This thesis examines the process by which an Australian policy of post-war economic reconstruction, the main focus of which was the achievement and maintenance of full employment, was developed in preparation for the return of peace at the conclusion of World War II, and the consequences which that policy had within the Australian community. Development of a policy of economic reconstruction took place largely at the instigation of the Curtin Labor government, which had come to power in October 1941, and which in December 1942 established a Ministry of Post War Reconstruction with J.B. Chifley as Minister. Those who were associated with the work of the Ministry in formulating economic policy were Ministers of the Labor Government and professional economists. In the contribution which they made, each was conditioned by the experience of the Great Depression, which motivated them to formulate a policy of full employment, by their adherence to the attitudes and values of the groups to which they belonged: the Labor Party which advocated a move to centralized powers and socialism on the one hand, and the school of Keynesian economic thought which gave the economic initiative to governments on the other, and by the pervasive climate of stringent government direction and control which the war had brought about. This thesis argues that the attitudes and values which were brought to the task of economic reconstruction policy defined the character of that policy, set limits on its scope, and created difficulties in reconciling political and economic views. As a consequence, the policy proposals which were put forward for public debate and endorsement were inadequately thought through, poorly co-ordinated, and too radical to be accepted by the Australian electorate. Because the response of the various interest groups within the community had not been taken into account when the policy was framed, nor had been considered when deciding on the measures to implement the policy, there was considerable opposition to the proposed program of post-war economic reconstruction. This program, when associated with other apparently radical policies such as the nationalization of the banking system, notably contributed to the defeat of the Labor Government in the 1949 elections. The rejection of the post-war reconstruction program might have been avoided or at least ameliorated had a broader perspective been taken in formulating the policy and assessing its consequences.

利用小型開放經濟體系下寡佔理論模型的建立，以民國78年到85年台灣中游石化業的實證資料為依據，利用完全訊息最大概似法(Full Information Maximum Likelihood Method)對產業獲利率與產業集中度兩條聯立方程式進行估計，結果本文發現，產業集中度對產業獲利率的影響為正但並不具有顯著性；而加權匯率的影響為負但也不具有顯著性；又關稅與產能利用率對產業獲利率則呈現顯著正面的影響；以及進口比例與出口運輸成本對其的影響則為負向且在統計上呈現顯著性。另一方面，產業獲利率、進口比例與進口運輸成本對產業集中度產生顯著正面的影響；而市場規模則呈現顯著負面的影響。

佛洛姆雖然沒有提出系統的教育理論，但其理論以人的全面發展、充分誕生為目標，以建立人本主義的社會主義社會為理想，冀望人人覺悟異化的實相，努力克服非理性的熱情與性格，發展生產性格，以解決生存的矛盾，而能夠健全的生活，實具有教育理論的內涵。本文所嘗試為其建立的教育理論，奠基於其人性論、異化論與歷史唯物論，既重視人本身人性力量的發揮，也重視社會整體結構對人發展的影響，有別於先前對其教育理論探討者之忽視社會結構的分析。 其人性論承繼馬克思的人性論，以自由而有意識的活動的社會存有為人的本質，同時又根據其心理分析實踐的反思，以內在於人生存處境的矛盾為人的本質。人要獲得自由，必須擴大對自己無意識的覺察，從無意識的壓抑中解放出來。在最深的無意識中，人可以覺察到普遍的人性，而體驗到與所有人類為一體。一般人無法意識到如此深的無意識，但如能意識到其性格結構、社會性格、社會無意識、社會的意識形態等，則能覺察到諸種壓抑其自由發展的內、外在障礙。資本主義社會的生產方式，促使人發展非生產性的市場性格、接受性格等異化的性格，又發展出產業與人工頭腦時代的宗教，來強化這些性格。人由這些非生產性格發展出貪婪、自戀、亂倫固著、威權性格、破壞性等非理性熱情，又屈從於匿名權威，成為自動機器人，遂不得自由發展。人由生產性的工作、工作社群、產業民主、健全消費、全民參與式民主、集體藝術、人本主義的宗教與教育，可以發展生產性格結構，發展生產性的愛與理性的力量，以克服與自我、他人、自然異化的生存矛盾，而達到與世界合一的真我，真正得到自由的發展。生產性格者能夠帶動產生更多的生產性格者，一個社會若有許多生產性格者，就能逐漸轉變社會盛行的價值與觀念，進而逐漸轉變社會性格與社會的生產方式。 佛洛姆以生產性的愛為基礎的認識論，和格物致知的修養功夫相似，必須格除私欲，克服自戀等非理性熱情，以無我的愛與世界關聯，心清淨無染，才能看清世界。在這個基礎上，才能發展愛與理性的能力，及其他的人性潛能。故學為聖人，放下自我，從自我的牢籠中脫離出來，乃人得以自由發展的重要關鍵。以「存有」情態學習人類導師與人本宗教的教誨，知行合一的實踐博愛，能夠克服自戀，發展生產性格。能相當程度的發展生產性格，解決生存矛盾之後，才能健全的生活，發展各種人性潛能。生產性格的教育者與領導人「作之君、作之親、作之師」，將家庭、學校、公司等小團體，建立成以愛生性為導向的學習社會，可以促進所有成員生產性格的發展。這種學習社會可以漸次擴大，而將整個社會、國家建立成以愛生性為導向的團體。經由教育者的愛與人格典範、童蒙養正、教勞結合、內在自我實現動機的啟發、落實所教內容、對受教者的信心，可以幫助人發展生產性格，克服異化。教育學的理論與實踐，應更重視整體社會結構與歷史對人的影響，應更重視德育對人整體發展的影響，避免將自私、異化的人視為常態，而應以幫助人發展成生產性格者為目標去進行研究與實踐。 / Although Erich Fromm didn’t develop a systematic theory of education, his theories have profound implications for human education. In this dissertation I aim to construct a theory of education by exploiting Fromm’s theory of human nature, theory of alienation, and theory of historical materialism. It emphasizes the power of human nature, and at the same time takes into account the effects of social structure, which have so far been neglected in existing literatures. According to Fromm, a man’s full development can be achieved only if he has a productive character. The cultivation of a productive character is therefore an essential issue for education theory. Capitalistic mode of production tends to induce in man unproductive marketing, receptive, and other alienated characters, which are further enforced by the ensuing industrial and cybernetic religions. By means of work community, sane consumption, participant democracy, collective art, humanistic religion and education, Fromm wished to build a socialist society which can help its people develop a productive character: For instance, an educator or leader can establish a learning community orientated toward biophilia in his family, school, or company, and help its members develop productive character through his love for them. If such community could pervade the entire society, the growth in people with productive character would gradually transform the overwhelming social values and ideas, and make impacts to the social character and the mode of production. Fromm’s theory of knowledge based on productive love is akin to Wang young-ming’s philosophy of gewuzhizhi. It is only when man could get rid of irrational passions and associate with the world with selfless love, while possessing a pure, uninfected mind, that he could see the world clearly. He is then able to develop productive love and reason, and other human potentialities. Therefore, learning to become a saint, transcending the delusive reality of the solitary self, are keys to man’s free development. Learning the teachings of great teachers of humankind and humanistic religion with “being orientation”, practicing love without distinction, will help man do away with narcissism and cultivate a productive character. It is important to recognize that the theory and practice of education should pay more attention to the impacts of social structure and history upon man, and put more emphasis on the effects of moral education and character development. In particular, in both theory and practice, education should never take selfish and/or alienated individuals as usual, but should rather aim to cultivate in them a productive character.

Deep foundations, including driven piles, are used to support vertical loads of structures and applied lateral forces. Many pile supported structures, including bridges, are subjected to large lateral loads in the form of wind, wave, seismic, and traffic impact loads. In many practical situations, structures subjected to lateral loading are located near or in excavated and fill slopes or embankments. Full-scale research to examine the effects of soil slope on lateral pile capacity is limited. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects on lateral capacity of piles located in or near cohesionless soil slopes. A full-scale lateral load testing program was undertaken on pipe piles in a cohesionless soil at Oregon State University. Five piles were tested near a 2H:1V test slope and located between 0D to 8D behind the slope crest, where D is the pile diameter. Two vertical baseline piles and three battered piles were also tested in level ground conditions. The cohesionless backfill soil was a well-graded material with a fines content of less than 10% and a relative compaction of 95%, meeting the Caltrans specification for structural backfill. Data collected from the instrumented piles was used to back calculate p-y curves, load-displacement curves, reduction factors, and load resistance ratios for each pile. The effects of slope on lateral pile capacity are insignificant at displacements of less than 2.0 inches for piles located 2D and further from the crest. For pile located at 4D or greater from the slope crest, the effect of slope is insignificant on p-y curves. A simplified p-multiplier design procedure derived from back-calculated p-y curves is proposed to account for the effects of soil slope. Comparisons of the full-scale results were made using proposed recommendations from the available literature. Lateral resistance ratios obtained by computer, centrifuge, and small scale-models tend to be conservative and overestimate the effects of slope on lateral capacities. Standard cohesionless p-y curve methods slightly over predict the soil resistance at very low displacements but significantly under predict the ultimate soil resistance. Available reduction factors from the literature, or p-multipliers, are slightly conservative and compare well with the back-calculated p-y curves from this study. / Graduation date: 2012

Background: China is one of the most popular countries to relocate and outsource production units to. This country has a big advantage when it comes to the manual working cost which is very low. This difference between Sweden and China is huge; the cost of the manual working force is less than one twentieth of the Swedish. Problem: Massive global relocation of production units can affect some countries in a negative way. One of the most important foundations in the society is that there is a high level of employment and this also contributes for economic growth. This is in terms of both tax incomes for the public society as well as self-esteem for the people. Purpose: The purpose with this thesis is to examine the differences in total production costs, including allocation of overhead costs for product development and production in Sweden vs. China at a company, in this thesis referred to as Manufacturer AB. Method: Case study approach with in-depth interviews, phone calls and e-mail follow up. In total 9 respondents consisting of managers in leading positions at Manufacturer AB in Sweden. Conclusion: The manufacturing cost in the Chinese production unit is about 40-60 per cent compared to the Swedish unit. In the current situation the overhead allocation is 4 % overhead of MC at the Chinese production unit and 133 % at the Swedish unit. The total production costs are not reflected in a correct way per unit. To do a more true allocation, the overhead costs in the Company Group must be identified and allocated in the right proportions on their respective production unit. By creating an average- and in next step an estimated allocation model we succeeded to do a more justified allocation of the overhead costs on the production units in Sweden and China. This model should be relative simple to implement on product- or unit level and gives a more correct allocation than the current. However, it is the decision of Manufacturer AB to allocate their overhead as they like, but the estimated allocation model gives a base for strategic decisions on production unit level, referring to; where to locate the production units to reach competitive advantage. / Bakgrund: Kina är ett av de mest populära länderna att utlokalisera och outsourca produktionsenheter till. Detta land har en stor fördel när det gäller kostnaden för manuellt arbete, som är väldigt låg. Skillnaden mellan Sverige och Kina är enorm; kostnaden för den manuella arbetstiden är ca en tjugondel av den svenska. Problem: Massiva globala omflyttningar av produktionsanläggningar kan påverka vissa länder negativt. En av de viktiga grundpelarna i samhället är att det finns en hög sysselsättningsgrad som bidrar till ekonomisk tillväxt. Detta gäller såväl skatteintäkter till staten som självkänsla hos folket. Syfte: Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka skillnaderna i den totala produktionskostnaden, inkluderat fördelning av overheadkostnader för produktutveckling och produktion i Sverige jämfört med Kina vid ett företag som i denna uppsats refereras till Manufacturer AB. Metod: Fallstudie är gjord med hjälp av personliga djupintervjuer, uppföljande telefonsamtal och elektronisk post. Totalt deltog 9 respondenter bestående av tjänstemän i ledande positioner på Manufacturer AB i sverige. Slutsats: Tillverkningskostnaden i den Kinesiska produktionsenheten är ungefär 40-60 procent jämfört med motsvarande enhet i Sverige. I nuläget är overheadpålägget 4% på produktionsenheten i Kina och 133% på enheten i Sverige. Den totala produktionskostnaden speglas inte på ett rättvist sätt per produktionsenhet. För att göra en mer rättvis fördelning så måste koncernens totala overheadkostnad identifieras och mätas och sedan allokeras i de rätta proportionerna på respektive produktionsenhet. Genom att skapa en genomsnittlig och i nästa steg en uppskattad fördelningsmodell lyckades vi att göra en mer rättvis fördelning av overheadkostnaderna på produktionsenheterna i Sverige och Kina. Denna modell borde vara ganska enkel att implementera på produkt- eller enhetsnivå och ger en mer korrekt fördelning än den nuvarande. Hursomhelst, är det upp till Manufacturer AB att fördela deras overheadkostnader som de vill, men den ”uppskattade” modellen ger en bas för strategiska beslutsunderlag på produk-tionsenhetsnivå, som svarar på frågor som; var ska man lokalisera produktionsenheter för att nå konkurrensfördelar.

In this work, the operating modes and characteristics of a Z-source full-bridge dc/dc converter are investigated. The mathematical analysis of the converter in continuous conduction mode, CCM and discontinuous conduction mode-2, DCM-2 operations is conducted. The transfer functions are derived for CCM and DCM-2 operation and validated by the simulation. The current mode controller of the converter is designed and its performance is checked in the simulation. The component waveforms in CCM and DCM-2 modes of operation are verified by operating the prototype converter in open-loop mode. The designed controller performance is tested with the closed-loop control implementation of the prototype converter. The theoretical efficiency analysis of the converter is made and compared with the measured efficiency of converter.

The very nature of the fire fighting environment makes thermal degradation of turnout gear inevitable. Standards that are currently in place to ensure that new gear performs adequately for the protection of the fire fighter do not provide a quantitative measure for assessing this gear once it is in service. When the performance of the gear is compromised due to degradation, it could put the fire fighter wearing the gear at unnecessary risk. A non-destructive test that indicates the end of the useable service of the garment would be a benefit to the fire service. Full scale fire tests were conducted to suggest a range of heat fluxes that turnout gear specimens should be subjected to in order to simulate degradation caused by in-field use of the gear. A series of destructive tests were conducted on exposed specimens. A number of non-destructive tests were performed on the same specimens. The results of destructive and non-destructive tests were compared. This research explored some options for non-destructive tests of turnout gear. Digital image analysis and colorimetry were both offered as possibilities for a diagnostic test of this gear. Correlations between destructive performance tests and the colour changes of the outer shell fabric could be used to develop non-destructive tests to evaluate every garment owned by a department. More work is required to improve these test methods, but the door has been opened to better testing for in-use gear, and ultimately to provide better protection for the fire fighters who use this clothing.

The very nature of the fire fighting environment makes thermal degradation of turnout gear inevitable. Standards that are currently in place to ensure that new gear performs adequately for the protection of the fire fighter do not provide a quantitative measure for assessing this gear once it is in service. When the performance of the gear is compromised due to degradation, it could put the fire fighter wearing the gear at unnecessary risk. A non-destructive test that indicates the end of the useable service of the garment would be a benefit to the fire service. Full scale fire tests were conducted to suggest a range of heat fluxes that turnout gear specimens should be subjected to in order to simulate degradation caused by in-field use of the gear. A series of destructive tests were conducted on exposed specimens. A number of non-destructive tests were performed on the same specimens. The results of destructive and non-destructive tests were compared. This research explored some options for non-destructive tests of turnout gear. Digital image analysis and colorimetry were both offered as possibilities for a diagnostic test of this gear. Correlations between destructive performance tests and the colour changes of the outer shell fabric could be used to develop non-destructive tests to evaluate every garment owned by a department. More work is required to improve these test methods, but the door has been opened to better testing for in-use gear, and ultimately to provide better protection for the fire fighters who use this clothing.

Hydropower plants have the ability to go from a full load to no load in just a few seconds. In order to go from full load to no load in a few seconds the flow is controlled by movement of guide vanes. At fault detection the guide vanes closes quickly for safety reasons. This causes hydraulic transients in the waterways, which leads to a pressure rise in the spiral case and a pressure drop in the draft tube.   There have been a few accidents related to these quick closures of the guide vanes where the runner blades break and entire power stations are damaged. These incidents are caused by a full column separation in the draft tube. An early sign of a full column separation is large cavities. The main objective of this degree project is to analyse the effects of a quick closure of the guide vanes and to make a guide book of how to find indications of large cavities when performing closure tests. Data taken from commissioning and status tests for several turbines were analysed.   In conclusion, the guide book of how to find indications of large cavities will help analyse the results of a quick closure of the guide vanes. Due to the unique appearance of pressure transients for each power station this guide book will not be enough for a complete analyse of a closing test. Although, it will help to notify when there is a need for further analyses by expert personnel.

The demand for wireless data services has been dramatically growing over the last decade. This growth has been accompanied by a significant increase in the number of users sharing the same wireless medium, and as a result, interference management has become a hot topic of research in recent years. In this dissertation, we investigate feedback and transmitter cooperation as two closely related tools to manage the interference and achieve high data rates in several wireless networks, focusing on additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) interference, X, and broadcast channels. We start by a one-to-many network, namely, the three-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Gaussian broadcast channel, where we assume that the transmitter obtains the channel state information (CSI) through feedback links after a finite delay. We also assume that the feedback delay is greater than the channel coherence time, and thus, the CSI expires prior to being exploited by the transmitter for its current transmission. Nevertheless, we show that this delayed CSI at the transmitter (delayed CSIT) can help the transmitter to achieve significantly higher data rates compared to having no CSI. We indeed show that delayed CSIT increases the channel degrees of freedom (DoF), which is translated to an unbounded increase in capacity with increasing signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR). For the symmetric case, i.e. with the same number of antennas at each receiver, we propose different transmission schemes whose achievable DoFs meet the upper bound for a wide range of transmit-receive antenna ratios. Also, for the general non-symmetric case, we propose transmission schemes that characterize the DoF region for certain classes of antenna configurations. Subsequently, we investigate channels with distributed transmitters, namely, Gaussian single-input single-output (SISO) K-user interference channel and 2×K X channel under the delayed CSIT assumption. In these channels, in major contrast to the broadcast channel, each transmitter has access only to its own messages. We propose novel multiphase transmission schemes wherein the transmitters collaboratively align the past interference at appropriate receivers using the knowledge of past CSI. Our achievable DoFs are greater than one (which is the channel DoF without CSIT), and strictly increasing in K. Our results are yet the best available reported DoFs for these channels with delayed CSIT. Furthermore, we consider the K-user r-cyclic interference channel, where each transmitter causes interference on only r receivers in a cyclic manner. By developing a new upper bound, we show that this channel has K/r DoF with no CSIT. Moreover, by generalizing our multiphase transmission ideas, we show that, for r=3, this channel can achieve strictly greater than K/3 DoF with delayed CSIT. Next, we add the capability of simultaneous transmission and reception, i.e. full-duplex operation, to the transmitters, and investigate its impact on the DoF of the SISO Gaussian K-user interference and M×K X channel under the delayed CSIT assumption. By proposing new cooperation/alignment techniques, we show that the full-duplex transmitter cooperation can potentially yield DoF gains in both channels with delayed CSIT. This is in sharp contrast to the previous results on these channels indicating the inability of full-duplex transmitter cooperation to increase the channel DoF with either perfect instantaneous CSIT or no CSIT. With the recent technological advances in implementation of full-duplex communication, it is expected to play a crucial role in the future wireless systems. Finally, we consider the Gaussian K-user interference and K×K X channel with output feedback, wherein each transmitter causally accesses the output of its paired receiver. First, using the output feedback and under no CSIT assumption, we show that both channels can achieve DoF values greater than one, strictly increasing in K, and approaching the limiting value of 2 as K→∞. Then, we develop transmission schemes for the same channels with both output feedback and delayed CSIT, known as Shannon feedback. Our achievable DoFs with Shannon feedback are greater than those with the output feedback for almost all values of K.