O objeto da dissertação é o estudo de uma classificação das obrigações entre aquelas de meios e as de resultado, as primeiras obrigando o devedor a uma prestação de diligência, as segundas, à realização de uma vantagem para o credor, sem o que não haveria o devedor de exonerar-se. Um estudo histórico abre o trabalho, pesquisando os antecedentes remotos da distinção, até a sua consagração, no Traité de René Demogue, o que tornou famosa a distinção que passou a gerar profundas discussões doutrinárias na França e no resto do mundo. São também tratados os antecedentes mais recentes, o contexto histórico do surgimento da classificação e sua evolução sucessiva, tanto na França quanto em outros países, para, enumeradas algumas das muitas dificuldades envolvidas no estudo do tema, ainda hoje severamente combatido, pesquisar-se, do ponto de vista da estrutura do vínculo obrigacional, como esta classificação se relaciona com a prestação devida. Assim, acredita-se, seria possível dizer se, uma vez que todo vínculo obrigacional surge tendo em vista um resultado, a prestação obrigacional admite uma distinção entre aquelas que implicam uma atividade do devedor limitada por sua diligência (obrigação de meios) e aquelas que somente conduzem a obrigação a seu termo mediante cumprimento uma vez realizado um resultado, ou seja, desde que produzido um benefício específico para o credor (obrigações de resultado). / The purpose of the dissertation is to study the classification of obligations in the ones so called best efforts duty and those referred to as duty to achieve a result, the first imposing to the debtor the duty to act diligently, the second attain a certain benefit to the creditor, without which the debtor would never be exonerated. A historical study initiates the dissertation with the research of the remote antecedents of such classification until its public recognition through the Traité written by René Demogue, which brought it great fame and created deep debates both in France and throughout the world. The recent antecedents of the classification are also pointed out, the historical context of its emergence and successive evolution in France and in other countries, to, after listing some of the many difficulties involved in the study of such subject, strongly criticized even nowadays, research through the scope of the legal relationship how the classification would relate with the duties imposed to the debtor. In doing so, it is believed to be possible to say, since every legal duty emerges to accomplish a certain objective, if would be possible to admit a distinction between duties that imply a conduct limited by diligence (best efforts duty) and those that would only be extinguished by the fulfillment of its purpose, in other words, since a specific result is produce and delivered to the creditor (duty to achieve a result).

Att drabbas av stroke kan medföra fysiska, psykiska, kognitiva och emotionella svårigheter och funktionsnedsättningar. Att rehabilitera bristande funktioner är början på en omfattande process som kräver stöd och motivation från människor i omgivningen.   Syfte: Utifrån vårdpersonals perspektiv undersöks och beskrivs faktorer som motiverar och har positiv inverkan på rehabilitering. 16 personer som samtliga arbetar med rehabilitering av strokepatienter deltog.  Metod: Med en enkät kartläggs personalens uppfattning och åsikter kring rehabiliteringsplanens betydelse och faktorers påverkan på motivationen. Frågorna är indelade i 5 teman: Rehabiliteringsplan, mål, framgångsfaktorer, motivation och motiverande faktorer. I studien undersöks om det finns signifikant skillnad mellan motivation och rehabilitering i relation till de viktigaste målen som bedöms vara hygien, gå och äta. Resultat: Rehabiliteringsplanen anses vara ett viktigt verktyg för att kartlägga behov men också för att motivera patienten. Hygien, äta och gå anses vara de vanligaste målen. Glad och positiv personal bedöms ha stor inverkan på motivationen. Även familjen anses ha stor inverkan på rehabilitering medan det egna intresset är av mindre betydelse. Enligt studien finns inget signifikant samband mellan motivation och rehabilitering inom målen hygien, gå och äta.  Slutsats: En rehabiliteringsplan grundad på patientens behov ökar den inre motivationen och därmed också möjligheten att se sin aktiva roll och vara mottaglig för yttre motivation. / Stroke can cause physical, mental, cognitive and emotional difficulties and disabilities. Rehabilitating inadequate functions is the beginning of an extensive process that requires support and motivation from people around the world. Aim: From the perspective of healthcare professionals, factors that motivate and positively affect rehabilitation are investigated and described. 16 people who all work with rehabilitation of stroke patients participated. Method: With a survey, the staff's perception and views of the importance of the rehabilitation plan and factors influence the motivation. The questions are divided into 5 themes: Rehabilitation plan, goals, success factors, motivation and motivational factors. The study examines whether there is a significant difference between motivation and rehabilitation in relation to the most important goals that are thought to be hygiene, go and eat. Result: The rehabilitation plan is considered an important tool for mapping needs but also motivating the patient. Hygiene, eating and walking are stated as the most common goals. Happy and positive staff are expected to have a major impact on motivation. The family is also considered to have a major impact on rehabilitation while its own interest is less important. According to the study, there is no significant correlation between motivation and rehabilitation within the goals of hygiene, walking and eating. Conclusion: A rehabilitation plan based on patient needs increases internal motivation and thus also the ability to see its active role and be receptive to external motivation.

Nowadays, many companies attempt to adapt their production planning and strategy to make order fulfillment more flexible. In manufacturing, the capacity and capability constraints are key factors which need efficient production planning for controlling service level and minimizing inventory cost. This thesis focuses on looking for the economic and efficient strategies for Capability to Promise or CTP handling. This strategy is proposed to work for Low Volume/High Mixed product manufacturing. Moreover, SAP is used as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system for steering the CTP handling strategies in order to increase automated order handling regarding cost efficiency. The results of this research are both concepts and implementations on how to set CTP handling by using SAP, regarding the demand uncertainty environment in Make to Order (MTO) fulfillment.

The requirement for liquidated damages a convention, accessorial  to  the principal obligation, which guarantees the accomplishment of the first one. The penalty clause has received a different treatment in various legal systems; such are the French, Italian, German and Peruvian cases.In this article, the author explains the functions of the requirement for liquidated damages and its differences with similar figures. In addition he explains the relation between the requirement for liquidated damages and precontractual responsibility, as well as its role inthe scheme of contractual responsibility. / La cláusula penal es aquel negocio jurídico,accesorio a la obligación principal, por mediodel cual se garantiza el cumplimiento de dicha obligación. Este mecanismo de garantía delcumplimiento ha recibido un trato legislativodistinto en diversos ordenamientos, como elfrancés, italiano, alemán y peruano.En el presente artículo, el autor establece cuáles son las funciones de la cláusula penal y sus diferencias con figuras afines. Asimismo, explica la relación entre esta y la responsabilidad precontractual; así como su papel dentro del esquema de la responsabilidad contractual.

O objeto da dissertação é o estudo de uma classificação das obrigações entre aquelas de meios e as de resultado, as primeiras obrigando o devedor a uma prestação de diligência, as segundas, à realização de uma vantagem para o credor, sem o que não haveria o devedor de exonerar-se. Um estudo histórico abre o trabalho, pesquisando os antecedentes remotos da distinção, até a sua consagração, no Traité de René Demogue, o que tornou famosa a distinção que passou a gerar profundas discussões doutrinárias na França e no resto do mundo. São também tratados os antecedentes mais recentes, o contexto histórico do surgimento da classificação e sua evolução sucessiva, tanto na França quanto em outros países, para, enumeradas algumas das muitas dificuldades envolvidas no estudo do tema, ainda hoje severamente combatido, pesquisar-se, do ponto de vista da estrutura do vínculo obrigacional, como esta classificação se relaciona com a prestação devida. Assim, acredita-se, seria possível dizer se, uma vez que todo vínculo obrigacional surge tendo em vista um resultado, a prestação obrigacional admite uma distinção entre aquelas que implicam uma atividade do devedor limitada por sua diligência (obrigação de meios) e aquelas que somente conduzem a obrigação a seu termo mediante cumprimento uma vez realizado um resultado, ou seja, desde que produzido um benefício específico para o credor (obrigações de resultado). / The purpose of the dissertation is to study the classification of obligations in the ones so called best efforts duty and those referred to as duty to achieve a result, the first imposing to the debtor the duty to act diligently, the second attain a certain benefit to the creditor, without which the debtor would never be exonerated. A historical study initiates the dissertation with the research of the remote antecedents of such classification until its public recognition through the Traité written by René Demogue, which brought it great fame and created deep debates both in France and throughout the world. The recent antecedents of the classification are also pointed out, the historical context of its emergence and successive evolution in France and in other countries, to, after listing some of the many difficulties involved in the study of such subject, strongly criticized even nowadays, research through the scope of the legal relationship how the classification would relate with the duties imposed to the debtor. In doing so, it is believed to be possible to say, since every legal duty emerges to accomplish a certain objective, if would be possible to admit a distinction between duties that imply a conduct limited by diligence (best efforts duty) and those that would only be extinguished by the fulfillment of its purpose, in other words, since a specific result is produce and delivered to the creditor (duty to achieve a result).

No description available.

Det är vanligt förekommande att företag outsourcar logistiska aktiviteter genom samarbete med TPL-företag. Studien är baserad på företaget OBH Nordica som outsourcar lager- och transportlösningar till företaget Aditro Logistics. För att den interorganisatoriska relationen mellan leverantör och TPL-företag ska fungera på ett effektivt sätt är det viktigt att ha välfungerande koordineringsmekanismer mellan företagen. Den här studien fokuserar på claimshanteringen och hur den fungerar inom och mellan företagen. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur olika koordineringsmekanismer kan användas för att ta fram ett beslutsstödsunderlag för claimshanteringen mellan en leverantör och ett TPL-företag. Fokus ligger på att ta fram förbättringsförslag och skapa tydliga riktlinjer över hur arbetet bör gå tillväga innan ett beslut kring claimshanteringen tas. Resulterat bygger på den studerande relationen runt claimshantering mellan företagen och visar vikten av att ha en välfungerande koordinering. Studien har identifierat följande koordineringsmekanismer; kommunikations- och informationsflöde, relationer, kontrakt och betalningsmekanismer samt standardisering. Det har identifierats brister gällande relationen och kommunikationen mellan företagen på operativ nivå. Överflödig information i formuläret där claims registreras anses även det som ett problem eftersom det leder till misskommunikation och onödig mailkontakt med negativ ton. Ytterligare problem handlar om att OBH Nordica godkänner betydligt fler claims än Aditro Logistics och att Aditro inte använder sig av standardiserade svar. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

No description available.

Issu de la pratique, le phénomène des montages contractuels est devenu une réalité quotidienne de la vie des affaires, des relations de travail, voire du droit économique. La question se pose alors de sa réception par le droit positif. Absent du vocabulaire juridique, le montage est un concept à définir. D'un point de vue théorique, il représente une articulation d'un ensemble d'actes ou d'opérations en vue d'une finalité propre. Cependant, il est loin de refléter une réalité uniforme. En droit privé, comme en droit public, il est une dialectique entre la norme et la pratique, voire entre la complexité et la complication, puisqu'il déroge au schéma classique du contrat simple, ce qui soulève la question de son insertion dans l'ordre contractuel. D'un point de vue pratique, il représente un phénomène pluridisciplinaire et diversifié qui ne saurait être dissocié des impératifs économiques. Une analyse des aspects financiers et fiscaux permet une meilleure compréhension de son caractère transversal. Mais, comme toute ingénierie, la jurisprudence et le législateur tendent à l'appréhender. Dans les montage mettant en présence des problématiques croisées de droit public et privé, la mise en place des solutions contractuelles relatives au financement privé d'équipements publics,telles que les formules de partenariat public-privé de prestations (CP, BEA, AOT), les délégations de service public (concessions, régie intéressée, affermage) ou encore les concessions de travaux, est indispensable. De même, en matière de promotion immobilière, ces solutions doivent permettre une externalisation de la maîtrise d'ouvrage technique des opérations de construction (VEFA, lease-back, contrats de promotion immobilière). / Stemming from the practice,the phenomenon of the contractual editings became a daily reality of business'life, labor relations, and even economic law. The question settles then of its reception by positive law. Absent in the legal vocabulary, the editing is a concept to be defined. From a theoretical point of view, it represents an articulation of a set of acts or operations with the aim of an appropriate purpose. However, it's far from reflecting a uniform reality. In private law, as in public law, it's a dialectic between standard and practice, even between the complexity and the complication because it departs from the classic contract's plan, what raises the question of its insertion in the contractual order. From a practical point of view,it appears as a multidisciplinary and diversified phenomenon which couldn't be separated from the economic imperatives.An analysis of the various financial and fiscal aspects allows a better understanding of its transverse character. As any engineering, the jurisprudence and the legislator try to get grips with. For the editings putting in the presence of the crossed problems of public and private law, the implementation of the contractual solutions relative to the financing deprived of public equipments such as the formulae of Public Private Partnership of services (CP, GAPED, essential AOT ), works contracts (interested state control, lease), is essential. Also, regarding real-estate development, these solutions have to allow an outsourcing of the technical project ownership of the construction's operations (VEFA, lease-back, contracts of real-estate development..).

[pt] Repetência refere-se à prática escolar de reter, em uma determinada série, estudantes que em geral não alcançaram o rendimento desejado ao final de um ano letivo. O objetivo desta prática seria corrigir possíveis falhas na aprendizagem ou adequar situações de imaturidade do aluno. No contexto do debate sobre as vantagens e desvantagens desta medida, a dissertação busca verificar os efeitos da repetência no desempenho dos estudantes nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental que participaram do Projeto Geres entre 2005 e 2008. Ao longo da pesquisa busca-se compreender: 1) se os alunos que passaram pela experiência de repetência, mesmo ao custo de um ano extra de escolarização, apresentaram ganhos reais de proficiência que justifiquem a utilização de tal medida; 2) no caso de ter havido ganhos reais em aprendizagem, se esses ganhos se mantém ao longo dos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Para tentar responder a estas perguntas, foi desenvolvido um estudo observacional que compara dois grupos de alunos, repetentes e promovidos, pareados através de matching, e analisa o impacto da repetência nas medidas de proficiência em Língua Portuguesa e Matemática desses grupos de alunos em diferentes momentos da sua trajetória escolar. Corroborando com diversas pesquisas sobre os efeitos da repetência, os resultados mostram que os alunos repetentes progridem menos que os alunos promovidos ao longo do tempo. Quando comparados em uma mesma série, independente do ano letivo em que a cursaram, os repetentes se saem melhor, embora o efeito em Língua Portuguesa se perca ao longo das séries. / [en] Repetition refers to the school practice of holding back, in a given grade, students that generally did not achieve the desired performance at the end of a school year. This practice has the goal to correct possible flaws in learning or adjust to situations of immaturity of the student. In the context of the debate about the advantages and disadvantages of this practice, this dissertation intends to verify the effects of failure on the student’s performance during the initial years of Elementary School. Those students took part in the Longitudinal Study of School Generation 2005 (Geres Project) from 2005 to 2008. Throughout the research the study aims to comprehend: [1] If the students that experience failure, even at the cost of an extra year of schooling, presented real gains of proficiency that justify the use of such measure; [2] in the case of real gains in learning, do this gains maintain during the initial years of the Elementary School? To try to answer these questions, a observational study was developed that compare two pupils groups, the ones who failed and the ones who got promoted, paired up through matching, and analyze the failure impact on the proficiency level in Reading and Mathematics from these groups of students in different moments of their school trajectory. Corroborating with several researches on the failure effects, the results show that the students who failed improve less than the students who were promoted along the years. When comparated in the same grade, regardless from the school grade that they have attended, the students who failed have better results, although the effect in Reading gets lost along the school grades.