Este trabalho apresenta um ambiente de simulação de escoamentos com simetria radial e superfícies livres, baseado no sistema Freeflow. O sistema é formado por três módulos: um modelador de moldes, um simulador e um visualizador de escoamentos. O simulador implementa o método GENSMAC para a solução das equações de Navier-Stokes em coordenadas cilíndricas, utilizando diferenças finitas em uma malha diferenciada. São introduzidos os efeitos da tensão superficial e do ângulo de contato nas simulações com simetria radial. Alguns resultados de simulações utilizando este sistema e uma validação do código são apresentados, comparando simulações com soluções analíticas e experimentais, e estudando a convergência do método. / This work presents an environment for the simulation of axisymmetric free surface flows, based on the Freeflow system. The system contains three modules: a geometric model modeller, a simulator and a visualizator. The simulator implements the GENSMAC method for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates, using finite differences in a staggered grid. The effects of surface tension and contact angle are introduced in the axisymmetric simulations. Some results from simulations using this system and a validation of the code are presented, comparing the simulations with analytical and experimental solutions, and studying the convergence of the method.

Em inúmeras aplicações práticas da engenharia a camada interfacial entre dois fluidos é de extrema importância para a correta caracterização do escoamento. Especificamente na Engenharia Ambiental e Hidráulica na interface entre o ar e a água existem propriedades capazes de relacionar a aeração e oxigenação. Focado na dinâmica dos processos turbulentos, o estudo proposto se aplica a problemas de sub-pressão em vertedores e visa analisar a troca de gases da interface ar-água em situações de fases dispersas e avaliar a qualidade da água a jusante dos mesmos. O objetivo maior é descrever a relação entre o comportamento da superfície da água, o desenvolvimento da camada limite e os regimes de escoamento de acordo com a vazão volumétrica. Para representar a distribuição da fração de vazios da fase dispersa, foram usados os princípios da formulação dos escoamentos em vertedores escalonados e da formulação para enlaçamento de ar. As argumentações e justificativas das formulações propostas para os perfis de concentrações foram baseadas na distribuição da fração de vazios prevista numericamente. A abordagem numérica do problema fluidodinâmico diferencia da maioria dos estudos concentrados na literatura, por estar baseada na quebra da superfície livre. / In many pratical aplications of engineering the interfacial layer between two fluids has a strong relevance in the process of right measurements of the flow. Espeficically in the enviromental and hydraulics engineering the interface between air and water is the property related with oxigen and areation of the flow. With focus on the dynamics of the turbulent processes, the proposed study is applied to sub-pressure problems in spillways. It investigates the gases exchange in the air- water interface in the dispersed phase and evaluate the water quality downstream. The major goal is to describe a relation between the boundary layer development and the flow regimes with discharge. To represent the distribution of void fractions of the dispersed phase, the physical formulation concepts of stepped spillways and entrapped air were used. The arguments and reasons to justify the proposed concentration profile formulation are based on the numerical provided void fraction distribution. The results as well as the physical model are in good agrement with described literature data. The Numerical approach of the fluid dynamics problem differs from major of described literature studies because it is based on the surface breakup.

L’écoulement et la stabilité des rideaux liquides viscoélastiques sont étudiés pour des solutions de polymères flexibles et semi rigides. Ces liquides viscoélastiques sont extrudés à partir d’une fente à débit constant et s’écoulent à l’air libre sous l’effet de la gravité. L’écoulement de ces liquides se caractérise par un équilibre initial entre la gravité et les forces élastiques causées par les déformations des chaînes de polymère, jusqu’à ce que l’inertie du liquide finisse par dominer et que l’on retrouve le comportement classique de chute libre. Nous montrons que l’écoulement est principalement influencé par la valeur du temps de relaxation extensionnel mesuré par une méthode de filamentation. Un nouvel éclairage sur l’écoulement des rideaux liquides Newtoniens nous permet de trouver une courbe maîtresse de l’écoulement dans le cas viscoélastique par analogie. En ce qui concerne la stabilité du rideau, nous observons que le débit critique de formation du rideau n’est pas affecté par la présence de polymères, tandis que le débit minimum en deçà duquel le rideau se rompt diminue après ajout de polymères, ce qui révèle une plus grande résistance de la nappe à l’initiation de trous. Par ailleurs, nous observons une instabilité de l’écoulement pour les solutions les plus rhéofluidifiantes, où des bandes épaisses (où la vitesse du liquide est supérieure à la moyenne) sont formées au sein du rideau. Une visualisation de l’écoulement à l’intérieur de la filière d’extrusion révèle que ce phénomène est lié à une instabilité de l’écoulement de contraction en amont de la fente, où l’écoulement est de nature instationnaire et tridimensionnelle. / The flow and the stability of viscoelastic liquid curtains are investigated using solutions of flexible and semi-rigid polymer chains. These viscoelastic liquids are extruded from a slot at constant flow rate and fall in ambient air under gravity. We show that the curtain flow of polymer solutions is characterized by an initial balance between gravity and the elastic stresses arising from the stretching of polymer molecules, until inertia finally dominates and the classical free-fall behavior is recovered. We show that the flow is mostly influenced by the value of the extensional relaxation time of the solution measured by a filament thinning technique. New insights on the theoretical description of Newtonian curtains allow us to find the master curve of the viscoelastic curtain flow by analogy. Concerning the curtain stability, we show that the critical flow rate for curtain formation is not affected by the presence of polymers whereas the minimum flow rate below which the curtain rapidly breaks is reduced by polymer addition, thus revealing a greater resistance of the sheet to hole initiations. Furthermore, we observe the onset of a flow instability for the most shear-thinning solutions, where thick bands (where the liquid velocity is larger than average) are formed within the curtain. Visualizations of the flow inside the die reveal that this phenomenon is linked to a flow instability at the contraction plane upstream of the slot where the flow is unsteady and three-dimensional in nature

<p>This thesis describes a system for dealing with free surface fluid simulations, and the components needed in order to construct such a system. It builds upon recent research, but in a computer graphics context the amount of available literature is limited and difficult to implement. Because of this, the text aims at providing a solid foundation of the mathematics needed, at explaining in greater detail the steps needed to solve the problem, and lastly at improving some aspects of the animation process as it has been described in earlier works. </p><p>The aim of the system itself is to provide visually plausible renditions of animated fluids in three dimensions in a manner that allows it to be usable in a visual effects production context. </p><p>The novel features described include a generalized interaction layer providing greater control to artists, a new way of dealing with moving objects that interact with the fluid and a method for adding source and drain capabilities.</p>

A computational model is developed to investigate fundamental flow physics and transport phenomena of evaporating wavy-laminar falling liquid films of water and black liquor. The computational model is formulated from first principles based on the conservation laws for mass, momentum, energy and species in addition to a phase transport equation for capturing interface deformation and evolution. Free surface waves are generated by monochromatic perturbation of velocity. Continuum models for interfacial evaporation define source terms for liquid vaporization and species enrichment in the conservation laws. A phenomenological crystallization model is derived to account for species depletion due to salt precipitation during black liquor falling film evaporation. Using highly resolved numerical grids on parallel computers, the computational model is implemented to analyze the dynamics of capillary separation eddies in low Reynolds number falling films, investigate the dominant mechanisms of heat transfer enhancement in falling films at moderately high Reynolds numbers and study the fundamental wave structures and wave induced transport in black liquor falling films on flat and cylindrical walls. From simulation results, a theory based on the dynamics of wavefront streamwise pressure gradient is proposed to explain interfacial waves interaction that give rise to multiple backflow regions in films dominated by solitary-capillary waves. The study shows that the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement in moderately high Reynolds number films follows from relatively lower conduction thermal resistance and higher crosswise convective transport at newly formed intermediate wavefronts. Interfacial phenomena such as wave-breaking and vapor entrainment observed in black liquor falling films is explained in terms of a mechanistic theory based on evolution of secondary instabilities and large amplitude wave force imbalances.

This thesis investigates the generation of second harmonic bulk waves in the presence of a free boundary. Second harmonic waves have proven to be useful in the field of nondestructive evaluation to detect fatigue in a material at an early stage. Since most experimental setups include a free surface, the influence of such a boundary is of significant practical interest. As a result, the objective of this research is to develop a quantitative understanding of the complete process of second harmonic generation at a free boundary. This research shows that the interaction of primary waves (with each other) in the nonlinear framework leads to the generation of second harmonic bulk waves. We distinguish between self-interaction of a single primary wave and the cross-interaction of two different primary waves. The proposed approach uses the perturbation method to solve the nonlinear equations of motion, and shows two fundamentally different solutions. In the case of resonance, the secondary waves grow with propagation distance. This is the most important practical case, since the growing amplitudes of these waves should be easier to experimentally measure. In the second, non-resonant case, the amplitudes of the secondary waves are constant. The complete process of second harmonic generation is analyzed for an incident Pand an incident SV-wave, with the primary and secondary fields given. Finally, the degenerate case of normal incidence is presented. Normal and oblique incidence are compared with regard to their feasibility in experimental setups. The specific behavior of second harmonic waves propagating in aluminum is numerically determined. These results enable a variety of physical insights and conclusions to be drawn from the analytical and numerical investigations.

Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετάται αριθμητικά η ροή σε σήραγγα υπό συνθήκες ελεύθερης επιφάνειας και έντονης κλίσης πυθμένα 1:10. Διερευνάται η δυνατότητα μείωσης της ταχύτητας ροής μέσω κατακόρυφων, πλευρικών στοιχείων τραχύτητας. Συγκεκριμένα γίνεται τρισδιάστατη προσομοίωση της ροής με χρήση του μοντέλου ANSYS – Fluent και τα αποτελέσματα συγκρίνονται με εκείνα που προέκυψαν από αντίστοιχο πείραμα που πραγματοποιήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Υδραυλικής Μηχανικής του Τμήματος Πολιτικών Μηχανικών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Αφορμή για το συγκεκριμένο σχεδιασμό αποτέλεσε η διερεύνηση της εκτροπής των πλημμυρικών παροχών από ορεινή λεκάνη σε κατάντη ταμιευτήρα μέσω σήραγγας και συγκεκριμένα από το οροπέδιο Λασιθίου στον ταμιευτήρα του φράγματος Αποσελεμή. Με δεδομένα τα ανωτέρω, επιθυμείται να αποφευχθεί η κατασκευή βαθμίδων ή στοιχείων τραχύτητας στον πυθμένα και, επομένως, απαιτείται η μόρφωση «πτυχώσεων» στα τοιχώματα έτσι ώστε να αναπτυχθεί δευτερογενής ροή και με εισρόφηση αέρα. Η αποτελεσματικότητα του σχεδιασμού διερευνήθηκε σε υδραυλικό ομοίωμα κλίμακας 1:12.5 που βασίσθηκε σε συνθήκες δυναμικής ομοιότητας κατά Froude για χαρακτηριστικές τιμές παροχής. Η επεξεργασία των μετρήσεων έδειξε ότι με κατάλληλη διάταξη πλευρικών στοιχείων τραχύτητας ελέγχεται η τιμή της ταχύτητας και ικανοποιείται η απαίτηση μεγίστου βάθους ροής σε σχέση με τις διαστάσεις της σήραγγας. Για την υπολογιστική επίλυση του προβλήματος αξιοποιήθηκαν οι εξισώσεις Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS), ενώ για το κλείσιμο της τύρβης χρησιμοποιήθηκε το μοντέλο δυο εξισώσεων k-ω, το οποίο επεξηγείται αναλυτικά. Η διαχείριση της ελεύθερης επιφάνειας έγινε με τη μέθοδο Volume of Fluid (VOF), ενώ η αριθμητική επίλυση βασίστηκε στη μέθοδο των πεπερασμένων όγκων και πραγματοποιήθηκε με το υπολογιστικό πακέτο Fluent CFD της ANSYS inc. Για την ροή στον υπό εξέταση αγωγό η ροή είναι υπερκρίσιμη με κλίση πυθμένα S_0=0.10. Για λόγους ελέγχου της ακρίβειας της αριθμητικής μεθόδου που χρησιμοποιήθηκε, αρχικά επιλύθηκε η περίπτωση τρισδιάστατου καναλιού ορθογωνικής διατομής χωρίς πλευρικά στοιχεία τραχύτητας και τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν συγκρίθηκαν με αναλυτικά αποτελέσματα μονοδιάστατης ροής (κατακόρυφο επίπεδο) υπεράνω επίπεδου πυθμένα. Τα αποτελέσματα βρέθηκαν σε καλή συμφωνία μεταξύ τους, γεγονός που επιβεβαίωσε την καταλληλότητα της μεθόδου. Για το τρισδιάστατο πρόβλημα με τα κατακόρυφα πλευρικά στοιχεία τραχύτητας, η ανάλυση έδειξε ότι το διάμηκες προφίλ της ελεύθερης επιφάνειας παρουσιάζει κυματισμούς σε όλη την περιοχή των στοιχείων τραχύτητας. Το βάθος ροής κατέρχεται σταδιακά από το αρχικό κρίσιμο βάθος μέχρι να φθάσει στο επίπεδο του βάθους των 0.06 m, το οποίο δεν είναι το ομοιόμορφο βάθος αφού η ροή συνεχίζει να επιταχύνεται. Επιπροσθέτως, παρατηρήθηκε η δημιουργία μιας περιοχής ανακυκλοφορίας της ροής ανάμεσα στα πλευρικά στοιχεία τραχύτητας. Τα αποτελέσματα που πρόεκυψαν από το αριθμητικό μοντέλο συγκρίθηκαν με τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα και η συμφωνία μεταξύ αριθμητικών προβλέψεων και πειραματικών δεδομένων είναι ιδιαίτερα ικανοποιητική. / A three-dimensional CFD numerical model has been utilized to simulate the 3D free-surface flow under supercritical flow conditions in a 10% sloping channel over vertical roughness elements on the side walls. The effectiveness of vertical roughness elements on the side walls is investigated, with the aim to reduce flow velocity in the tunnel. The program, ANSYS Fluent, solves the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations on an unstructured five-hedral grid using PISO method and the flow is treated as steady while the k-omega model is used as turbulence model. The numerical simulation has been based on the Volume of Fluid method (VOF) approach. Available experimental measurements of the free-surface in a sloping channel, under various supercritical flow regimes, have been used to validate the proposal numerical methodology. These experiments were conducted at the Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory of the Civil Engineering Department, University of Patras. In all test cases the 3D numerical model gives reasonable comparisons with measurements for the water depth.

Orientador: Geraldo de Freitas Maciel / Resumo: Esta tese de doutorado traz uma abordagem experimental sobre mecanismos de geração, desenvolvimento e propagação em canal de instabilidade na superfície livre de um escoamento de fluido não-Newtoniano. Estas instabilidades, quando evoluem para um padrão estável, exibem comprimento, amplitude e celeridade bem definidos, sendo denominadas roll waves. Na literatura existe uma lacuna no que diz respeito às medições destes fenômenos em condições controladas de laboratório, e com pouquíssimos registros, quando presentes em eventos naturais. Assim, buscou-se neste trabalho projetar e implementar um aparato experimental operacional e de baixo custo com o objetivo de gerar e aferir tais instabilidades, sob condições controladas e sem a influência de vibrações externas (canalete posicionado sobre uma mesa inercial), seguindo metodologia de ensaio proposta e testada. O fluido teste utilizado foi o gel de carbopol 996, que apresentou boa estabilidade e propriedades reológicas aderentes ao modelo de Herschel-Bulkley, tal qual as lamas encontradas em pés de barragens, lamas oriundas de fluxos hiperconcentrados ou de corridas propriamente ditas. Um sistema de sucção-recalque, através de uma bomba hidráulica de cavidade progressiva, impulsionava o gel para o canal de ensaio, garantindo fluxo contínuo do material em regime de recirculação. Para gerar as instabilidades na superfície livre, foi imposta, a montante do canal, uma perturbação, por meio de um pulso de ar controlado em intensidade e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Submitted by EVANDRO FERNANDES DA CUNHA (evandro.cunha@unesp.br) on 2018-11-18T20:13:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Evandro Cunha.pdf: 10054124 bytes, checksum: f324825069efc486e2637a46c1b85371 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-11-21T15:21:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cunha_ef_dr_ilha.pdf: 10054124 bytes, checksum: f324825069efc486e2637a46c1b85371 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-21T15:21:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cunha_ef_dr_ilha.pdf: 10054124 bytes, checksum: f324825069efc486e2637a46c1b85371 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-31 / Esta tese de doutorado traz uma abordagem experimental sobre mecanismos de geração, desenvolvimento e propagação em canal de instabilidade na superfície livre de um escoamento de fluido não-Newtoniano. Estas instabilidades, quando evoluem para um padrão estável, exibem comprimento, amplitude e celeridade bem definidos, sendo denominadas roll waves. Na literatura existe uma lacuna no que diz respeito às medições destes fenômenos em condições controladas de laboratório, e com pouquíssimos registros, quando presentes em eventos naturais. Assim, buscou-se neste trabalho projetar e implementar um aparato experimental operacional e de baixo custo com o objetivo de gerar e aferir tais instabilidades, sob condições controladas e sem a influência de vibrações externas (canalete posicionado sobre uma mesa inercial), seguindo metodologia de ensaio proposta e testada. O fluido teste utilizado foi o gel de carbopol 996, que apresentou boa estabilidade e propriedades reológicas aderentes ao modelo de Herschel-Bulkley, tal qual as lamas encontradas em pés de barragens, lamas oriundas de fluxos hiperconcentrados ou de corridas propriamente ditas. Um sistema de sucção-recalque, através de uma bomba hidráulica de cavidade progressiva, impulsionava o gel para o canal de ensaio, garantindo fluxo contínuo do material em regime de recirculação. Para gerar as instabilidades na superfície livre, foi imposta, a montante do canal, uma perturbação, por meio de um pulso de ar controlado em intensidade e frequência. Após evolução e estabilização, a onda (roll wave) era aferida por meio de sistema de medição ultrassônico na configuração de pulso-eco e, seguindo metodologia inovadora proposta nesta tese, por meio de técnica fotométrica em função da absorção luminosa de um corante (azul de metileno) adicionado ao fluido teste em escoamento. Para confirmação da qualidade dos resultados obtidos pela aplicação das técnicas de medição experimental, foram feitas confrontações entre as técnicas experimentais propostas e entre estas e um modelo numérico, desenvolvido pelo grupo de pesquisa. Por fim, foram testados dois estudos de caso de formação e propagação de roll waves no canal, o primeiro visando a obtenção e tratamento das amplitudes em diversos pontos ao longo do canal, e, no segundo, a influência da frequência de perturbação sobre a amplitude da roll wave, todos para cenários experimentais com números de Froude superiores ao Froude mínimo, condição necessária à geração do fenômeno. / This doctoral thesis brings an experimental approach on generation, development and propagation mechanisms of instabilities free-surface flows of a non-Newtonian fluid. When these instabilities evolve to a stable pattern, they display well-defined length, amplitude and celerity, being denominated as roll waves. There is a great gap in literature concerning experimental data. Few experiments are found relating laboratory measurements of these phenomena in controlled conditions; this is also true when it comes to in situ measurements from natural events. Thus, the aim of this project was to design and implement a low cost operational experimental apparatus to generate and measure such instabilities under controlled conditions, isolated from external vibration influences. This project follows a previous methodology developed which was tested and approved. Carbopol gel 996 was used as test fluid, presenting good stability and rheological properties matching to Herschel-Bulkley model, oftenly used for modeling industrial sludge, slurry fluids, natural mud, among others. A hydraulic circuit was installed in which a progressive cavity hydraulic pump pushed the gel to the inlet of the testing channel, ensuring continuous flow of material, capturing the fluid at the channel outlet. A free-surface disturbance was imposed to the flow through a controlled pulse of air (intensity and frequency) on the upstream flow to produce the free-surface instabilities. After evolution and stabilization, the wave (roll wave) was measured through ultrasonic measurement system in the pulse-echo configuration and also through photometric technique using light absorption by a dye (methylene blue) added to the test fluid. Confrontations of the experimental data were made among the proposed experimental techniques and also with numerical simulations developed by the research group in order to assess the quality of the results obtained by the application of the experimental measurement techniques. Lastly, two case studies of formation and propagation of roll waves were tested: the first one aimed to obtain and process the amplitudes in several points along the channel; the second one, the influence of frequency of disturbance over the amplitude of the roll wave was studied. All the experimental scenarios were tested for Froude number over the minimum value necessary for the generation of the phenomenon.

Le présent travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la mise au point d'un nouveau procédé de fusion d'oxydes dans un four chauffé par induction. Le procédé étudié met en jeu des fortes interactions entre des phénomènes électromagnétique, thermique et hydrodynamique dans un milieu fluide aux propriétés physiques fortement dépendantes de la température. L'objectif de la thèse est de modéliser le procédé en couplant étroitement le chauffage par effet Joule, le brassage mécanique et la vidange du four. La modélisation de l'évolution temporelle de l'interface entre le verre et l'air lors de vidange du creuset froid a été réalisée. S'agissant de la méthodologie, nous avons choisi de coupler deux logiciels : Flux® pour le calcul électromagnétique et Fluent® pour la thermo-hydraulique. L'évolution de la surface libre a été traitée par la méthode multiphasique « Volume-Of-Fluid – VOF », et l'agitation mécanique par les modèles « Moving Reference Frame » et « Sliding Mesh ». Nous avons d'abord considéré la vidange sans agitation mécanique d'une cuve remplie d'une huile silicone de haute viscosité. Ce modèle initial prend en compte des études de similitude hydraulique entre l'huile silicone et le verre. Puis nous avons superposé l'écoulement forcé crée par un agitateur mécanique et les phénomènes électromagnétique et thermique afin modéliser l'écoulement du bain de verre fondu. Le modèle final permet de fournir de diverses grandeurs, notamment des estimations pour le temps de vidange, le flux thermique et l'évolution temporelle du débit massique et de la température dans le four. / This thesis is part of the development of a new technology of oxides melting in a furnace heated by induction. The technology studied involves strong interactions between electromagnetic, thermal and hydrodynamic phenomena in a flow with physical properties strongly dependents of the temperature. The aim of the thesis is the modelling of the process by coupling closely the Joule heating, the mechanical stirring and the draining of the furnace. The modeling of the time evolution of the interface between glass and air during the emptying of the cold crucible was performed. Regarding the methodology, we chose to combine two scientific codes: Flux® for the electromagnetic calculation and Fluent® for thermal-hydraulics. The evolution of the free surface was treated by the multiphasic method "Volume -Of- Fluid - VOF" and the mechanical stirring by the “Moving Reference Frame” and the “Sliding Mesh”. First of all, we considered the draining of a tank filled with a silicon oil of high-viscosity without mechanical stirring. This initial model took into account studies of hydraulic similarity between the silicon oil and the glass. Then we superimposed the forced flow creates by the mechanical stirrer, the thermal and the electromagnetic phenomena in order to model the flow of the molten glass. The final model can provide various parameters, including the time needed to drain the furnace, the heat transfer flux and the time evolution of the mass flow rate and of the temperature inside de furnace.