The introduction of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms has affected many elements of the constitutional system in Canada. This dissertation explores the Charter's relationship with liberal constitutionalism and Canadian federalism, and considers whether judicial review on Charter grounds has seen a progression, or a regression, from parliamentary to constitutional to judicial supremacy. Further, this dissertation considers whether Charter review has reduced provincial autonomy by imposing national values in provincial areas of jurisdiction when Charter review nullifies provincial statutes. Through a complex process referred to as the rebalancing of liberal constitutionalism, this study argues that a changed Charter jurisprudence by the Supreme Court of Canada and a changed policy process within the administrative state at the federal level have reduced the negative implications of Charter review for liberal constitutionalism and Canadian federalism. To advance this argument, the concept of Charter activism is introduced to demonstrate that the rebalancing of liberal constitutionalism is the product of the shifting equilibrium within two distinct elements that comprise Charter activism---judicial activism and bureaucratic activism. This study pursues three themes to demonstrate that the decline of judicial activism and the emergence of bureaucratic activism now converge at a point within Charter politics that facilitate the rebalancing of liberal constitutionalism and ensure that Charter review advances constitutional and not judicial supremacy. The first theme investigates the Supreme Court of Canada as a policy actor during Charter review, and analyzes Charter decisions between 1982 and 1997. The second theme considers the impact of Charter review on Canadian federalism and whether the Charter has centralized Canadian federalism and reduced provincial autonomy. The final theme investigates bureaucratic activism and the changes within the policy process at the fe

This work considers the legal impediments to farming in an urban environment with a particular focus on the municipal bylaws that prohibit the keeping of hens in Saskatoon. The jurisdictional competency of Saskatoon to prohibit the keeping of urban hens is challenged under both municipal law and constitutional law, and more broadly, under the general premise that liberty interests should often prevail where a bylaw is arbitrary, misinformed, and restricts the pursuit of truth and human flourishing. Saskatoon’s urban hen prohibition is argued to be premised more on a form of moral reasoning that unnecessarily distinguishes between rural and urban environments, and less, if at all, on empirical evidence. Urban agriculture is often undertaken to address the environmental and social shortfalls of the global food system, such as the system’s connection with climate change, animal welfare issues, and challenges associated with the distribution of food. Moreover, urban agriculture is a means of protecting the rights of producers and consumers, as articulated by the food sovereignty movement. In this work, a claimant’s desire to advance food rights (including food sovereignty) through the keeping of urban hens is argued to engage the guarantee to freedom of expression and freedom of conscience under Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This work explores the possibility of protecting the manifestation of social and environmental action through the guarantee to freedom of conscience. This work develops a cursory test for determining where a claimant’s guarantee to freedom of conscience is violated, drawing on the well established protection of freedom of expression and freedom of religion.

Tyrimas atliktas administracinės teisės taikymo poveikio įveikiant ekonominio nuosmukio padarinius ţmogaus socialinių ekonominių teisių ir laisvių srityje tema. Pasirinktas tikslas – atskleisti administracines teisės taikymo veiksmingumą ţmogaus socialinėms ekonominėms teisėms ir laisvėms ekonominio nuosmukio metu. Nustatyta, jog administracinės teisės reformavimui ekonominio nuosmukio periodai turi įtaką, tenka pertvarkyti daugelį sferų, kaip pensijų mokėjimą ar socialinės paramos teikimo sąlygas, tvarką, vyksta tam tikra reforma. Teorijos bei praktinių pokyčių teisėkūroje, teismų praktikoje analizė parodė, jog ekonominio nuosmukio patirtis įtikina, kad reikia anksti nustatyti socialinius pokyčius ir numatyti, kokias permainas jie sukels. Tuomet įmanoma sukurti aiškesnę administracinės teisės normas, sureguliuosiančios vieną ar kitą visuomeninį santykį, viziją. Būtina veikti proaktyviai, keisti ţmonių teisinio mąstymo principus. / The theme of the work carried out by application of administrative law, overcoming the effects of the economic crisis on social economic rights and human freedoms. The purpose is to reveal the administrative law on human rights and freedoms of the economic social sector. The reform of administrative law during economic crisis periods must bear the transforming influence of the realms, as the payment of pensions or social assistance relating to conditions, procedures, certain aspects of the reform. Theory and practical analysis of the changes in the legislation, case-law has shown that the economic crisis experience convinces the need for early detection of social change and to provide for the changes they cause. Then it is possible to create clearer rules of administrative law, strengthen one or another public relationship, vision. It is necessary to work to change people's thinking pro-actively, to overthink the legal principles.

This thesis examines whether, how and to what extent social cash transfers help the poor in reducing poverty; not only in income terms but also in relation to how they build on their capabilities and address gender inequality, risk and vulnerability. The thesis explores these questions through an analysis of a community targeted social cash transfer scheme from Traditional Authority Mlomba, Machinga district in Malawi, using the capability approach as the conceptual framework of analysis. The study is located in the critical realist domain as its underlying research philosophy. The study is qualitative in nature, using semi-structured interviews, observations and life histories. The scheme targets the poorest 10% of the population who are also labour constrained and deemed to be economically unproductive. Thus, the study offers some insights into an area that is not well researched as it is a relatively new concept to target the poor who are also labour constrained and not economically productive. In this thesis, I show that despite the limited resource base compared to the large number of the poor, social cash transfers as low as US$14 per household per month can make a valuable contribution to the reduction of poverty through building capabilities of the poor, empowering women and addressing some of the gendered inequalities, risk and vulnerability. Therefore, social cash transfers are not just handouts but act as ladders that can uplift the absolute poor out of poverty.

Magister Educationis - MEd / Since the onset of democracy in 1994, education in South Africa has undergone many developments and changes due to curriculum innovations and interventions. For more than two decades, the government has been seeking to eliminate the divisions of the past by establishing a society based on democratic values, social justice and the observance of fundamental human rights as described in Act 108 of 1996 in the Constitution. The curriculum changes in South Africa after 1994 had a huge impact on the education system as a whole, and classroom teaching shifted from being largely teacher- centered to being predominantly learner-centered. Hence, the newly revised Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) was introduced (DBE, 2011) to provide all teachers with the same outline of what should be taught, when and how. The government's efforts at improving teaching and learning as well as maintaining a high standard of education are commendable, however, findings through this research demonstrate that CAPS disregards the massive differences in terms of contexts within which schools operate and the general lack of resources faced by certain schools. The main aim of this research was to explore the nature of the capability sets of teachers with respect to the implementation of the CAPS curriculum in a no fee school community in the Western Cape. The research was conducted within the framework of a qualitative research approach with a case study design. Classroom observation, focus group interviews and document analysis were utilized as data collection methods. The capability approach of Amartya Sen was applied to unveil the nature of teachers' capability sets in a no fee school in the Western Cape. This study has established that there are several factors inside and outside the school, which influence the implementation of CAPS during the teaching and assessment processes. Therefore, recommendations are made that the policymakers should take into account the context and socio economic background of the school and learners before changing the curriculum.

Submitted by Mateus Beordo null (mateus@franca.unesp.br) on 2017-04-03T04:48:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MATEUS BEORDO - CONSTRUINDO PONTES ENTRE NÓS - OS MICROEMPREENDEDORES INDIVIDUAIS DE FRANCA-SP.pdf: 10082542 bytes, checksum: 0d98ce986036556a1974e6ef2d87eb86 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-11T19:29:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 beordo_m_dr_fran.pdf: 10082542 bytes, checksum: 0d98ce986036556a1974e6ef2d87eb86 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T19:29:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 beordo_m_dr_fran.pdf: 10082542 bytes, checksum: 0d98ce986036556a1974e6ef2d87eb86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / A tese adentra por entre os nós da sociedade em sua construção da cidadania, onde o homem age como protagonista de sua liberdade através da participação social advinda do trabalho. À compreensão deste processo vemos a cidadania balizada no trabalho, na educação e em valores éticos. Esta edificação ocorre em um cenário em constante movimento, envolto na política, na cultura, na economia, e dirigido pelo Estado, pelo mercado e pela sociedade civil. Desta forma, o empreendedorismo recebe tratamento favorecido, diferenciado e simplificado através de normas jurídicas. Dos sujeitos exige a observação de oportunidades a partir dos recursos produtivos e de seus conhecimentos. Assim, objetivamos compreender a prevalência do microempreendedor individual (MEI), introduzido no processo produtivo, como facilitador ao exercício da cidadania e apresentar o processo de transformação social, individual e coletiva, impressa na participação social e na edificação da liberdade do indivíduo, como agente de mudança responsável pelo desenvolvimento local. Acreditamos que não buscam acumulação de riquezas, mas qualidade de vida, perpassando pela ressignificação de seu trabalho e de conseguirem vislumbrar possibilidades através dos desafios impostos no cotidiano, a partir da criação de valor individual, organizacional e social. A pesquisa parte da observação e do questionamento do real/social, e, através de múltiplas aproximações, objetiva compreendê-lo. Justaposições com o método bibliográfico, documental, que nos proporcionou dados para análise quantitativa. Para delinearmos este fenômeno, em meio à sua complexidade, evidenciamos a análise através do materialismo histórico dialético que nos remonta a interação social ao longo do tempo histórico peremptoriamente entre sujeito/objeto, visto que o conhecimento está associado à práxis humana. Franca/SP é o lócus da pesquisa e possui, por primazia, ampla relação com empreendedores desde antes da sua fundação quando era entreposto comercial, depois as selarias, passando pela criação do primeiro curtume, dos artesãos dedicados à fabricação do calçado masculino até as mulheres se lançarem à confecções de lingerie e outros artigos do vestuário. Os participantes da pesquisa são empresas constituídas como MEIs, optantes pelo Simples Nacional e que representam mais da metade dos empreendimentos instalados na cidade, onde as condições de ingresso são facilitadas, pois utilizam qualificações adquiridas no cotidiano de trabalho, os tornando um sujeito híbrido de operário e empreendedor, que acreditam no que podem e desejam fazer, proporcionando trabalho e renda, além de serem agentes de fomentação de democratização e desenvolvimento local. Os caminhos conquistados são parte de um processo que constroem pontes às suas liberdades e à transformação social. Enfim, este empreendedorismo empodera estes sujeitos em seu exercício cidadão, dando-lhes pertencimento à sociedade em que vive, mas além disto, torna-os protagonistas na busca ativa por suas liberdades. / By the subject, we require the observation of opportunities from the productive resources and their knowledge. Thus, we aim to understand the prevalence of individual micro entrepreneur (MEI), introduced in the productive process, as facilitator to the exercise of citizenship and to present the social transformation process, individual and collective, printed on social participation and in the building up of the freedom of the individual, as an agent of responsible change for local development. We believe that they do not seek wealth accumulation, but quality of life, bypassing the resignification of their work and getting a glimpse possibilities through the challenges posed in everyday life, from the creation of individual, organizational and social value. The research begins from the observation and questioning of the real/social aspect, and, through multiple approaches, aims to understand it. Juxtapositions with the bibliographic, documentary methods, which provided us with data for quantitative analysis. To work out this phenomenon, in the midst of his complexity, we highlighted the analysis through historical materialism dialectic method that dates the social interaction over historical time peremptorily between subject/object, since knowledge is associated with human praxis. Franca/SP is the locus of research and has, by primacy, wide relationship with entrepreneurs from before his foundation when it was a trading post, after the horse saddles stores, bypassing through the creation of the first tannery, of artisans dedicated to men's footwear manufacturing, and of women to launch to make lingerie and other clothing items. Respondents of this survey are companies incorporated as MEIs, choosers by Simples Nacional and which represent more than half of the enterprises installed in the city, where the conditions for admission are facilitated because they use acquired skills in everyday work, making them a subject of hybrid worker and entrepreneur, who believe in what they can and want to do, providing jobs and income, in addition to being agents of democratization and local development fostering. The conquered paths are part of a process to build bridges to their freedoms and social transformation. Anyway, this entrepreneurship empowers these people in their citizen exercise, giving them belonging to the society in which he lives, but beyond that, making them the protagonists in active search for their freedoms. / La tesis entra a través de los nodos de la sociedad en la construcción de ciudadanía, donde el hombre actúa como protagonista de su libertad a través de la participación en el trabajo social derivado. Para comprender este proceso que la ciudadanía bautizados en el trabajo, en la educación y los valores éticos. Este edificio se encuentra en un escenario en constante movimiento, envuelto en la política, la cultura, la economía, y dirigida por el Estado, el mercado y la sociedad civil. Por lo tanto, el espíritu empresarial recibe un trato preferencial, diferenciada y simplificada a través de normas legales. El tema requiere la visualización de las oportunidades de los recursos productivos y sus conocimientos. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo es conocer la prevalencia de micro-empresario individual (MEI), introducida en el proceso de producción, como facilitador para el ejercicio de la ciudadanía y presentar el proceso de transformación social, individual y colectiva, impreso en la participación social y la construcción de la libertad del individuo, como un agente de cambio responsable para el desarrollo local. Creemos que no busca la acumulación de riqueza, pero la calidad de vida, pasando por la reformulación de su trabajo y obtener una ojeada a través de las posibilidades retos en la vida diaria, desde la creación de valor individual, organizacional y social. La investigación parte de la observación y la cuestión social real, ya través de múltiples enfoques, pretende entenderlo. Yuxtaposiciones con el método bibliográfico, documental, que proporcionó los datos para el análisis cuantitativo. Delinearmos a este fenómeno, en medio de su complejidad, se tomó nota del análisis a través del materialismo histórico dialéctico de citas en la interacción social a lo largo del tiempo histórico perentoriamente entre sujeto / objeto, ya que el conocimiento se asocia con la praxis humana. Franca/SP es el lugar geométrico de la investigación y tiene, por la primacía, amplia relación con los empresarios desde antes de su fundación como un puesto de comercio, a continuación, los selarias a través de la creación de la primera curtiduría, artesanos dedicada a la fabricación de calzado masculino a las mujeres para poner en marcha la ropa de la ropa interior y otros artículos de la ropa. Los participantes son empresas constituidas como mieles, optando por la simple Nacional y que representa más de la mitad de las empresas de la ciudad, donde las condiciones de entrada son fáciles, ya que utilizan las habilidades adquiridas en el trabajo diario, por lo que un objeto híbrido trabajador y el empresario, que creen en lo que pueden y quieren hacer, proporcionar trabajo y los ingresos, y son agentes de la democratización y el desarrollo local fomentando. Los caminos conquistados son parte de un proceso para construir puentes con sus libertades y la transformación social. De todos modos, esta iniciativa empresarial permite a estas personas en sus ciudadanos ejercen dando ellos pertenecientes a la sociedad en la que vive, sino que, además, les hace protagonistas en la búsqueda activa de sus libertades.

This dissertation takes an employee-centred approach to explore the power that employers have to regulate the physical appearance of their employees in the Canadian workplace. Specifically, it analyzes the limitations and potential of existing human rights instruments for protecting the appearance interests of employees in Canada, with primary focus on British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec. Appearance matters a great deal in the North American context. Scholars of sociology have established that as a social and identity marker, as well as a powerful means of expression, appearance should be considered as fundamental to an employee’s identity, sense of self, and personhood. In particular, these studies show that appearance choices (such as tattoos, piercings, grooming practices, and clothes) are important to an employee’s sense of self; they are therefore worthy of legal protections. Yet, under the current state of law in Canada, workplace appearance regulation is legal, with limits for the most part dependent on whether or not employees are unionized. This dissertation takes up the question of how to address employees’ appearance in the workplace as a human rights issue by offering two frameworks of analysis—the anti-discrimination approach and the fundamental rights at work approach. Physical appearance is not a protected ground of discrimination in Canada. As such, approaching the question of workplace appearance policies and practices through an anti-discrimination lens offers some considerable challenges for employees in a private employment relationship in most Canadian provinces. In Quebec, the Quebec Charter of human rights and freedoms protects a wide range of fundamental rights and freedoms applicable to private employment relationships, including the right to dignity, the right to privacy, and the right to freedom of expression. Quebec employees have successfully raised these rights in order to challenge workplace appearance regulation. Quebec employers are thus more limited regarding appearance policies than their counterparts in the rest of Canada, because of the fundamental rights at work framework, which offers a balanced approach to employers’ and employees’ competing interests. With a careful review of both frameworks, I argue that legislative changes could enable shifts in cultures of work, and I conclude with some modest proposals to achieve better protections for employees broadly, and more specifically with respect to the importance of appearance in the workplace. / Graduate / 2021-08-14

This diploma thesis is focused on the position and tasks of a judge in pre-trial criminal proceedings and aims to present the role of the judge in pre-trial proceedings on the basis of analysis of his role and specific actions carried out in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Code which he takes part in. Criminal proceedings in general is a topical issue when considering a planned recodification of the Criminal Procedure Code. Moreover, pre-trial criminal proceedings present a significant part of criminal proceedings because all the evidence obtained and gathered in this stage might have a huge impact on the course and decision of a trial. Even though the prosecutor is in charge of pre-trial criminal proceedings, the judge holds an important position in this stage since he decides on actions which interfere with human rights and fundamental freedoms. The diploma thesis is divided into four chapters which are complementary and logically follow each other. The first chapter deals with criminal proceedings in general; in particular, it contains a definition and tasks of criminal proceedings, parties and subjects and stages. Emphasis is placed on fundamental principles of criminal proceedings as they present the main building blocks and permeate the entire Criminal Procedure Code. The second...

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This thesis examines whether, how and to what extent social cash transfers help the poor in reducing poverty; not only in income terms but also in relation to how they build on their capabilities and address gender inequality, risk and vulnerability. The thesis explores these questions through an analysis of a community targeted social cash transfer scheme from Traditional Authority Mlomba, Machinga district in Malawi, using the capability approach as the conceptual framework of analysis. The study is located in the critical realist domain as its underlying research philosophy. The study is qualitative in nature, using semi-structured interviews, observations and life histories. The scheme targets the poorest 10% of the population who are also labour constrained and deemed to be economically unproductive. Thus, the study offers some insights into an area that is not well researched as it is a relatively new concept to target the poor who are also labour constrained and not economically productive. In this thesis, I show that despite the limited resource base compared to the large number of the poor, social cash transfers as low as US$14 per household per month can make a valuable contribution to the reduction of poverty through building capabilities of the poor, empowering women and addressing some of the gendered inequalities, risk and vulnerability. Therefore, social cash transfers are not just handouts but act as ladders that can uplift the absolute poor out of poverty.