Elevated circulating Ang II activates neurons in the forebrain cardiovascular regulatory areas to cause sympatho-excitation and hypertension. We hypothesized that circulating Ang II causes neuronal activation in the SFO and thereby activates efferent pathways to the PVN, and chronically causes activation of aldosterone production in magnocellular neurons in PVN and SON, which amplifies neuronal activation in the PVN and central sympatho-excitatory pathways. The aim of the present study was to determine the pattern of neuronal activation in forebrain nuclei by circulating Ang II and to elucidate where in the hypothalamus Ang II may stimulate aldosterone biosynthesis. Dose related effects of circulating Ang II on BP were first assessed. Wistar rats instrumented with telemetry probes were infused subcutaneously with Ang II 150 and 500 ng/kg/min for 14 days. The subcutaneous infusion of Ang II at 150 ng/kg/min increased blood pressure gradually up to 20 mmHg and at 500 ng/kg/min up to 60 mmHg. Ang II at 500 ng/kg/min increased plasma Ang II by 4-fold. To assess effects of circulating Ang II on CNS pathways, Wistar rats were implanted subcutaneously with minipumps infusing 150 and 500 ng/kg/min Ang II for 1, 4 and 14 days. Three patterns of neuronal activation were observed by sc infusion of Ang II. The SFO was activated during the first day and remained activated for 4 days, but at 14 days showed diminished activation. MnPO did not show significant activation during the first day but, after several days the activation was high and then less by 14 days. Parvocellular PVN (pPVN), magnocellular PVN (mPVN) and SON showed an initial activation that increased over time. Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of an aldosterone synthase inhibitor or a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker attenuated the increase in Fra expression in PVN but not SON, and prevented the decrease in SFO after 14 days infusion of Ang II. A significant increase in mRNA expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), a rate limiting enzyme in aldosterone production was found in glia cells of PVN and SFO assessed by rt-PCR after 3 days subcutaneous infusion of Ang II at 500 ng/kg/min. Total expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) mRNA was increased in SFO, MnPO, SON and PVN after 3 days of infusion of Ang II. After 14 days no significant changes were observed in the expression of StAR or CYP11B2 mRNA. In comparison, in adrenal StAR mRNA expression increased after 3 days but no longer after 14 days. In contrast, CYP11B2 mRNA expression in adrenal increased after both 3 and 14 days of infusion. These findings may support our hypothesis that chronic elevation of circulating Ang II increases neuronal activity in CVOs, presumably leading to activation of the PVN and SON to induce an increase in aldosterone production in magnocelular PVN and SON. In the second phase activation of CVOs appears to diminish, but an aldosterone-dependent amplifying mechanisms, causes sustained activation of the PVN and thereby hypertension.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:43:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_10566_Dissertacao João Ricardo - Versão Final.pdf: 635371 bytes, checksum: 8a485c03394cfc247b8873fc28f5f8a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16 / Essa pesquisa busca compreender aspectos históricos e estéticos da obra O pequeno príncipe, do aviador e escritor francês Saint-Éxupery, apoiando-se em conceitos teóricos da estética da recepção, de Hans-Robert Jauss. Objetiva-se delinear o possível horizonte de expectativas em que se insere a primeira recepção dessa obra, no momento de sua publicação para os públicos americano e francês. O estudo dos contextos histórico, social e artístico da primeira à segunda guerras mundiais será o ponto de apoio para abarcar as transformações no horizonte das expectativas literárias acarretadas pelos avanços e recuos políticos do período. Desse ponto de vista, O pequeno príncipe é encarado como obra da Resistência francesa contra o governo de Vichy e a dominação alemã, evidenciando como o romance contrariasse expectativas literárias comuns àquele momento histórico.

Elevated circulating Ang II activates neurons in the forebrain cardiovascular regulatory areas to cause sympatho-excitation and hypertension. We hypothesized that circulating Ang II causes neuronal activation in the SFO and thereby activates efferent pathways to the PVN, and chronically causes activation of aldosterone production in magnocellular neurons in PVN and SON, which amplifies neuronal activation in the PVN and central sympatho-excitatory pathways. The aim of the present study was to determine the pattern of neuronal activation in forebrain nuclei by circulating Ang II and to elucidate where in the hypothalamus Ang II may stimulate aldosterone biosynthesis. Dose related effects of circulating Ang II on BP were first assessed. Wistar rats instrumented with telemetry probes were infused subcutaneously with Ang II 150 and 500 ng/kg/min for 14 days. The subcutaneous infusion of Ang II at 150 ng/kg/min increased blood pressure gradually up to 20 mmHg and at 500 ng/kg/min up to 60 mmHg. Ang II at 500 ng/kg/min increased plasma Ang II by 4-fold. To assess effects of circulating Ang II on CNS pathways, Wistar rats were implanted subcutaneously with minipumps infusing 150 and 500 ng/kg/min Ang II for 1, 4 and 14 days. Three patterns of neuronal activation were observed by sc infusion of Ang II. The SFO was activated during the first day and remained activated for 4 days, but at 14 days showed diminished activation. MnPO did not show significant activation during the first day but, after several days the activation was high and then less by 14 days. Parvocellular PVN (pPVN), magnocellular PVN (mPVN) and SON showed an initial activation that increased over time. Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of an aldosterone synthase inhibitor or a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker attenuated the increase in Fra expression in PVN but not SON, and prevented the decrease in SFO after 14 days infusion of Ang II. A significant increase in mRNA expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), a rate limiting enzyme in aldosterone production was found in glia cells of PVN and SFO assessed by rt-PCR after 3 days subcutaneous infusion of Ang II at 500 ng/kg/min. Total expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) mRNA was increased in SFO, MnPO, SON and PVN after 3 days of infusion of Ang II. After 14 days no significant changes were observed in the expression of StAR or CYP11B2 mRNA. In comparison, in adrenal StAR mRNA expression increased after 3 days but no longer after 14 days. In contrast, CYP11B2 mRNA expression in adrenal increased after both 3 and 14 days of infusion. These findings may support our hypothesis that chronic elevation of circulating Ang II increases neuronal activity in CVOs, presumably leading to activation of the PVN and SON to induce an increase in aldosterone production in magnocelular PVN and SON. In the second phase activation of CVOs appears to diminish, but an aldosterone-dependent amplifying mechanisms, causes sustained activation of the PVN and thereby hypertension.

Fra Angelico's fresco cycle of the lives and martyrdoms of SS. Stephen and Lawrence in the Chapel of Nicholas V (1447-49) communicate in a style which seems to be rhetorical in the sense that they employ numerous strategies which appear to aim at persuading viewers of the truth of the ideological notions the frescoes convey. This fact encourages one to consider the specific pressures which the context of the frescoes' production may have exerted. Commissioned by a pope who had the training of a professional humanist - and who, as a humanist, had interest in the efficacy of rhetoric - these frescoes convey their messages with a persuasive pictorial 'eloquence1 which, in some respects, corresponds to or plays off on humanist definitions of eloquence. The following study attempts to explain what messages these frescoes were meant to communicate, and how their manner of communication is rhetorical. The rhetorical style becomes a method of conveying old ideas in new ways, and may have made the messages more resonant in the context in which they were meant to function. A paucity of primary documentation on the frescoes makes this type of evaluation difficult. Problems in identifying the frescoes' intended audience and working on the troublesome ground between the rhetorical nature of written and pictorial texts also complicates this' investigation. Nevertheless, by considering the problems and aims of Nicholas Vs pontificate, and by closely examining the subject matter, organization, and expression of the frescoes, some indication as to their probable function may be gained. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

Every year tens of thousands of children and adolescents come in contact with different parts of the justice system in Sweden, as witnesses, victims and suspects. This essay aims at critically examine children’s rights in legal proceedings based on European union legislation and the United nations convention on the rights of the child.   Political problems are increasingly being defined at the European level of cooperation and decisions regarding Sweden’s future are more often being made by the EU. In June of 2018, Sweden’s parliament voted for the convention on the rights of the child to become law. This analysis will use systematic literature searches to collect the material and two theories about children’s participation and their possibility to act independently will be applied. The study concludes that Sweden’s work with children in legal proceedings fall short in certain regards while they follow EU: s and UN: s laws and opinions in others.  What seems to be largely lacking is commitment and knowledge regarding children’s needs.

The aim of this thesis was to examine what expressions for objectivity there were to identify/find in newspaper journalism’s report about the FRA-law during the period 2008-06- 13 to 2009-10-14. We choose to analyze ten articles from the morning paper Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet, five from each one. The method we used was a qualitative text analysis. We then designed an own model for the objectivity ideal from without the old theories that were available and also came with own ideas. Then we used that model as starting-point and designed key points to identify objectivity in the articles. Our thesis showed that the articles often fail when it comes to two key points. Due to the usage of charged words and the journalist’s own opinions in a way that distracts the reader from the articles main information the neutral presentation fails. When it comes to the balance in the articles the reappearing problem is that some people don’t get the chance to reply due to that their standpoint is a part of the article but not them. Due to this the articles sources get to reply to the standpoint without the people behind it getting to defend themselves. To sum up our thesis showed that the analyzed articles from Dagens Nyheter were more objective than the ones from Svenska Dagbladet.

<p>The aim of this thesis was to examine what expressions for objectivity there were to identify/find in newspaper journalism’s report about the FRA-law during the period 2008-06- 13 to 2009-10-14.</p><p>We choose to analyze ten articles from the morning paper Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet, five from each one. The method we used was a qualitative text analysis. We then designed an own model for the objectivity ideal from without the old theories that were available and also came with own ideas. Then we used that model as starting-point and designed key points to identify objectivity in the articles.</p><p>Our thesis showed that the articles often fail when it comes to two key points. Due to the usage of charged words and the journalist’s own opinions in a way that distracts the reader from the articles main information the neutral presentation fails. When it comes to the balance in the articles the reappearing problem is that some people don’t get the chance to reply due to that their standpoint is a part of the article but not them. Due to this the articles sources get to reply to the standpoint without the people behind it getting to defend themselves.</p><p>To sum up our thesis showed that the analyzed articles from Dagens Nyheter were more objective than the ones from Svenska Dagbladet.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:36:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AbraaoEBRA_DISSERT.pdf: 2596166 bytes, checksum: 8d00c61db09f9a300447defa62ee568b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-08 / The objective of this work if constitutes in creation a proposal for activities, in the discipline of mathematics, for the 6th year of Elementary School, that stimulates the students the develop the learning of the content of fractions, from the awareness of the insufficiency of the natural numbers for solve several problems. Thus, we prepared a set with twelve activities, starting by the comparison between measures, presenting afterward some of the meanings of fractions and ending with the operations between fractions. For so much, use has been made of materials available for use in the classroom, of forma ludic, for resolution of challenges proposed. Through these activities, it becomes possible students to recognize the necessity of using fractions for solve a amount larger of problems / O objetivo deste trabalho se constitui na cria??o de uma proposta de atividades, na disciplina de matem?tica, para o 6? ano do Ensino Fundamental, que estimule os estudantes a desenvolver a aprendizagem do conte?do de fra??es, a partir da conscientiza??o da insufici?ncia dos n?meros naturais para resolver diversos problemas. Desta forma, elaborou-se um conjunto com doze atividades, partindo do processo de compara??o entre medidas, depois apresentando alguns dos significados de fra??es e finalizando com as opera??es entre as fra??es. Para tanto, fez-se uso de materiais dispon?veis a utiliza??o em sala de aula, de forma l?dica, para resolu??o dos desafios propostos. Atrav?s destas atividades, torna-se poss?vel aos discentes reconhecer a necessidade do uso das fra??es para solucionar uma maior quantidade de problemas

This thesis examines how Swedish newspaper media problematize surveillance. This is done by analysing the media reports from two major surveillance events: the debate in 2008 about the legislation concerning the expansion of the rights of Försvarets Radioanstalt to monitor internet and telephone traffic crossing the Swedish borders, and the revealing of an ethnically based index including over 4000 individuals created by the Swedish police. The thesis sets out to expand the knowledge about media’s role as a interpreting source of information concerning how people understand and relate to surveillance (Barnard-Wills, 2011; Carlsson, 2009; Greenberg &amp; Hier, 2009). The thesis attempts to answer the question whether Swedish media problematizations regarding the abovementioned surveillance events correlates with the most common theories of surveillance critique. In addition the thesis examines who are allowed to express their views on the issues. By analysing the material using a qualitative content analysis the result show that there are great differences between the way media problematize the two events. The debate regarding FRA almost exclusively focuses on how the surveillance is perceived as a threat to the personal integrity whilst the coverage of the index complied by the Swedish police this problematization is close to absent. Instead the news media focuses on problematizations of the discriminatory aspect of the ethnically based index and the fact that it raises uncomfortable feelings. In the material on the FRA legislation most of the problemsatizations are carried out by journalists whilst they are presented by civil individuals in the coverage of the police index.

Le cancer du sein est la principale cause de mortalité par cancer chez la femme. Deux des facteurs de transcription de la famille Fos, Fra-1 et Fra-2, sont surexprimés dans les cancers du sein agressifs et contribuent au phénotype tumoral en favorisant entre autres, la prolifération, la motilité et l'invasivité. De façon surprenante, les mécanismes moléculaires via lesquels Fra-1 et Fra-2 (et plus généralement le complexe transcriptionnel AP-1 dont ils sont des constituants) gouvernent la transcription de leurs gènes cibles sont quasi-inconnus. Dans ce contexte, en combinant diverses approches (immunoprécipitation de chromatine, interférence à l'ARN…), j'ai étudié les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels Fra-1 et Fra-2 contrôlent la transcription dérégulée du gène de l'urokinase ou uPA (sérine protéase cruciale dans la progression tumorale et l'établissement de métastases) qui est l'un des nouveaux marqueurs utilisés en clinique pour la mise en place des choix thérapeutiques. Mes travaux montrent de façon originale que (i) Fra-1 et Fra-2 agissent de façon non redondante et coopèrent pour réguler l'expression d'uPA via leur fixation sur un enhancer AP-1 localisé à -1,9 kb du site d'initiation de la transcription (TSS), (ii) Fra-2 est nécessaire au recrutement de RNA Pol II au niveau de l'enhancer, tandis que Fra-1 stimule le passage de RNA Pol II de sa forme initiatrice à sa forme élongatrice et (iii) que la polymérase recrutée à l'enhancer rejoint le TSS par un mécanisme de « tracking », très rarement décrit dans la littérature, en produisant de petits ARNs non codants, bidirectionnels et instables. / Breast cancer is the most frequent malignant disease among women. Two transcription factors, Fra-1 and Fra-2, belonging to the Fos family members, are overexpressed in aggressive breast cancers and contribute to the tumorigenic phenotype by favoring proliferation, motility and invasion. Surprisingly, the molecular mechanisms governed by Fra-1 and Fra-2 (and more generally by the AP-1 transcriptional complex, which they are components of) for the transcription of their target genes are still largely unknown. In this context, by combining different approaches (chromatin immunoprecipitation, RNA interference…), I studied the molecular mechanisms orchestrated by Fra-1 and Fra-2 for the expression of the urokinase (or uPA) gene (encoding a serine protease crucial for tumor progression and metastasis), which is one of the new diagnostic markers now taken into consideration for deciding therapeutic strategies. Interestingly, my results show that (i) Fra-1 and Fra-2 have non redundant functions and cooperate for the transcriptional regulation of uPA through their binding to AP-1 enhancer located 1.9 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site (TSS), (ii) Fra-2 is required for the recruitment of RNA Pol II on this enhancer while Fra-1 allows the conversion of RNA Pol II initiating form into its elongating form and (iii) enhancer-recruited RNA Pol II reaches the TSS by a tracking mechanism, mechanism very rarely described in the literature, during which it synthetizes small, unstable bidirectional, non coding RNAs.