematic of post-modernity through the Foucault-Habermas debate. Postmodernity is a controversial concept, that encamps numerous readings and characterizations. We chose to dialogue with Habermas, not only because of the German philosopher s importance in the crystallization of this concept throughout the 80 s, but also because he criticize Foucault s philosophy directly. Habermas understands modernity as an unfinished project, yet to be rescued and completed by the development of a communicative rationality. His theory of modernity, then, aims to combat emerging postmodernity, marked by irrationalism and relativism. Habermas sees in Nietzsche the inflection point for postmodernity. The nietzschean genealogy, which will also be that of Foucault s, appears to Habermas as a kind of devastating critique of reason, that takes place on the outer limits of modernity: they both unmasks reason as a mere will to power and domination. We then try to show how the French philosopher dealt with the theme of modernity. For Foucault, if modernity is also characterized by the Enlightenment, it is much more for the critical attitude that it evokes, than for a certain model of rationality considered as ideal. Foucault argues that the Enlightenment opened the philosophical reflection for the investigation of who we are in our present, of what is our present, in a way that consolidated the effort to situate ourselves critically against the rationalities that guide us and that govern us. Foucault then emphasizes the kantian notion of adulthood: being modern is very simply the refusal to be tutored. In this sense, the whole work of Foucault complicates the classical Illuminist narrative, which is usually presented in terms of a progress of the Lights, a struggle of reason against the shadows, knowledge against ignorance and prejudices, etc., by showing that there are authoritarian elements inside the Enlightenment movement. The Enlightenment not only represents the movement of questioning the authority of the Church - it represents the questioning of all forms of authority. If modern reason becomes a new source of authority criticism must radicalize itself into a metacritical posture in the order to apprehend the new rationalities that govern us today.

This thesis examines, in the light of Julia Kristeva's and Michel Foucault's recent theorisations of the productions of meaning, the work of two authors, Djuna Barnes and Audre Lorde, whose writing, it argues, sets up virtual spaces which can become places of resistance to the normative functioning of a given culture. Having sketched a philosophical background to notions of extra-linguistic space through reference to Plato, Kant, Hegel and Lacan, the first chapter considers what is distinctive in the theories of space provided by Kristeva, who (in Revolution in Poetic Language) develops Plato's notion of the chora functioning at times as a synonym for "semiotic articulation". The semiotic (le semiotique) is employed by Kristeva in a very precise way. It represents a convolution of expressions: operating as a drive system within the body that affects the structure of language (understood by her as the symbolic), as a "network of marks" that breaches the established sign systems, and as a revolutionary process that is responsible for the transgression and articulation of new meanings. Because both the semiotic and the symbolic are an inseparable part of the signifying processes of language, they together act as pathways of production. Of all these various processes and relations, the most remarkable one is that these two modalities are genderised: the semiotic chora is "enigmatic and feminine, th[e] space underlying the written"; while the symbolic is a "phallic function". That being so, one of the main features of this thesis is to articulate a feminist argument in relation to Kristeva, expounding on the notion of the spatial concept of the semiotic chora as a "resistance" to phallocentrism. The second chapter sets out to explore Foucault's spatial reasoning. My argument is that space is central to Foucault's concerns. This is demonstrated in several ways. First I suggest that Foucault's interpretation of a social construction of space is such that the subject is connected to its own fashioning processes. Second, by introducing space into his documentation of history, Foucault sets in motion a dispersion of society's master narratives. In respect of this, I argue that a methodology can be formed from Foucault's spatial term "heterotopia", where contingent sites, rather than causes, shape new discourses and open up possibilities of resistance against the techniques and tactics of domination. Because (as Foucault writes in The Order of Things) the heterotopia serves to "desiccate speech, stop words in their tracks, contest the very possibility of grammar at its source", it not only produces discourse, it challenges all boundaries and remains essentially fluid, escaping the matrix of historical category. The next three chapters consider the implications of Kristeva's definition of the semiotic chora which, as briefly mentioned above, is constituted by psychosomatic drives. Hence, mood plays a central role in the semiotic chora. I construct a reading of Nightwood the main tenet of which is to examine the textual variations of Kristeva's resistant and abject `language'. Located in melancholy, incest, and discontentednesse ach trope forms individual chapterse xploring ways in which the limits of language are transgressed. Taken as a whole, the theme running through the three chapters on Nightwood is that new literary formations arise when the abject as mood becomes structured and made meaningful by the symbolic. The last two chapters examine Foucault's position in relation to Kristeva's, and argue that Kristeva's and Foucault's spatial thinking questions the appearance of finality and completeness in language. These chapters also provide a practical application of Foucault's heterotopia, in which spaces between contingent sites are shaped by Lorde. It is argued that opportunities of resistance are provided by Lorde who, naming her disparate position against the master narratives that fail to recognise her, locates her difference from them. In conclusion, a feminist reading of Kristeva's chora and Foucault's heterotopia reveals an opening to resistant spaces and new paths of production of meaning. Chora and heterotopia, then, are not merely abstract philosophical concepts, but powerful tools of reading, as is shown by their application in the interpretation of the works of Barnes and Lorde.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to analyze how the discourse of immigrants and immigration has changed since 1965 and expose what mechanism control the discourse. The time periods that we choose to analyze were: 1965-1975, 1985-1995 and 2010-2016. These three eras were chosen based on the historical premise of Swedish immigration which concerns labor, refugee and family immigration. To shed light on this issue we used a mixed method of content analysis, more particularly, discourse analysis and argumentationsanalysis for the processing of our empirical data. Our empirical collection consisted of articles from the Swedish daily newspaper Dagens nyheter and the tabloid Aftonbladet. For our analysis we selected four different debate articles for each time period, newspaper or tabloid concerning immigrants and immigration. Altogether 24 articles were analyzed. To understand the discourse of immigrants and immigration we used the classic theorists Foucault and Marx in the formation of our theoretical perspective. Based on our empirical data we found that the welfare state were closely connected to the discourse and that the discourse of immigration and immigrants could be understood through a dynamic model. The model shows the balance of power between an establishment and an opposition. The establishment, opposition and welfare are the mechanisms that do not only control the discourse but also causes the discourse to change.

This thesis critically examines the concept of strategic human resource management (HRM). Existing 'critical' approaches identify prescriptive HRNI literature as 'rhetoric' that does not match 'reality'. Such an approach understands management initiatives as separate, individual, discrete, and ad hoc. However, this thesis develops an alternative perspcctivc, informed by a Foucauldian approach to 'discourse', that understands 'HRM' and 'strategy' as cultural constructs that are used by actors as they 'make sense' of discursively constructed organizational 'realities'. This perspective is then utilized to demonstrate that the existing 'critical' approaches are engaged in particular practices that define strategic HRM in a way that constructs the 'gap' between 'rhetoric' and 'reality' as HRM is simultaneously created as an academic subject. This alternative perspective provides a means of understanding and analysing prescriptive management literature and texts generated from interviews with managers in terms of two different discursively constructed 'rationalities'. Both 'rationalities' establish causal relationships between concepts of environment, organization and individual as organizational 'reality' is constructed. This perspective is utilized in the identification of the connections that are established between the managerial initiatives that are thought of as separate, individual, discrete, and ad hoc by the 'critical' literature. There are two parts to this thesis. The first part describes the development of HM4, outlines a Foucauldian conceptualization of 'discourse, and re-examines prescriptive and 'critical' HRM literature. The second part analyses texts generated from interviews with HRIpersonnel managers in a range of public and private sector organizations. This analysis demonstrates that, while there is great variety in the descriptions of organizational 'reality', connections between concepts of environment, organization and individual arc established as two key 'rationalities' are discursively constructed. It is argued that these 'rationalities' position people and practices within organizational 'reality'.

This thesis interrogates the political effects of sustainable development discourse as seen through the lens of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), held in Johannesburg, South Africa. By approaching sustainable development from the perspective of Michel Foucault’s work on power, discourse and government, it argues that negotiations at the Summit re-orientated sustainable development in terms of cooperation, consensus and voluntary partnerships. By showing how summits are more than just institutional mechanisms for producing agreement but are also stages on which theatrical and symbolic modes of exemplary politics are performed, the thesis draws attention to how the WSSD functioned as a key technique of exemplary governmentality. Yet the Summit also facilitated the emergence of new constellations of political actors, and provided a stage for myriad political protests and demonstrations. One of these protests – a mass march on 31 August 2002 – was the largest anti-government protest in South Africa since the end of Apartheid. By approaching these protests as Foucauldian ‘counter-conducts’ rather than ‘pure’ acts of resistance or revolution, the thesis shows how they were implicated within forms of advanced liberal rule. As such the thesis contributes to a discursive understanding of sustainable development in the post-Johannesburg era; to an appreciation of the evolving role of global summits as forms of theatrical exemplary government; and to the political effects of resistance and protest. It concludes that the WSSD worked to make politically sustainable a global order which is manifestly unsustainable – whilst also providing opportunities for the status quo to be protested and resisted.

In der Ökonomie der Zeit löst sich nach Marx alle Ökonomie auf. Dieser vagen Prämisse folgend, setzen wir uns in folgendem Beitrag mit den Ambivalenzen im Verhältnis von Arbeit und Zeit auseinander. Das neoliberale Spiel mit Freiheit und Zwang, Emanzipation und Unterwerfung steht, neben der sozialkritischen Diagnose einer Entgrenzung, Subjektivierung und Flexibilisierung von Arbeit, im Zentrum unserer Auseinandersetzung. Auf die rezenten rechtlichen, ökonomischen und politischen Implikationen der Genealogie und Transformation der Arbeitszeit - und nicht zuletzt deren Auswirkungen auf die Geschlechterverhältnisse - wollen wir theoretische und empirische Schlaglichter werfen, um aufzuzeigen, dass diese Transformation eine Form der Autonomie ins Werk setzt, die realiter Einschränkung und eine Zurichtung und Disziplinierung von Subjekten entsprechend neoliberalen Postulaten bedeutet.

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Studiens syfte är att studera hur 1649 års skolordning framställer disciplin i textform. Med hjälp av de kategorier som Foucault presenterade i hans verk Övervakning och straff kommer jag att undersöka skolordningen för att identifiera gemensamma drag mellan de två böckerna. Resultatet visar att många av de disciplinära metoder som Foucault uppvisade i sin bok förekom tidigare än förväntat i Sverige. Med hjälp av fördelningen av verksamheten i olika små delar, såsom olika klasser eller rum, förenklades det disciplinära arbetet. På samma sätt fungerade själva byggnaden som en sluten miljö där eleverna kunde avskiljas från varandra och från resten av samhället. Där kunde maktmaskineriet fungera effektivt.  Rangordningen bland eleverna skapades genom en kontinuerlig analys och klassificering av individerna. Med hjälp av rangordning gjordes det möjligt att utnyttja kroppens maximala kraft. Verksamheten skulle vara produktiv och ekonomisk stabil. Examinationer fungerade också som ett sätt att klassificera de olika individerna i olika grupper. De som inte uppfyllde skolans krav bestraffades så att de till slut lärde sig det de skulle.