O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar genomas de vírus em fezes de lobos marinhos sul-americanos (Arctocephalus australis) e lobos marinhos subantárticos (Arctocephalus tropicalis), duas espécies de pinípedes encontradas no litoral do Rio Grande do Sul. Embora já existam estudos sobre esse tema em outras espécies de pinípedes, nas espécies aqui trabalhadas o tema permanece inexplorado. Amostras de fezes foram obtidas de vinte e um lobos marinhos sul-americanos e dois lobos marinhos subantárticos encontrados no litoral rio-grandense com indícios de morte recente, durante os meses de Junho e Julho de 2012. Através de técnicas de PCR e sequenciamento buscou-se identificar genomas de circovírus, adenovírus, morbilivírus, calicivírus e coronavírus. A amplificação de um fragmento do gene rep permitiu a identificação de prováveis circovírus em amostras de seis lobos marinhos sul-americanos. Análises filogenéticas revelaram que três dos seis segmentos são sugestivos de prováveis membros do gênero Cyclovirus. Os genes amplificados de outras duas amostras provavelmente correspondem a membros do gênero Circovirus. Uma das amostras deu origem a um segmento gênico que não apresenta similaridade com nenhum gênero já proposto da família Circoviridae. Além disso, foi possível detectar também fragmentos de genomas de adenovírus em duas amostras; estes apresentam alto grau de similaridade de nucleotídeos com amostras de adenovírus humano tipo C. Nenhum fragmento genômico indicativo da presença de morbilivírus, calicivírus ou coronavírus foi encontrado. Os resultados aqui obtidos sugerem a presença de circovírus, ciclovírus e adenovírus em populações de lobos marinhos encontrados na costa do Rio Grande do Sul. Estes achados reforçam a necessidade da ampliação do conhecimento a respeito da ocorrência de infecções virais nestas espécies. / This study was conducted with the objective of identifying genomes of viruses in feces of south american fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) and subantarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus tropicalis), two species of pinnipeds found on the coast of Rio Grande do Sul. Although there are studies about this topic in other species of pinnipeds, it remains unexplored in these two species. Stool samples were obtained from twenty-one south american fur seals and two subantarctic fur seals found in Rio Grande do Sul coastline with evidences of recent death, during the months of June and July 2012. PCR and sequencing techniques were utilized to identify circovirus, adenovirus, morbillivirus, calicivirus and coronavirus genomes. The amplification of a rep gene fragment allowed the identification of supposed circoviruses in samples of six south american fur seals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that three of the six segments are suggestive of probable members of the genus Cyclovirus. The amplified genes from two other samples probably correspond to members of the genus Circovirus. One of the samples gave rise to a gene segment that has no similarity with any genera already proposed of the Circoviridae family. Furthermore, it was also possible to detect fragments of adenovirus genomes in two samples: these have a high degree of nucleotide similarity with a human adenovirus type C genomic fragment. No indication of the presence of morbillivirus, calicivirus and coronavirus genomes was found. The work reported here provide evidence for the occurrence of circoviruses, cicloviruses and adenoviruses in fur seal populations found in Rio Grande do Sul. These findings reinforce the need to expand the knowledge about the occurrence of viral infections in these species.

O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar genomas de vírus em fezes de lobos marinhos sul-americanos (Arctocephalus australis) e lobos marinhos subantárticos (Arctocephalus tropicalis), duas espécies de pinípedes encontradas no litoral do Rio Grande do Sul. Embora já existam estudos sobre esse tema em outras espécies de pinípedes, nas espécies aqui trabalhadas o tema permanece inexplorado. Amostras de fezes foram obtidas de vinte e um lobos marinhos sul-americanos e dois lobos marinhos subantárticos encontrados no litoral rio-grandense com indícios de morte recente, durante os meses de Junho e Julho de 2012. Através de técnicas de PCR e sequenciamento buscou-se identificar genomas de circovírus, adenovírus, morbilivírus, calicivírus e coronavírus. A amplificação de um fragmento do gene rep permitiu a identificação de prováveis circovírus em amostras de seis lobos marinhos sul-americanos. Análises filogenéticas revelaram que três dos seis segmentos são sugestivos de prováveis membros do gênero Cyclovirus. Os genes amplificados de outras duas amostras provavelmente correspondem a membros do gênero Circovirus. Uma das amostras deu origem a um segmento gênico que não apresenta similaridade com nenhum gênero já proposto da família Circoviridae. Além disso, foi possível detectar também fragmentos de genomas de adenovírus em duas amostras; estes apresentam alto grau de similaridade de nucleotídeos com amostras de adenovírus humano tipo C. Nenhum fragmento genômico indicativo da presença de morbilivírus, calicivírus ou coronavírus foi encontrado. Os resultados aqui obtidos sugerem a presença de circovírus, ciclovírus e adenovírus em populações de lobos marinhos encontrados na costa do Rio Grande do Sul. Estes achados reforçam a necessidade da ampliação do conhecimento a respeito da ocorrência de infecções virais nestas espécies. / This study was conducted with the objective of identifying genomes of viruses in feces of south american fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) and subantarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus tropicalis), two species of pinnipeds found on the coast of Rio Grande do Sul. Although there are studies about this topic in other species of pinnipeds, it remains unexplored in these two species. Stool samples were obtained from twenty-one south american fur seals and two subantarctic fur seals found in Rio Grande do Sul coastline with evidences of recent death, during the months of June and July 2012. PCR and sequencing techniques were utilized to identify circovirus, adenovirus, morbillivirus, calicivirus and coronavirus genomes. The amplification of a rep gene fragment allowed the identification of supposed circoviruses in samples of six south american fur seals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that three of the six segments are suggestive of probable members of the genus Cyclovirus. The amplified genes from two other samples probably correspond to members of the genus Circovirus. One of the samples gave rise to a gene segment that has no similarity with any genera already proposed of the Circoviridae family. Furthermore, it was also possible to detect fragments of adenovirus genomes in two samples: these have a high degree of nucleotide similarity with a human adenovirus type C genomic fragment. No indication of the presence of morbillivirus, calicivirus and coronavirus genomes was found. The work reported here provide evidence for the occurrence of circoviruses, cicloviruses and adenoviruses in fur seal populations found in Rio Grande do Sul. These findings reinforce the need to expand the knowledge about the occurrence of viral infections in these species.

The tools for creating realistic fur using a computer have continued to develop sincethe first computer-generated fur was accomplished. Tools for creating fur can befound inside of the software Autodesk Maya. Rendering fur is often a very timeconsuming process and therefore this thesis investigates how the relationship ofrealistic fur versus render time can be improved. When creating fur, there are severalaspects to take into account, for example shadowing, length, color and irregularities.This thesis assesses the question through a case study and includes experimentalresearch which was attempted simultaneously. It valuates the results through asurvey. The qualitative research does not include animated fur, only still images ofcomputer-generated fur. This research will hopefully improve the knowledge and actas a guide for others who are creating fur.

This study found evidence of intermittent, multi-year residency periods in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) using stable isotope ratios in vibrissae and canine teeth. Northern fur seals migrate from the Bering Sea during summer months to lower latitudes and slightly warmer waters of the northeastern Pacific Ocean and California Current in the winter. To determine the length of time spent away from the Bering Sea, growth rate was estimated using the covarying oscillations δ13C and δ15N, estimated to be 0.09 mm/day. The δ13C and δ15N in vibrissae from 30 male fur seals showed a minimum of 13 separate periods of stable covariance covering 3.25+ cm, indicating at least 1 year in warmer, less productive waters of the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The vibrissae isotope ratios were used in conjunction with δ18O from tooth dentin growth layer groups of 20 male northern fur seals; they showed significant enrichment in δ18O in 50% of the animals at age 1-2 years, which indicates extended periods of time spent in lower latitudes in the North Pacific Ocean as δ18O is typically enriched in warmer, less productive waters. Significant changes in δ18O were found to be ~ 0.2‰ enrichment per 10º south latitude, while longitude was found to have 0.2‰ enrichment per 50˚ East longitude. These data show that latitudinal changes, those related to the southerly migration from the Bering Sea to the northeastern Pacific Ocean, are a stronger factor in the shifts in dentinal δ18O than longitudinal shifts. These intermittent periods of occupation are important when estimating population abundance of northern fur seals, especially pups and juveniles.

Studying the diet of marine top predators is important for understanding the trophic ecology of the predators but also the distribution, abundance and seasonal variation of prey species. Dietary studies on subantarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus tropicalis) and Antarctic fur seals (A. gazella) is important for assessing their role as predators in the Southern Ocean. Seven hundred and sixty four scats were collected from an A. tropicalis colony at Cape Davis while 659 scats were collected from an A. gazella colony at Watertunnel stream from April 2006 to March 2010. Hard remains such as fish otoliths and cephalopod beaks were used for identification and quantification of prey. A. tropicalis diet comprised of three animal groups (fish, cephalopod and crustaceans) while A. gazella diet was made up of four animal groups (fish, cephalopods, crustaceans and seabirds). Fish contributed substantially more than other prey items in the diet of both fur seal species over the study period. Both species fed predominantly on fish of the family Myctophidae which constituted a numerical abundance of 98.9 percent in scats for both species combined. A. tropicalis fed on fish prey species from eight families, namely: Myctophidae, Notosudidae, Paralepididae, Nototheniidae, Bathylagidae, Chlorophthalmidae, Sternoptychidae and Photichthyidae while A. gazella fed on fish from six of these families, with Chlorophthalmidae and Photichthyidae not represented in its diet. Cephalopods and crustaceans were found in low numbers in the diet of both seal species and seabird remains were only found in the diet of A. gazella. Numerically, the most dominant species were from the genus Gymnoscopelus followed by Protomyctophum and then Electrona. In the diet of A. tropicalis, Gymnoscopelus contributed 66 percent, Protomyctophum 18 percent and Electrona 5.9 percent while in the diet of A. gazella Gymnoscopelus, Protomyctophum and Electrona contributed 59.43 percent, 20.24 percent and 14.24 percent respectively. Gymnoscopelus species comprised G. piabilis, G. bolini, G. braueri, G. fraseri, and G. nicholsi; Protomyctophum comprised Protomyctophum bolini, P. choriodon and P. tenisoni while Electrona comprised Electrona antarctica, E. carlsbergi and E. subaspera. Gymnoscopelus piabilis was the most dominant species from this genus while Electrona carlsbergi and Protomyctophum tenisoni dominated the genus Electrona and Protomyctophum respectively. The total number of fish species utilised by A. tropicalis was twenty four while twenty three fish species were identified in A. gazella diet. Bathysauropsis gracilis only featured in the diet of A. tropicalis while Lampanyctus ater and Lepidonotothen larseni were only found in the diet of A. gazella. To compare the diet of the seal species between seasons, a year was divided into three seasons, early summer, late summer and winter. Their diet was also compared between years from 2006 to 2010. Myctophid fish species showed substantial seasonal and annual fluctuations in the diet of the two fur seal species. E. carlsbergi, G. nicholsi and G. piabilis increased in numerical abundance in winter while Melectrona ventralis increased in late summer. The numerical abundance of G. fraseri and P. tenisoni increased in early summer. Generally, the two fur seal species fed on the same prey species. However, there was a significant difference when the diet of both fur seals was compared seasonally. There was no significant difference when the diet of A. gazella was compared annually, although such a difference was apparent for A. tropicalis.

This dissertation begins in 1821, when the Hudson's Bay Company took over the Columbia Department from the North West Company, which since 1813 had exported a single commodity (peltries) from the watersheds of two great rivers (the upper Fraser and lower Columbia) to two markets (London and Canton). This fur trade appeared at first so unpromising that the Hudson's Bay Company considered abandoning the lower Columbia region in 1821. Instead of doing so, between 1821 and 1843, the Hudson's Bay Company consolidated its operations in the Columbia Department through the application of a number of venerable commercial policies of the Canadian fur trade. The company extended its fur trading activities to all the major rivers of the region, from the Taku in the north to the Sacramento in the south. To support this massive trade extension the company developed large-scale provision trades in agricultural produce and salmon on the lower Columbia and Fraser rivers. Environmental and cultural conditions favoured these developments. The company also took advantage of the possibility of seaborne transport to develop markets at Oahu (Hawaii), Yerba Buena (San Francisco), and Sitka. To these places the company exported, on its Pacific fleet of ships, a range of country produce from the west coast, especially lumber and salmon. By 1843 the company had developed a new regional economy based on local commodities and Pacific markets; fur continued to be sent to London on an annual vessel. These new exports, and this new regional economy, depended on Native labour in addition to a permanent non-Native workforce of about 600. The company in several places colonized the Native economy and redirected its produce to foreign markets. In 1843 the trade in fur remained—despite the emergence of profitable new export trades—the company's major source of profit from the Columbia Department. The dissertation ends in 1843 when, fearing the possibility of an unfavourable boundary settlement, the company established Fort Victoria to serve as new departmental headquarters, at the same time inaugurating a considerable northward realignment of company activities on the Pacific. At this new post the fur trade would be a minor activity; company officials intended to develop a wide range of resources on Vancouver Island, all of them involving the hiring of Native workers. Increasingly, with the help of Native labour and trade, the company embarked on policies of resource development and extension of commerce on the coast, while the interior districts produced only fur. Difficulties of transport and distance from market prevented similar developments in the company's districts east of the Rocky Mountains. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Divergent values and. approaches to land and resource use and fur conservation created conflicts between aboriginal and non- aboriginal peoples which have remained largely hidden in historical records. This study of the compulsory trap line registration system implemented in British Columbia in 1925 examines these conflicts; the jurisdictional arid administrative issues related, to fur conservation that contributed, to the disputes; and the First Nations objections to fur management schemes that validated white appropriation of traditional lands and restricted traditional vocations and access to important sources of food.' supplies. Although First Nations people spoke persuasively about aboriginal rights and justice, their voices remained largely unheard and. unheeded. Legally disempowered and without political support, First Nation's people were marginalized, removed from lands they had occupied and used, since 'time immemorial.' / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Bibliography: pages 168-180. / This thesis adopts an holistic approach to evaluation of the "seal problem", which encompasses the operational and biological interactions between the South African fur seal and fisheries in the Benguela Ecosystem. The operational interactions are examined using a qualitative assessment, and speculative, single-species simulation models are developed to improve understanding of seal population dynamics, present options for seal management and explore seal-fishery interactions. The models show that the probability of a seal living longer than 20 years is 14%; that the population has increased at a rate of 5.1 % p.a. since the last major census in 1983; that in 1988 there were an estimated 1.5 million seals that consumed over 2 million tons of fish; that although seal population size is usually estimated by multiplying the number of pups by a factor of 4, this factor is very variable and under different culling regimes is usually greater than 4; that historically, the mean population : pup ratio is 4.55. The most effective means of reducing the population is to cull both pups and bulls (the population decrease resulting mainly from reduced pup production caused by disturbance during bull culling). Culling pups is the least effective means of population control. Culling cows alters the population sex ratio drastically and is considered undesirable. To achieve a small or negative population growth rate, more bulls and pups need to be culled than have been taken historically. Each of the fisheries is found to be subject to operational interactions with seals, this being most severe for the purse-seine fishery. The per capita consumption of fish by seals is similar under any management regime so it is not justified to adopt a particular culling strategy to reduce overall consumption. When either seal predation or fishing mortality is reduced, the model simulates an increase in fishery yield of Cape hakes. But there is inadequate understanding of hake population dynamics at present, and depending on the interactions between species, decreased predation may result in increased or decreased fishery yields. This study shows that operational interactions are a real problem and this biases the opinion of fishermen towards seals as competitors for fish resources.

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Nicolas Perrot ou les coureurs des bois sous la domination française (1889) est un roman qui évoque la vie d’un coureur de bois à l’époque de la Nouvelle-France (autour de 1669). L’auteur George Boucher de Boucherville est bien connu pour son roman Une de perdue, deux de trouvées, mais le roman à l’étude dans ce mémoire a longtemps été oublié avant d’avoir été édité pour la première fois en un seul volume en 1996. Comme devant tout roman historique, le lecteur doit se questionner sur le rapport que l’auteur entretient avec la vérité historique. Ce mémoire se penche sur l’authenticité des informations qui se trouvent dans le roman. L’analyse se base sur une recherche sur l’œuvre, son auteur, le contexte littéraire et les deux époques pertinentes (Nouvelle-France et Québec du XIXe siècle). Ces mises en contexte conduisent à l’analyse du roman (appuyée par l’ethnologie récente) qui permet de conclure que Boucherville s’éloigne à plusieurs égards des portraits caricaturaux des coureurs de bois et des Autochtones qui sont monnaie courante à son époque. / Nicolas Perrot ou les coureurs des bois sous la domination française (1889) is a novel about the life of a coureur de bois (french fur trader) during the New France era (around 1669). The author Georges Boucher de Boucherville is well known for his novel Une de perdue, deux de trouvées, but the work studied here has been long forgotten before it was first published in a single tome in 1996. As with every historical novel, readers have to inquire into the relationship the author has with historical truths. This master’s thesis focuses on the authenticity of the information contained in the novel. The analysis is based on research on the author and his work, the literary context and the two relevant periods (New France and nineteenth-century Quebec). Following these inquiries, we analyse the novel (guided by modern day ethnology) and come to the conclusion that Boucherville’s work deviates from the clichés usually associated with coureurs de bois and indigenous people.