No abstract / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Public Law / LLD / Unrestricted

The overall purpose of this thesis was to study the situation of such children in the legal process. In depth-interviews were carried out on ten children aged 8-18 years old. The interviews focused on the children´s experiences and perceptions of meeting with various professionals in the legal process. In-depth interviews were also conducted with nine parents of children who had been sexually abused and who had entered into a legal process. Parents described how they experienced the situation for their children as victims, but also their experiences as parents whose children participated in a legal process. Seven prosecutors with experience of cases where children were plaintiffs were also interviewed in this study. The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). This is an appropriate method to explore the participants´ life-world/personal-world and the individuals´ personal perceptions of objects or events, as opposed to an attempt to produce an objective account. In the first study (study I) on the children, five major themes emerged through the analysis: not being believed, making child sexual abuse visible, need for support, sanctions for offenders and lack of respect for the child´s integrity. Almost all of the children had a feeling of not being believed. In the study (study II) on the parents, three superordinate themes emerged from an analysis of the data: stigmatization, need for support in the parental role and transforming consequences to reality. Three themes emerged from prosecutors study (study III) difficulties with the evidence of crime, children´s special needs and children´s dependence on adults. The informants´ descriptions of how they perceived the children in the legal process were associated with their experience of the difficulty of finding proof of the crime. The aim of study IV was to identify and describe the obstacles that can prevent children from talking about sexual abuse in a police interview. Data consisted of 28 investigative interviews with children and 12 police interrogations with non-offending parents. Data interpretation and analysis were based on content analysis. The following categories were identified: not being believed/telling the truth, need for support and dependence on adults, guilt and shame, fear and difficulty in spatial and temporal characterization. The main conclusion of the thesis is that there are difficulties in confirming evidence when children who have suffered sexual abuse are involved in a legal process. It is also concluded that there is an absence of models with the aim to support children and parents going through the process.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Every year tens of thousands of children and adolescents come in contact with different parts of the justice system in Sweden, as witnesses, victims and suspects. This essay aims at critically examine children’s rights in legal proceedings based on European union legislation and the United nations convention on the rights of the child.   Political problems are increasingly being defined at the European level of cooperation and decisions regarding Sweden’s future are more often being made by the EU. In June of 2018, Sweden’s parliament voted for the convention on the rights of the child to become law. This analysis will use systematic literature searches to collect the material and two theories about children’s participation and their possibility to act independently will be applied. The study concludes that Sweden’s work with children in legal proceedings fall short in certain regards while they follow EU: s and UN: s laws and opinions in others.  What seems to be largely lacking is commitment and knowledge regarding children’s needs.

<p>Föreliggande studie har för avsikt att ta reda på hur samarbetet mellan de inblandade instanserna ser ut, vid brott gällande sexuellt utnyttjande av barn under femton år. Studien fokuserar på rättsprocessen och informanternas upplevelser i samband med samarbetet mellan myndigheter, resurser och barnkonventionen. Samarbetet analyseras med hjälp av Max Webers sociala handlingar, aktör och struktur, makt och maktresurs, institutionalisering, kyrkan och kristendomen som institution och nya testamentet.</p><p>Frågeställningen är: Hur upplever intervjupersonerna utredningsprocessen? Hur upplever intervjupersonerna samarbetet mellan de inblandade instanserna? Vilka svårigheter identifieras utav respondenterna i processen? Hur beskrivs arbetet med barnkonventionen utifrån respektive intervjuperson? Hur anser intervjupersonerna att sexuella övergrepp mot barn prioriteras i samhället?</p><p>En av slutsatserna är att samarbetet mellan instanserna inte är till belåtenhet och att samarbetet påverkas av vad respektive myndighet har för handlingsförmåga. Handlingsförmågan möjliggörs av organisationens handlingsstruktur som också är den som sätter ramarna utifrån de ekonomiska resurserna som finns att tillgå för arbetet.</p>

Föreliggande studie har för avsikt att ta reda på hur samarbetet mellan de inblandade instanserna ser ut, vid brott gällande sexuellt utnyttjande av barn under femton år. Studien fokuserar på rättsprocessen och informanternas upplevelser i samband med samarbetet mellan myndigheter, resurser och barnkonventionen. Samarbetet analyseras med hjälp av Max Webers sociala handlingar, aktör och struktur, makt och maktresurs, institutionalisering, kyrkan och kristendomen som institution och nya testamentet. Frågeställningen är: Hur upplever intervjupersonerna utredningsprocessen? Hur upplever intervjupersonerna samarbetet mellan de inblandade instanserna? Vilka svårigheter identifieras utav respondenterna i processen? Hur beskrivs arbetet med barnkonventionen utifrån respektive intervjuperson? Hur anser intervjupersonerna att sexuella övergrepp mot barn prioriteras i samhället? En av slutsatserna är att samarbetet mellan instanserna inte är till belåtenhet och att samarbetet påverkas av vad respektive myndighet har för handlingsförmåga. Handlingsförmågan möjliggörs av organisationens handlingsstruktur som också är den som sätter ramarna utifrån de ekonomiska resurserna som finns att tillgå för arbetet.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Doctor Legum - LLD / Legal Process Outsourcing (LPO), the act of sending legal work to an offshore destination or onshore to another location within the same country by a law firm or legal department to a legal outsourcing company, has steadily grown to become a billion dollar industry, transforming the legal landscape from the traditional law firm set up and firmly entrenching itself as a valued accessory to any law firm vying for success. The integration of the LPO business model arguably offers lower labour costs, 24-hour service delivery and direct access to a pool of professional lawyers specialising in a multitude of disciplines

A teoria dos sistemas sociais autorreferenciais é uma teoria sociológica inovadora. Na verdade, trata-se de uma superteoria baseada em premissas construtivistas que se pretende universal, ou seja, capaz de descrever qualquer fenômeno social, incluindo as teorias rivais. O criador da teoria, o sociólogo alemão Niklas Luhmann, escreveu obras sobre uma grande variedade de temas: desde do Direito até a Arte; de uma teoria geral dos sistemas sociais até uma teoria abrangente da sociedade. Como uma teoria de base construtivista, a teoria dos sistemas sociais autorreferenciais observa observações, mais especificamente, observa comunicações. A teoria adota, assim, um fundamento teórico singular que exige novas descrições dos fenômenos sociais, ainda que já tenham sido exaustivamente estudados. Esse é o caso de sanções legais. Luhmann, contudo, não fornece uma descrição sistêmica das sanções legais. Ao invés disso, usa o termo de maneiras diferentes em seus estudos. As sanções a que ele se refere em seus estudos sobre o sistema político parecem estar mais relacionadas à violência física do que aquelas que ele mencionou ao descrever o sistema jurídico. Esta indefinição é, provavelmente, fruto do que chamei \"noção comum de sanção\". A noção comum, menos do que um conceito de sanção, é o acumulado de séculos de esforços para definir medidas de controle social. Portanto, além de vaga, a noção comum de sanção é baseada em premissas que são estranhas à teoria dos sistemas sociais. Assim, é necessária uma nova descrição dos fenômenos sociais associados à noção comum de sanção, a fim de expandir as possibilidades da teoria dos sistemas sociais. A observação desses fenômenos do ponto de vista da teoria dos sistemas sociais autorreferenciais resultou na descrição de não apenas uma, mas de quatro estruturas sociais diferentes. A primeira foi identificada como sanção simbiótica e pode ser tanto negativa - se associada ao uso da violência - como positiva - se associado à satisfação das necessidades. A segunda é o programa do sistema jurídico que cumpre a função de memória no sistema, mantendo assim as expectativas normativas. A terceira estrutura é uma variação da segunda; são programas oriundos dos processos legais que também cumprem função de memória. Estes programas diferem das sanções simbióticas na distância do uso da violência física. Enquanto a sanção simbiótica demonstra claramente a sua conexão com a violência frente à desobediência, os programas apontam para outros programas sancionatórios antes de se referirem à violência física. De um modo muito diferente, o quarto tipo de estrutura social, os programas sancionatórios de exclusão, identificados com as penas privativas de liberdade, estão intimamente ligados à violência física. Estes programas, embora realizem também a função de memória, cumprem outra função: a gestão de exclusão na sociedade moderna. / The theory of self-referential social systems is an innovative sociological theory. In fact, it is a super theory based on constructivist premises that claims to be a universal theory, meaning, being able to describe any social phenomenon, including rival theories. The creator of the theory, German sociologist Niklas Luhmann, wrote works on a great variety of themes: from Law to Art, from general social systems theory to a comprehensive theory of society. As a constructivist based theory, Self-referential social systems theory observes observations, more specifically, observes communications. The theory adopts, thus, a singular theoretical background that demands new descriptions of social phenomena, no matter if already thoroughly investigated. That would be the case of legal sanctions. Nonetheless, Luhmann does not provides a systemic description of legal sanctions. Instead, he uses the term in different ways on his studies. The sanctions to which he refers in his studies on the political system seem to be more related to physical violence than those he mention while describing the Legal system. This vagueness is most probably due to what I have called common notion of sanction. The common notion, less than a concept of sanction is the gathering of many efforts to define social order generating measures. Therefore, besides vague, the common notion of sanction is based upon premises that are strange to the self-referential social systems theory. A new description of the social phenomena associated with the common notion of sanction is therefore required in order to expand the theory\'s possibilities. The observation of these social phenomena from the viewpoint of the self-referential social systems theory resulted in the description of not just one, but four different social structures. The first one is to be called symbiotic sanction and may be both negative if associated with the use of violence as positive if associated with the satisfaction of needs. The second one is a legal system\'s program that fulfills memory function in the system, thus retaining normative expectations. The third structure is a variation of the second one; a program originated from legal processes that also fulfills memory function. These programs differ from the symbiotic sanctions in the distance from the use of physical violence. While the symbiotic sanction clearly demonstrates its connection with violence when contradicted, the programs point to other sanction programs before refer to physical violence. In a much dissimilar way, the fourth type of social structure, exclusion sanction programs, identified with detentions, are closely linked to physical violence. These programs, although capable of memory function, fulfill yet another function: managing exclusion in modern society.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Luna da Cunha.pdf: 789188 bytes, checksum: 33512918478e91ea743041393abed46b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-12 / The Brazilian Consumer Protection and Defense Code rules the principles for shift of evidence burden. This paper broaches the relation between citizenship, legal process and consumer rights besides bringing to a focus the shift of evidence burden. It goals to develop the idea that the application of shift of evidence burden must consider the principles of easing access to the justice for the consumer, and putting into effect his rights. It also explores the functioning of shift of evidence burden in consumer area. / O Código de Defesa do Consumidor estipula os princípios para a aplicação da inversão do ônus da prova. A presente dissertação trata da relação entre cidadania, processo e direitos do consumidor, em especial a inversão do ônus da prova. Desenvolve a noção de que a aplicação da inversão do ônus da prova deve levar em conta os princípios da facilitação do acesso à justiça e da efetivação dos direitos do consumidor. Explora os mecanismos da inversão do ônus da prova na seara consumerista.