No description available.

La fusariose vasculaire du cyclamen est une maladie causée par le champignon tellurique Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis. Elle est considérée comme l’une des maladies les plus graves du cyclamen et se traduit par des pertes atteignant jusqu’à 50 % de la production. Actuellement, les moyens de lutte ne permettent pas de contrôler la maladie. Dans ce contexte, une collaboration s’est engagée entre l’institut technique de l’horticulture, Astredhor, représentant les producteurs, l’INRA de Dijon pour son expertise sur F. oxysporum et la société Agrene pour son expertise en lutte biologique. Les objectifs de cette collaboration étaient doubles : i) identifier un marqueur spécifique de la forme spéciale cyclaminis et développer un outil de détection de l’agent pathogène permettant de mettre en place des méthodes de lutte appropriées ; ii) identifier un agent de lutte biologique efficace contre le pathogène. Le travail s’est donc structuré autour de ces deux objectifs.Une collection de souches représentatives de la diversité des populations de F. oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis a été constituée. Elle regroupe des souches provenant de collections internationales et des isolats obtenus de cyclamens symptomatiques ou non. L’analyse moléculaire de cette collection a permis de caractériser son importante diversité génétique et a mis en exergue la difficulté d’identifier un marqueur moléculaire spécifique. Néanmoins, un fragment d’ADN spécifique de l’agent pathogène a pu être mis en évidence par amplification aléatoire d’ADN polymorphe. A partir de ce fragment, un couple d’amorces spécifiques a été dessiné et un outil moléculaire a été développé. Ce dernier permet une détection du champignon in planta en PCR conventionnelle et en PCR en temps réel.Parallèlement, une étude bibliographique approfondie relative aux méthodes de lutte biologique contre les fusarioses induites par F. oxysporum sur les plantes ornementales a été effectuée. Cette revue a souligné la possibilité d’utiliser des ressources d’origine microbienne et d’origine végétale pour contrôler F. oxysporum, mais cette stratégie impliquant une étape de sélection nous est apparue lourde et laborieuse. Nous avons opté pour une autre démarche visant à identifier, parmi des produits déjà sur le marché, ceux susceptibles de réduire significativement la gravité de la maladie. Des bioessais ont été conduits en serre, dans des conditions proches de celles de la production pour tester sept produits reposant sur la formulation de bactéries, de champignons ou de combinaisons de ces microorganismes. Les produits les moins performants ont été éliminés à l’issue d’un premier essai. Des bioessais ont été conduits à nouveau avec trois produits. Un seul de ces produits donne satisfaction mais son efficacité devra être validée en conditions de production réelles.En conclusion, l’outil de détection spécifique permettra aux producteurs de s’assurer de la qualité sanitaire de la culture et des supports de culture. L’agent de lutte biologique retenu à l’issue de nos essais permettra dans un premier temps aux producteurs de prévenir le risque d’activité infectieuse de F. oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis. Cependant, un travail de recherche d’un agent de lutte plus performant s’avère nécessaire. Des pistes sont proposées. / Fusarium wilt of cyclamen is one of the most damaging diseases of cyclamen. The causal agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis, is a soil-borne fungus. Losses can reach more than 50 % of the production. Several methods of control are available, but none of them offer an efficient and environmentally friendly solution. In this context, a project was developed in collaboration with the French institute of horticulture, Astredhor, which represents the producers, the INRA of Dijon, for its expertise on F. oxysporum and the company Agrene for its expertise in biological control. The project has two goals: i) design a molecular marker specific of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis allowing a better management of the disease, ii) identify one or several efficient biological control agents.A collection of strains representative of the diversity of F. oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis populations was made up with strains from international collections and isolates collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic cyclamens. A molecular study of the collection demonstrated the high genetic diversity of the forma specialis, which makes the identification of a specific molecular marker more complicated. However, a specific DNA fragment was identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA. A primer pairs was designed and a specific tool of detection was developed. Thanks to this tool, it is now possible to detect the fungus in planta by conventional and real-time PCR.Simultaneously, a broad literature analysis on the biocontrol of ornamental plant diseases caused by F. oxysporum was performed. The review emphasized that biocontrol of F. oxysporum encompassed both microbial biocontrol agents and botanicals. To avoid the laborious and time-consuming screening step, we decided to assess the antagonistic activity of seven commercial products containing bacteria, fungi or a combination of both microorganisms. Greenhouse trials were performed under conditions similar to those of the production. First trial led to the exclusion of the less efficient products. Other trials were conducted with the three remaining products. Disease reduction was obtained with one of these products although it must be validated in production.Finally, the molecular tool of detection will allow producers to insure the health status of the culture. In addition, the efficient biocontrol agent identified will prevent the disease progress for a while but more investigations are needed to obtain reliable, efficient and sustainable biocontrol agents. Proposals to improve Fusarium wilt control are discussed.

Orientador: Wagner Bettiol / Banca: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Marcelo Augusto Boechat Morandi / Banca : Nelson Sdney Massola Júnior / Banca: Flávia Rodrigues Alves Patrício / Resumo: A murcha de Fusarium spp. em crisântemo é responsável por sérios prejuízos à cultura no Brasil. Uma alternativa para o seu controle é o uso de substrato supressivo, o qual pode ser obtido pela adição de fontes de matérias orgânicas. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um substrato supressivo à murcha do Fusarium em crisântemo com a introdução de matéria orgânica em substratos comerciais. Para tanto, lodo de esgoto e lodo de esgoto compostado; torta de mamona; esterco suíno; cama aviária; compostos comerciais Lanzi®; casca de camarão, biofertilizante e hidrolisado de peixe foram incorporados a substratos à base de casca de Pinus e de turfa em diferentes concentrações e combinações. Os experimentos foram realizados em propriedade produtora de crisântemo Bola-belga com problemas de Fusarium. Em todos os experimentos o número mínimo de repetições foi de 20 vasos por tratamento. Transcorridas 8, 12, 15 e 20 semanas do transplantio foi avaliada a severidade da doença por uma escala de notas de 0 para planta sadia a 5 para planta morta. Com os dados foram calculadas as áreas abaixo da curva de progresso da severidade da murcha de Fusarium. Além disso, foram realizadas análises dos atributos químicos e da atividade microbiana dos substratos bem como do desenvolvimento das plantas. O lodo de esgoto, lodo de esgoto compostado, cama aviária, casca de camarão e o composto Lanzi® induziram a supressividade do substrato à base de casca se Pinus e/ou de turfa, controlando a murcha de Fusarium. Por outro lado, esterco suíno, torta de mamona, hidrolisado de peixe, quitosana e Trichoderma asperellum não interferiram na supressividade à doença. Substratos obtidos com lodo de esgoto e cama aviária, em mistura ou não, nas concentrações de 10, 20 e 30% (v/v) foram os mais adequados do ponto de vista de indução de supressividade... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Fusarium spp. wilt causes serious damages to chrysanthemum crops in Brazil. An alternative for its control is the use of suppressive plant growth media, which can be obtained by the addition of organic matter to container media. The objective of the present work was to develop a plant growth media suppressive to the Fusarium spp. in chrysanthemum with the introduction of organic matter to commercial container media. Sewage sludge and sewage sludge compost; castorbean presscake, swine manure; poultry litter; shrimp peel, biofertilizer, chitosan and fish hydrolyzed were incorporated to pine-bark and turf container media in different concentrations and combinations. The experiments were conducted in a Belgianchrysanthemum variety producing property with a Fusarium problem. In all experiments the minimum number of repetitions was 20 containers per treatment. Eight, 12, 15 and 20 weeks following transplanting the severity of the disease was evaluated according to a progressive scale from 0 (healthy plant) to 5 (dead plant). Areas under the disease progress curve for disease severity of Fusarium wilt were calculated. Chemical and microbiological attributes of container media and plant development were analyzed. The sewage sludge, sewage sludge compost, poultry litter, shrimp peel and the Lanzi® compost induced the suppressiveness of pine bark and/or turf container media, controlling the wilt. On the other hand, swine manure, castorbean presscake, fish hydrolyzed, chitosan and Trichoderma asperellum did not affect the suppressiveness to the disease. Plant growth media with sewage sludge and poultry litter, in mixture or alone, in the concentrations of 10, 20 and 30% (v/v) were the most appropriate from the point of view of induction of suppressiveness and product quality, being the plant growth media recommended... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The overall goal of this research was to determine what, if any, role grapevine rhizosphere bacteria play in the differing susceptibilities of New Zealand grown rootstocks to Cylindrocarpon black foot disease. The size and diversity of bacterial populations associated with the rhizospheres of grapevine rootstocks: 101-14, 5C, Schwarzmann and Riparia Gloire were evaluated. Dilution plating showed that total bacterial (P=0.012, P=0.005 for NA and KB, respectively) and fluorescent Pseudomonad (P=0.035) rhizosphere counts differed between rhizosphere and bulk soils but did not correlate with the differing susceptibilities of the rootstock varieties to black foot. No varietal differences were found for spore forming bacteria (P=0.201). SSCP banding patterns showed that species diversity was similar for most rootstocks, but that there were some differences in the composition of bacterial populations, probably attributable to vigour. Some functional characteristics of the bacteria isolated from the rhizospheres of the most and least susceptible rootstock varieties were assessed to investigate their potential to suppress the pathogen. In dual culture, bacteria from Riparia Gloire, 101-14 and the control soil all had little ability to antagonise Cylindrocarpon destructans. However, they differed in their degrees of activity for glucanase (P=0.000), protease (P=0.001) and siderophores (P=0.000). In all tests, bacterial isolates from the rhizosphere of 101-14 had the largest number of active isolates (P≤0.002); however, those from Riparia Gloire had the greatest degree of positive responses for the glucanase and siderophore assays. Bacterial isolates from the control soil produced few glucanases and no siderophores, but had the highest degree of protease activity. Bands excised and sequenced from SSCP gels frequently matched to other ‘uncultured bacteria’ in GenBank, as well as to other bacterial phyla, classes and genera commonly isolated from soil and sediment samples. These included members of the Firmicutes, Proteobacteria (α, δ, γ), Verrucomicrobia, Acidobacteria and Chromatiales. The pathogenicity of C. destructans and Fusarium oxysporum was investigated by inoculating soil containing wounded ungrafted rootstocks of 101-14, 5C, Schwarzmann and Riparia Gloire. Results indicated that F. oxysporum might be a more aggressive pathogen than C. destructans. Inoculation with F. oxysporum or C. destructans increased disease severity, P=0.018 and P=0.056, respectively at 0 cm. Rootstock variety influenced disease severity caused by C. destructans (P<0.001) and F. oxysporum (P=0.090), with rootstocks 101-14 and 5C being most susceptible to C. destructans, and Riparia Gloire and Schwarzmann most susceptible to F. oxysporum. There was also an indication that inoculation with one pathogen increased plant susceptibility to the other, with increased F. oxysporum infection in the C. destructans inoculated treatments of Riparia Gloire and Schwarzmann (P<0.05). The effect of carbohydrate stress (leaf trimming) and inoculation on C. destructans disease severity, incidence, and rootstock rhizosphere bacterial populations was evaluated by inoculating the soil containing one year old plants of Sauvignon Blanc scion wood grafted to rootstocks 101-14 and Schwarzmann. Disease severity and incidence was similar for both Schwarzmann (8.4% and 29.3%, respectively) and 101-14 (14.9% and 31.0%, respectively). When data for the moderate and no stress treatments were combined, because their effects were similar, the disease severity was significantly higher for the highly stressed plants(P=0.043). Stress did not influence disease incidence (P=0.551). Infection occurred in the non-inoculated plants, but disease severity was higher in the plants inoculated with C. destructans than those that were not. Root dry weight of highly stressed plants was lower than in both the moderately stressed (P=0.000) and unstressed plants (P=0.003). An interaction between inoculation and stress (P=0.031) showed that inoculated and highly stressed plants had the lowest root dry weight but there was no effect of rootstocks (P=0.062). There was no significant effect of carbohydrate stress (P=0.259) or inoculation (P=0.885) on shoot dry weight. SSCP banding patterns showed that bacterial diversity was generally similar between rootstocks, but stress and inoculation altered rhizosphere bacterial communities. This study has demonstrated that functionality of grapevine rhizosphere bacteria do differ between grapevine rootstock varieties that have different susceptibilities to black foot disease, but that this role needs to be further investigated if more accurate and practically relevant conclusions are to be drawn.

In the genus Fusarium are many important plant pathogens. The diversity of hosts the genus attacks, the number of pathogenic taxa and the range of habitats in which they cause disease are the greatest in plant pathology. One important species complex within the genus Fusarium is Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. This species complex consists more than 80 pathogenic forma specialis and is particularly difficult to control. The fungi can survive in soil for decades as specialized spores, known as chlamydospores. Interestingly, however, this species complex also contains beneficial non-pathogenic forms that can be exploited to manage Fusarium wilt diseases. In this study, the ability of non-pathogenic F. oxysporum strains, Trichoderma harzianum Rifai Eco-T®, soluble silicon, and their combination was evaluated on two important crops, banana (Musa sp. L.) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), for their potential to suppress pathogenic strains of F. oxysporum. The ability of these crops to take up and accumulate silicon in their organs, and its effect on low temperature stress was also investigated. Several endophytic fungi, mainly Fusarium spp. and bacteria, were isolated from healthy mature banana plants. After preliminary and secondary in vivo screening tests against F. oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli on beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Outeniqua, two non-pathogenic F. oxysporum strains were selected for further testing. These two non-pathogenic F. oxysporum strains were found to colonize banana (Musa sp.) cv. Cavendish Williams and bean plants, and to suppress Fusarium wilt of these crops. In order to improve the efficacy of these biocontrol fungi, soluble silicon was introduced. The relationship between plant mineral nutrition and plant diseases have been reported by several authors. Plants take up silicon equivalent to some macronutrients, although it is not widely recognized as an essential element. In this study, we established that roots, the target plant organ for soilborne plant pathogens, accumulated the greatest quantity of silicon of any plant organs when fertilized with high concentrations of silicon. On the other hand, the corm and stem accumulated the least silicon. Such observations contradict the concept of passive uptake of silicon via the transpiration stream in these plants as the only uptake mechanism. The prophylactic properties of silicon have been documented for many crops against a variety of diseases. In vitro bioassay tests of silicon against these wilt pathogens showed that silicon can be toxic to Fusarium wilt fungi at high concentrations (>7840 mg .-1), resulting in complete inhibition of hyphal growth, spore germination and sporulation. However, low concentrations of silicon (<490 mg .-1) encouraged hyphal growth. Silicon fertilization of banana and beans significantly reduced disease severity of these crops by reducing the impact of the Fusarium wilt pathogens on these crops. However, it could not prevent infection of plants from the wilt pathogens on its own. Synergistic responses were obtained from combined applications of silicon and non-pathogenic F. oxysporum strains against Fusarium wilt of banana. Combinations of silicon with the non-pathogenic F. oxysporum strains significantly suppressed disease severity of Fusarium wilt of banana, caused by F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense (E.F. Smith) Snyder & Hansen, better than applications of either control measure on their own. Banana production in the subtropical regions frequently suffer from chilling injury, and from extreme variations between night and day temperatures. Such stress predisposes banana plants to Fusarium wilt disease. Silicon, on the other hand, is emerging as important mineral in the physiology of many plants, ameliorating a variety of biotic and abiotic stress factors. We established that silicon fertilization of banana plants significantly reduced chilling injury of banana plants. Membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation (MDA level) and proline levels were higher in silicon-untreated plants than the treated ones, all of which demonstrated the stress alleviating effect of silicon. Low temperatures damage the cell membrane of susceptible plants and cause desiccation or dehydration of these cells. Levels of sucrose and raffinose, recognized as cryoprotectants, were significantly higher in silicon-amended banana plants than unamended plants. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pinto_zv_dr_botfca.pdf: 894968 bytes, checksum: 522dc825bbc64c7631c86fa63430a259 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A murcha de Fusarium spp. em crisântemo é responsável por sérios prejuízos à cultura no Brasil. Uma alternativa para o seu controle é o uso de substrato supressivo, o qual pode ser obtido pela adição de fontes de matérias orgânicas. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um substrato supressivo à murcha do Fusarium em crisântemo com a introdução de matéria orgânica em substratos comerciais. Para tanto, lodo de esgoto e lodo de esgoto compostado; torta de mamona; esterco suíno; cama aviária; compostos comerciais Lanzi®; casca de camarão, biofertilizante e hidrolisado de peixe foram incorporados a substratos à base de casca de Pinus e de turfa em diferentes concentrações e combinações. Os experimentos foram realizados em propriedade produtora de crisântemo Bola-belga com problemas de Fusarium. Em todos os experimentos o número mínimo de repetições foi de 20 vasos por tratamento. Transcorridas 8, 12, 15 e 20 semanas do transplantio foi avaliada a severidade da doença por uma escala de notas de 0 para planta sadia a 5 para planta morta. Com os dados foram calculadas as áreas abaixo da curva de progresso da severidade da murcha de Fusarium. Além disso, foram realizadas análises dos atributos químicos e da atividade microbiana dos substratos bem como do desenvolvimento das plantas. O lodo de esgoto, lodo de esgoto compostado, cama aviária, casca de camarão e o composto Lanzi® induziram a supressividade do substrato à base de casca se Pinus e/ou de turfa, controlando a murcha de Fusarium. Por outro lado, esterco suíno, torta de mamona, hidrolisado de peixe, quitosana e Trichoderma asperellum não interferiram na supressividade à doença. Substratos obtidos com lodo de esgoto e cama aviária, em mistura ou não, nas concentrações de 10, 20 e 30% (v/v) foram os mais adequados do ponto de vista de indução de supressividade... / Fusarium spp. wilt causes serious damages to chrysanthemum crops in Brazil. An alternative for its control is the use of suppressive plant growth media, which can be obtained by the addition of organic matter to container media. The objective of the present work was to develop a plant growth media suppressive to the Fusarium spp. in chrysanthemum with the introduction of organic matter to commercial container media. Sewage sludge and sewage sludge compost; castorbean presscake, swine manure; poultry litter; shrimp peel, biofertilizer, chitosan and fish hydrolyzed were incorporated to pine-bark and turf container media in different concentrations and combinations. The experiments were conducted in a Belgianchrysanthemum variety producing property with a Fusarium problem. In all experiments the minimum number of repetitions was 20 containers per treatment. Eight, 12, 15 and 20 weeks following transplanting the severity of the disease was evaluated according to a progressive scale from 0 (healthy plant) to 5 (dead plant). Areas under the disease progress curve for disease severity of Fusarium wilt were calculated. Chemical and microbiological attributes of container media and plant development were analyzed. The sewage sludge, sewage sludge compost, poultry litter, shrimp peel and the Lanzi® compost induced the suppressiveness of pine bark and/or turf container media, controlling the wilt. On the other hand, swine manure, castorbean presscake, fish hydrolyzed, chitosan and Trichoderma asperellum did not affect the suppressiveness to the disease. Plant growth media with sewage sludge and poultry litter, in mixture or alone, in the concentrations of 10, 20 and 30% (v/v) were the most appropriate from the point of view of induction of suppressiveness and product quality, being the plant growth media recommended... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Sweet potato is a popular food security crop in South Africa and has a considerable commercial value. Fusarium wilt (FW), caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum formae speciales (f. sp.) batatas, has been reported worldwide and is widespread in sweet potato production areas in South Africa. Preliminary molecular identification of South African isolates from diseased sweet potato plants indicated that there are other formae speciales besides F. oxysporum f. sp. batatas associated with FW. The objectives of the study were to conduct a field survey and to characterise the isolates of the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) using phylogenetic analyses, morphological characterisation and DNA barcoding. Phylogenetic analyses revealed two other formae speciales, namely F. oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi and F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae that were associated with FW. This study has contributed in understanding and knowledge of FOSC associated with FW of sweet potato in South Africa. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Sciences)

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El pepino dulce (Solanum muricatum) y el tomate de árbol (S. betaceum) pertenecen al grupo de cultivos de la familia Solanaceae. Estos dos cultivos son originarios de América del Sur y actualmente se cultivan en varios países con climas tropicales, subtropicales y mediterráneos. Han sido infrautilizados durante mucho tiempo y han cobrado relevancia solo en los últimos años debido a su alta calidad nutricional. El pepino dulce exhibe niveles significativos de potasio, vitamina C y carotenoides y se informa que presenta propiedades antioxidantes, antidiabéticas, antiinflamatorias y antitumorales. Sus frutos se pueden consumir tanto como postre o en ensaladas. El tomate de árbol también destaca por su alto contenido en compuestos bioactivos como carotenoides, antocianinas, flavonoides y vitaminas. Varios productos como jugos, mermeladas, salsas y productos farmacéuticos son elaborados a partir de sus frutos. Debido a que estos cultivos se han introducido en nuevas regiones, donde pueden estar expuestos a estreses bióticos y abióticos que pueden amenazar su producción, y dado que el pepino dulce se ve especialmente afectado por la escasez de agua, fue necesario realizar un estudio para determinar la respuesta de siete cultivares de pepino dulce a parámetros fisiológicos y bioquímicos al estrés por sequía. Este trabajo puede ayudar a desarrollar programas de selección y mejoramiento que permitan generar nuevas variedades más tolerantes a la sequía. Por otro lado, en los países de clima mediterráneo, el pepino dulce se cultiva como cultivo protegido, aplicando las mismas técnicas agrícolas que otras solanáceas como el tomate y el pimiento. Estos sistemas agrícolas también brindan condiciones óptimas para el desarrollo de enfermedades como Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), Verticillium dahliae (VE), virus del mosaico del pepino (PepMV) y virus del mosaico del tomate (ToMV), que potencialmente podrían causar grandes daños a los cultivos de pepino dulce. Por tal motivo, se realizó un estudio para evaluar la respuesta de una colección de pepino dulce y sus parientes silvestres contra estas cuatro enfermedades, y encontrar fuentes de resistencia/tolerancia a estos patógenos. Aunque el tomate de árbol es un cultivo frutal importante debido a su valor nutricional y efectos beneficiosos para la salud, actualmente no hay información genómica y transcriptómica disponible públicamente. Por lo tanto, fue fundamental secuenciar el transcriptoma de dos cultivares de tomate de árbol con frutos morados (A21) y frutos anaranjados (A23). Estos dos cultivares han sido ampliamente utilizados y cultivados comercialmente en países de la región andina como Ecuador y Colombia. La obtención del primer transcriptoma de tomate de árbol ha permitido realizar un estudio comparativo entre el tomate de árbol y sus especies cercanas, tomate y patata, identificar genes implicados en la ruta de biosíntesis de carotenoides y desarrollar marcadores de polimorfismo de nucleótido único (SNP). En general, esta Tesis Doctoral aporta información relevante sobre la respuesta del pepino a diversos estreses ambientales, que puede ser utilizada para el desarrollo de nuevas variedades de pepino resistentes a múltiples estreses. Mientras que en tomate de árbol, el desarrollo de herramientas genómicas acelerará los programas de mejoramiento. / [CA] El cogombre dolç (Solanum muricatum) i tomata d'arbre (S. betaceum) pertanyen al grup de cultius de la família Solanaceae. Aquests dos cultius són originaris d'Amèrica del Sud i actualment es cultiven en diversos països amb climes tropicals, subtropicals i mediterranis. Han sigut infrautilitzats durant molt de temps i han cobrat rellevància només en els últims anys a causa de la seua alta qualitat nutricional. El cogombre dolç exhibeix nivells significatius de potassi, vitamina C i carotenoides i s'informa que presenta propietats antioxidants, antidiabètiques, antiinflamatòries i antitumorals. Els seus fruits es poden consumir tant com postres o en ensalades. La tomaca d'arbre també destaca pel seu alt contingut en compostos bioactivos com carotenoides, antocianinas, flavonoides i vitamines. Dels seus fruits s'elaboren diversos productes com a sucs, melmelades, salses i productes farmacèutics. Pel fet que aquests cultius s'han introduït en noves regions on poden estar exposats a estressos biòtics i abiòtics que poden amenaçar la seua producció, atés que el cogombre es veu especialment afectat per l'escassetat d'aigua, va ser necessari realitzar un estudi per a determinar la resposta de set cultivars de cogombre dolç a paràmetres fisiològics i bioquímicos a l'estrés per sequera. Aquest treball pot ajudar a desenvolupar programes de selecció i millorament que permeten generar noves varietats més tolerants a la sequera. D'altra banda, als països de clima mediterrani, el cogombre dolç es cultiva com a cultiu protegit, aplicant les mateixes tècniques agrícoles que unes altres solanáceas com la tomaca i el pimentó. Aquests sistemes agrícoles també brinden condicions òptimes per al desenvolupament de malalties com Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), Verticillium dahliae (VE), virus del mosaic del cogombre (PepMV) i virus del mosaic de la tomaca (ToMV), que potencialment podrien causar grans danys als cultius de cogombre dolç. Per tal motiu, es va realitzar un estudi per a avaluar la resposta d'una col·lecció de cogombre dolç i els seus parents silvestres contra aquestes quatre malalties, i trobar fonts de resistència/tolerància a aquests patògens. Encara que la tomaca d'arbre és un cultiu fruiter important a causa del seu valor nutricional i efectes beneficiosos per a la salut, actualment no hi ha informació genòmica i transcriptómica disponible públicament. Per tant, va ser fonamental seqüenciar el transcriptoma de dues cultivars de tomaca d'arbre amb fruits morats (A21) i fruits ataronjats (A23). Aquestes dues cultivars han sigut àmpliament utilitzats i cultivats comercialment en països de la regió andina com l'Equador i Colòmbia. L'obtenció del primer transcriptoma de tomaca d'arbre ha permés realitzar un estudi comparatiu entre la tomaca d'arbre i les seues espècies pròximes, tomaca i creïlla, identificar gens implicats en la ruta de biosíntesi de carotenoides i desenvolupar marcadors de polimorfisme de nucleòtid únic (SNP). En general, aquesta Tesi Doctoral aporta informació rellevant sobre la resposta del cogombre a diversos estressos ambientals, que pot ser utilitzada per al desenvolupament de noves varietats de cogombre resistents a múltiples estressos. Mentre que en tomaca d'arbre, el desenvolupament d'eines genòmiques accelerarà els programes de millorament. / [EN] Pepino (Solanum muricatum) and tree tomato (S. betaceum) belong to the group of crops of the Solanaceae family. These two crops are native to South America and currently are grown in various countries with tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean climates. They have been underutilized for a long time and have become relevant only in recent years due to their high nutritional quality. Pepino exhibit significant levels of potassium, vitamin C and carotenoids and it is reported to present antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. Its fruits can be consumed both as a dessert or in salads. Tree tomato also highlights high content of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids and vitamins. Severals products such as juices, jams, sauces and pharmaceutical products are made from its fruits. Due to these crops have been introduced into new regions, where they may be exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses that can threaten their production, and since pepino is specially affected by water scarcity, a study was needed to determine the response of seven pepino cultivars to physiological and biochemical parameters to drought stress. This work can help develop selection and improvement programs that allow the generation of new varieties that are more tolerant to drought. On the other hand, in countries with a Mediterranean climate, pepino is grown as a protected crop, applying the same agricultural techniques as other solanaceous plants such as tomato and pepper. These agricultural systems also provide optimal conditions for the development of diseases such as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), Verticillium dahliae (VE), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), which could potentially cause great damage to pepino crops. For this reason, a study was performed to evaluate the response of a collection of pepino and their wild relatives against these four diseases, and find sources of resistance/tolerance to those pathogens. Although tree tomato is an important fruit crop due to its nutritional value and beneficial health effects, there is currently no publicly available genomic and transcriptomic information. Therefore, it was essential to sequence the transcriptome of two tree tomato cultivars with purple fruits (A21) and orange fruits (A23). These two cultivars have been widely used and cultivated commercially in countries of the Andean region such as Ecuador and Colombia. Obtaining the first tree tomato transcriptome has made it possible to perform a comparative study between tree tomato and its close species, tomato and potato, identify genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, and develop single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. In general, this Doctoral Thesis provides relevant information on the response of pepino to various environmental stresses, which can be used for the development of new varieties of pepino resistant to multiple stresses. While in tree tomato, the development of genomic tools will accelerating up breeding programs. / Pacheco Toabanda, JE. (2022). Development of Biotechnological Tools for the Genetic Improvement of Pepino (Solanum Muricatum) and Tree Tomato (S.betaceum) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/189205 / Compendio

El objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es estudiar diferentes herramientas para el manejo de plagas y enfermedades del cultivo de la platanera. Entre las herramientas que vamos a desarrollar, se van a analizar los compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COVs) fúngicos derivados de hongos entomopatógenos (HE) y nematófagos, como fuente de metabolitos con actividad antagónica contra el picudo negro (PN) de la platanera, Cosmopolites sordidus, para su control y manejo en el campo. Así mismo, vamos a estudiar las respuestas de cultivares de plataneras a quitosano, un polisacárido biodegradable, para evaluar su posible uso en el campo como estimulante y protector de las plantas frente a plagas y patógenos, como Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. El conjunto de capítulos de esta tesis pretende sentar las bases de una estrategia de manejo sostenible de plagas y enfermedades del cultivo de la platanera, basada en el uso de COVs derivados de hongos presentes de forma natural en los cultivos, en combinación con la suplementación de quitosano en el riego, para un efecto de protección y activación de las defensas de las plataneras antes de cualquier infección de plagas y/o enfermedades. El objetivo principal de esta Tesis Doctoral es encontrar nuevas fórmulas para la gestión integrada de plagas como Cosmopolites sordidus y enfermedades de la platanera en condiciones de campo. En esta Tesis Doctoral hemos ideado enfoques sostenibles para la gestión de las plagas y enfermedades de las plataneras. Nuestros objetivos son: a) Cosmopolites sordidus (picudo negro de la platanera, PN), la principal plaga de los cultivos de plátano y, b) el hongo del marchitamiento Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Raza Tropical 4 (FocTR4), agente causante de una nueva variante extremadamente virulenta de la enfermedad del “Mal de Panamá”, que se está extendiendo rápidamente por todo el mundo. Nuestras herramientas de gestión sostenible son: a) los hongos entomopatógenos (HE, conocidos por su uso como agentes de control biológico, ACBs) aislados de campos comerciales de plátanos, b) sus compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COVs) y, c) el quitosano, un compuesto biodegradable y elicitor de la inmunidad de las plantas con actividad antimicrobiana. Damos evidencia de que los COVs de los hongos agentes de control biológico son repelentes del PN. Pueden utilizarse en los cultivos de platanera mediante estrategias de push and pull para gestionar la plaga de forma sostenible. El quitosano puede utilizarse en el riego para prevenir las defensas de la platanera local y sistémicamente. Por lo tanto, este polímero, con probada actividad antimicrobiana frente a otros patógenos de marchitamiento de Fusarium spp., podría utilizarse contra la actual pandemia en las plataneras causada por FocTR4. La capacidad de inducir reguladores del crecimiento de las plantas sostiene también el papel fertilizante del quitosano. La inducción de compuestos relacionados con la respuesta sistémica adquirida (RSA) hace que el riego con quitosano sea una herramienta para manejar también las plagas de las plataneras sobre el suelo (PN) y las enfermedades (Sigatoka). De esta manera, los COVs y el quitosano podrían ayudar a reducir el uso de agroquímicos tóxicos en los cultivos de platanera en todo el mundo.