Dans l’industrie semiconducteur, une décharge électrostatique peut se produire tout au long de la vie d’une puce électronique, et constitue un vrai problème pour la fiabilité du circuit intégré et une cause majeure de défaillance. Un nouveau modèle, modèle du composant chargé (CDM, Charged Device Model) a été récemment développé pour simuler un composant chargé qui se décharge au travers d'une de ses broches vers la masse. La forme d’onde d’une telle décharge se présente comme une impulsion de courant de grande amplitude (15A pour un CDM de 1KV sur une capacité de charge de 10pF) d’une durée de seulement quelques nanosecondes. En effet, il est de plus en plus courant de constater des signatures de défaillance ESD au coeur des circuits intégrés, généralement des claquages d’oxyde qui sont typiquement induites par les décharges CDM. Une protection ESD ayant une dynamique de déclenchement inappropriée ou la circulation d'un fort courant de décharge (dans le substrat ou sur les pistes métalliques) peut induire localement des variations de potentiel suffisantes pour endommager les oxydes (3-5nm d’épaisseur pour la technologie CMOS 45nm). Face aux défis de la décharge CDM, dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressée d’abord à la détection et la compréhension des défauts latents induits par les stress CDM dans les circuits intégrés, en utilisant une technique de haute sensibilité, « la mesure de bruit en basse fréquence ». Un convertisseur DC-DC a été stressé par le test CDM, après chaque étape de traitement (stockage, recuit, et vieillissement), et l’évolution des défauts latents générés a été étudiée. Ensuite, nous avons proposé une méthodologie de modélisation du circuit intégré complet afin de simuler la stratégie de protection vis-à-vis des stress CDM en limitant les problèmes de convergence de simulation. Son originalité réside dans la modélisation de la résistance du substrat en très forte injection adaptée à la décharge CDM à l’aide de la mesure VF-TLP (Very Fast Transmission Line Pulsing) et de la simulation physique 2D et 3D. La méthodologie a été validée sur une technologie CMOS avancée 45nm et une technologie BiCMOS 0,25mm). A la fin, la méthodologie de simulation CDM a été validée sur un produit commercial. / In the semiconductor industry, electrostatic discharge (ESD) can occur throughout over the whole life of a chip. This is a real problem for the reliability of the integrated circuit (IC) and a major failure cause. A new ESD model, Charged Device Model (CDM) was recently developed to simulate a charged device which discharges through one of its pin to ground. The waveform of such a discharge is a current pulse of high amplitude (15A for a 1KV CDM stress on a precharged capacitor of 10pF) over a few nanoseconds duration. Indeed, it is increasingly common to encounter ESD failure signatures into the IC core, usually gate oxide breakdowns that are typically induced by CDM stress. ESD protections with inappropriate triggering speed or strong discharge currents (into the substrate or the metal tracks) can locally lead to potential drop sufficient to damage the oxide (3-5nm thickness in 45nm CMOS technology).Given the challenges of the CDM discharges, this thesis was firstly focused on the detection and understanding of latent defects caused by CDM stress in integrated circuits, using a high- ensitivity technique, namely low frequency noise measurement (LFN). A DCDC converter has been stressed by the CDM test. After each step of processing (storage, burn-in, and aging), the evolution of latent defects generated was investigated. Secondly, a methodology for modeling the complete integrated circuit has been proposed to simulate the CDM protection strategy by limiting the simulation convergence problems. Its main originality consists in the modeling of the substrate resistance under very high injection adapted to the CDM discharge using both VF-TLP (Very Fast Transmission Line Pulsing) measurement and 2D/3D physical simulation. The model was successfully validated on 45nm CMOS and 0.25 µm BiCMOS technologies. Finally, the CDM simulation methodology was validated on a commercial product.

Parallel to the Open Source Software movement, there is an increased demand and need for free, open access to information resources. The Open Access initiative is characterized by two strategies: namely the promotion of self-archiving or, alternatively, publishing of research articles in open-access journals. The purpose of an Institutional Repository (IR) is to provide a suitable archival environment for the self-archiving of digital items. This study provides a clear understanding of the issues surrounding the implementation of an IR. Issues discussed include software selection, as well as the development, implementation and marketing of an IR. An equally important issue is individual skills development. Attention is given to the development of the policies that are required by an organization and its main stakeholders. These policies form an essential part of the development of an information system. Issues such as acceptance, usage, population, and management of the repository are reported on. The actual work that was done at the CSIR is used as a case study. The implementation process at the CSIR and the subsequent lessons learnt are used to highlight some of problems experienced and how these problems were solved. Issues that still need investigation, e.g. long-term preservation, are discussed. / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Informatics / unrestricted

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between school principals’ self-reported spirituality and their transformational leadership behaviors. The relationship between spirituality and transactional leadership behaviors was also explored. The study used Bass and Avolio’s (1984) Full Range Leadership Model as the theoretical framework conceptualizing transformational leadership. Data were collected using online surveys. Overall, six principals and sixty-nine teachers participated in the study. Principal surveys contained three parts: the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form-5X Short), the modified Spirituality Well-Being Scale (SWBS) and demographic information. Teacher surveys included two parts: the MLQ-5X and demographic information. The MLQ-5X was used to identify the degree of principals’ transformational and transactional leadership behaviors. The modified SWBS (Existential Well Being) was used to determine principals’ degree of spirituality. The correlation coefficients for the transformational leadership styles of inspirational motivation and idealized behavioral influence were significantly related to principals’ spirituality. In addition, a multiple regression analysis including the five measures of transformational leadership as predictors suggested that spirituality is positively related to an individual’s transformational leadership behaviors. A multiple regression analysis utilizing a linear combination of all transformational leadership and transactional measures was predictive of spirituality. Finally, it appears that the inspirational motivation measure of transformational leadership accounts for a significant amount of unique variance independent of the other seven transformational and transactional leadership measures in predicting spirituality. Based on the findings from this study, the researcher proposed a modification of Bass and Avolio’s (1985) Full Range Leadership Model. An additional dimension, spirituality, was added to the continuum of leadership styles. The findings from this study imply that principals’ self-reported levels of spirituality was related to their being perceived as displaying transformational leadership behaviors. Principals who identified themselves as “spiritual”, were more likely to be characterized by the transformational leadership style of inspirational motivation.

Recent studies suggest a possible correlated evolution of wing morphology, wing beat frequency, muscle biochemistry and flight metabolic rate in bees. In order to investigate the degree to which natural selection can act on these traits, an estimation of heritability was required. Commercial and laboratory reared colonies from wild caught queens were used to estimate narrow-sense (h2) and broad-sense (H2) heritability of flight metabolic rate and its associated traits in the bumblebee Bombus impatiens. h2 estimates obtained from parent-offspring regressions were not statistically significant. H2 estimates were significant for morphological traits (body mass and wing morphology) as well as whole-animal traits (flight and resting metabolic rate, wing beat frequency) in both populations. We suggest that queens have a decrease in flight performance as a result of a trade-off between flight and fecundity, explaining the lack of significance in parent-offspring regressions.

The theme of this work is the real possibility of introducing the electronic-only submission in the Czech Republic, concretely the following use of the services of the public administration contact places, the so calles Czech POINTs. In the first part are discussed the tools of the e-government and the possibilities of the electronic submission in the Czech Republic. In the next part are analyzed the services provided by the contact places Czech POINT, including my own investigation. The main analysis of this work is the evaluation of the awareness about the Czech POINT services and their use, especially the submission in the trade licencing register.

Aim of this master thesis is to describe the service of Full Service Leasing, as a modern form of financing and management of assets, primarily automobile fleet. Description of full service leasing is designed as a comprehensive and complete guide to support reader's position when deciding to finance and manage a fleet by this service. Whether the reader is an entrepreneur, CFO, fleet manager, new employee of leasing company, or anyone who is interested in this service, this master thesis will give him information that would otherwise be obtained only very fragmented. Chapters individualy present full service leasing from different perspectives and author's comments are linking them in a single unit.

ABC is a methodology for calculating of the costs of activities in the organizations. This methodology has a very precise explicitness on the actual used costs. ABC is a methodology that is used mainly in foreign corporations in the private ownership. Its use in the state and their subordinate organizations established in foreign companies is very small and almost not used in domestic organizations. Accurate knowledge of the costs of the various company activities could be crucial in the long term view and directs the organization to success or to failure. In the private sector are costing mechanisms set in different level, but in the public sector are largely neglected. This situation is mainly due to the fact that organizations are managed by hired managers and they are not owned by a private person (or persons) too. They are owned by the state, which functions as the manager is very poor. The current economic situation and changes are forcing organizations to think about the possibilities of using advanced management methods. These trends are captured not only in surveys, identified already as efforts superiors organizations to manage subordinate organizations, but also partially finalized projects in the state sphere. These projects reveal the interested of organizations to further detailed insights into the stream of costs and their final utilization. This dissertation summarizes the findings of ABC for the public sector in universities and research institutions. Summarizes the current status and position for the creation of the ABC model in practice. This thesis includes not only the methodology but also a practical example of the practices described step by step. The results of the calculation according to ABC provide detailed view of costs during the agenda execution and organization also on a detailed calculation of the output of the organization. Thanks to a detailed insight into structured calculation is allowed to lead their active management and positive influence on the future.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Macedo e Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T13:23:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_MarceloSoaresde_D.pdf: 2436002 bytes, checksum: 17f432ef0c2d7cbff7f9aa69e08a4cbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O objetivo central deste estudo é a avaliação crítica da proposta pós-keynesiana de erradicação do desemprego conhecida como o empregador de última instância (employer of last resort, ELR). De acordo com esta proposta, o Estado deveria agir como empregador residual, contratando todos aqueles dispostos a trabalhar em troca de um salário básico do setor público (basic public sector wage, BPSW); ao fazê-lo, seria colocado em operação um mecanismo de estoque regulador de emprego, gerando desemprego zero e maior estabilidade de preços e salários. As raízes teóricas desta proposta - ao menos em seu formato mais recente - podem ser encontradas nos conceitos econômicos de moeda guiada por impostos e finança funcional. Longe de ser consensual mesmo dentre os próprios pós-keynesianos, a proposta do ELR tem estimulado muita discussão no meio acadêmico a respeito de seus méritos e limites. A avaliação da proposta acima referida ganha particular interesse no tocante à sua efetiva aplicabilidade no contexto das economias subdesenvolvidas, o que constitui exatamente a parte conclusiva deste estudo. De modo a obter um melhor entendimento acerca das razões pelas quais há falta de consenso em relação ao ELR entre os pós-keynesianos, é apresentado, no primeiro capítulo, um breve panorama da abordagem de Keynes quanto ao mercado de trabalho; na seqüência, uma também sucinta apresentação das contribuições de Keynes, Kalecki e Lerner com respeito às políticas de pleno emprego - nas quais muitas das visões e dos motivos para o atual dissenso dos pós-keynesianos podem encontrar suas origens. Um terceiro capítulo procura retratar as propostas do ELR segundo as visões de Minsky e dos cartalistas, bem como o debate teórico a que deram origem. O capítulo final procura sintetizar os conteúdos (e polêmica) anteriores, de modo a condensar uma proposta viável de geração do pleno emprego, com destaque para as economias subdesenvolvidas / Abstract: The main purpose of the following study is to critically evaluate a Post Keynesian proposal for unemployment eradication known as the employer of last resort (ELR). According to that proposal, State should act as a residual employer and hire all willing to work for a basic public sector wage (BPSW); in doing so, an employment buffer stock mechanism would be put in place generating zero unemployment and greater price-wage stability. The theoretical roots to that proposal - at least within its most recent design - may be found in the economic concepts of tax-driven money and functional finance. Far from being consensual even amongst the Post Keynesians themselves, the ELR proposal has instigated much academic discussion about its merits and shortcomings. The above mentioned proposal evaluation becomes of particular interest when it comes to its actual applicability in the context of underdeveloped economies, which comes to constitute the concluding part of this study. In order to accomplish a better understanding of the reasons why a lack of consensus about the ELR is found within the Post Keynesian school of thought, a brief view of Keynes's approach to the labor market is presented in the first chapter; following, an also succinct presentation of the theoretical contributions of Keynes, Kalecki and Lerner about policies for full employment - where much of the current Post Keynesian views and dissent may find its origins. A third chapter attempts to present the ELR proposals according to the views of Minsky and the chartalists as well as the theoretical debate that resulted. The final chapter seeks to synthesize the contents (and polemics) above in order to build up a feasible proposal to generate full employment, especially in the underdeveloped economies / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

abstract: 4H-SiC has been widely used in many applications. All of these benefit from its extremely high critical electric field and good electron mobility. For example, 4H-SiC possesses a critical field ten times higher than that of Si, which allows high-voltage blocking layers composed of 4H-SiC to be approximately a tenth the thickness of a comparable Si device. This, in turn, reduces the device on-resistance and power losses while maintaining the same high blocking capability. Unfortunately, commercial TCAD tools like Sentaurus and Silvaco Atlas are based on the effective mass approximation, while most 4H-SiC devices are not operated under low electric field, so the parabolic-like band approximation does not hold anymore. Hence, to get more accurate and reliable simulation results, full-band analysis is needed. The first step in the development of a full-band device simulator is the calculation of the band structure. In this work, the empirical pseudopotential method (EPM) is adopted. The next task in the sequence is the calculation of the scattering rates. Acoustic, non-polar optical phonon, polar optical phonon and Coulomb scattering are considered. Coulomb scattering is treated in real space using the particle-particle-particle-mesh (P3M) approach. The third task is coupling the bulk full-band solver with a 3D Poisson equation solver to generate a full-band device simulator. For proof-of-concept of the methodology adopted here, a 3D resistor is simulated first. From the resistor simulations, the low-field electron mobility dependence upon Coulomb scattering in 4H-SiC devices is extracted. The simulated mobility results agree very well with available experimental data. Next, a 3D VDMOS is simulated. The nature of the physical processes occurring in both steady-state and transient conditions are revealed for the two generations of 3D VDMOS devices being considered in the study. Due to its comprehensive nature, the developed tool serves as a basis for future investigation of 4H-SiC power devices. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2020

One important issue in mechanism design theory is to model agents’ behaviors under uncertainty. The classical approach assumes that agents hold commonly known probability assessments towards uncertainty, which has been challenged by economists in many fields. My thesis adopts alternative methods to model agents’ behaviors. The new findings contribute to understanding how the mechanism designer can benefit from agents’ uncertainty aversion and how she should respond to the lack of information on agents’ probability assessments. Chapter 1 of this thesis allows the mechanism designer to introduce ambiguity to the mechanism. Instead of informing agents of the precise payment rule that she commits to, the mechanism designer can tell agents multiple payment rules that she may have committed to. The multiple payment rules are called ambiguous transfers. As agents do not know which rule is chosen by the designer, they are assumed to make decisions based on the worst-case scenario. Under this assumption, this chapter characterizes when the mechanism designer can obtain the first-best outcomes by introducing ambiguous transfers. Compared to the standard approach where the payment rule is unambiguous, first-best mechanism design becomes possible under a broader information structure. Hence, there are cases when the mechanism designer can benefit from introducing ambiguity. Chapter 2 assumes that the mechanism designer does not know agents’ probability assessments about others’ private information. The mechanisms designed to implement the social choice function thus should not depend on the probability assessments, which are called robust mechanisms. Different from the existing robust mechanism design literature where agents are always assumed to act non-cooperatively, this chapter allows them to communicate and form coalitions. This chapter provides necessary and almost sufficient conditions for robustly implementing a social choice function as an equilibrium that is immune to all coalitional deviations. As there are social choice functions that are only implementable with coalitional structures, this chapter provides insights on when agents should be allowed to communicate. As an extension, when the mechanism designer has no information on which coalitions can be formed, this chapter also provides conditions for robust implementation under all coalition patterns. Chapter 3 assumes that agents are not probabilistic about others’ private information. Instead, when they hold ambiguous assessments about others’ information, they make decisions based on the worst-case belief. This chapter provides necessary and almost sufficient conditions on when a social choice goal is implementable under such a behavioral assumption. As there are social choice goals that are only implementable under ambiguous assessments, this chapter provides insights on what information structure is desirable to the mechanism designer.