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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Valeur prédictive du récepteur NKp30 dans la réponse à l’imatinib mesylate des tumeurs stromales gastrointestinales et identification d’un nouveau mécanisme inhibiteur des cellules Natural Killer par la voie TNFα/TNFR2/BIRC3/TRAF1 / Predictive value of the NKp30 receptor in the imatinib mesylate response of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and identification of a novel NK cell inhibitory mechanism via the TNFα/TNFR2/BIRC3/TRAF1 pathway

Ivagnes, Alexandre 29 September 2017 (has links)
Depuis ces 10 dernières années, l’immunothérapie est à l’avant-garde de la thérapie anticancéreuse. Les cellules Natural Killer (NK) font partie du système immunitaire inné et possèdent la capacité unique de lyser les cellules tumorales sans activation préalable par un antigène spécifique. Elles jouent un rôle majeur dans le contrôle de plusieurs cancers hématologiques et solides dont les tumeurs stromales gastrointestinales (GIST). Leur activation dépend de l’équilibre entre leurs récepteurs activateurs et inhibiteurs. Les Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors (NCR) font partis des récepteurs activateurs les plus importants dans leur reconnaissance des cibles et comprennent le NKp30, NKp44 et NKp46. Le NKp30 possède 3 isoformes: NKp30a et NKp30b sont immunostimulantes induisant la sécrétion d’Interféron (IFN) γ et de Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α alors que NKp30c est immunosuppressive favorisant la production d’interleukine 10 (IL-10). L’IFNγ est un puissant activateur des cellules immunitaires tandis que l’IL-10 est une cytokine anti-inflammatoire. Le TNFα a été décrit initialement comme un facteur sérique induisant la nécrose des tumeurs, cependant son rôle a depuis été élargi à des fonctions homéostatiques. De nombreuses études laissent à penser que les fonctions antitumorales des cellules NK ne se limitent pas à l’élimination des cellules tumorales. Malgré les progrès importants réalisés dans la compréhension des cellules NK, de nombreux travaux sont encore à mener pour exploiter pleinement leur potentiel antitumoral.Notre équipe a démontré l’importance capitale des cellules NK dans les GIST. Ainsi l’infiltrat NK prédit la survie sans progression des patients. De plus nous avons montré que l’expression préférentielle de l’isoforme immunosuppressive NKp30c impactait négativement le pronostic des patients GIST. Suite à ces résultats, nous avons cherché à mieux caractériser l’impact des isoformes du récepteur NKp30 chez les patients GIST en réponse à l’IM. Dans un premier temps, nous avons démontré qu’un haut ratio d’expression entre NKp30b et NKp30c prédisait une meilleure réponse à l’imatinib mesylate (IM, un inhibiteur de tyrosine kinase, traitement de référence des GIST) et que l’expression des isoformes de NKp30 impactait l’environnement cytokinique de la tumeur. De plus, nous avons établi pour la première fois le lien entre la présence de ligands solubles de NKp30, B7 Homolog 6 soluble (sB7-H6) et BCL2 Associated Athanogene 6 soluble (sBAG6), et la diminution de la survie sans évènement des patients GIST traités à l’IM.Malgré l’infiltration immunitaire de nombreuses tumeurs, les fonctions antitumorales des lymphocytes sont inhibées par le microenvironnement tumoral. Ainsi, nous avons étudié quelles voies de signalisation étaient associées à l’inhibition des cellules NK présentes dans cet environnement. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé un microarray à partir des cellules NK infiltrant les GIST et avons mis en évidence le rôle délétère de la voie TNFα/TNF Receptor 2/Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 3 (BIRC3)/TNF Receptor Associated Factor 1 (TRAF1) dans la fonctionnalité des cellules NK. En effet, l’activation de cette voie dans les cellules NK entraine la diminution de la transcription du gène du récepteur activateur NKp46 ainsi que son expression membranaire. Cette diminution était corrélée avec l’expression de l’isoforme NKp30c. Par ailleurs, nous avons pu mettre en évidence chez la souris que le TNFα facilitait la dissémination métastatique de la lignée tumorale sensible aux cellules NK B16F10.Nos résultats sur les cellules NK ont renforcé leur grand potentiel en tant que cible thérapeutique pour l’immunothérapie anticancéreuse. En effet, l’importance du récepteur NKp30 et de ses isoformes dans la prédiction de la réponse à l’IM dans les GIST et la mise en évidence d’un nouveau mécanisme inhibiteur des cellules NK par la voie TNFα/TNFR2/BIRC3/TRAF1 ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles stratégies dans le traitement des cancers. / Over the last 10 years, immunotherapy has been at the forefront of cancer therapy. Natural Killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system and have the unique ability to lyse tumor cells without any antigen specific priming. They have a key prognostic role in several hematological and solid cancers including gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). A balance between activating and inhibitory receptors triggers NK cell activation. Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR) are among the most clinically relevant activating receptors and include NKp30, NKp44 and NKp46. NKp30 can be expressed in 3 different isoforms: NKp30a and NKp30b are both immunostimulatory, inducing interferon (IFN) γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α secretion whereas NKp30c is immunosuppressive, producing interleukin 10 (IL-10). IFNγ is a potent activator of immune cells whereas IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. TNFα was first described as a serum factor, inducing tumor necrosis but its role has since been broadened to homeostatic functions. Ample evidence suggests that anti-tumor functions of NK cells are tightly regulated and expand far beyond the simple killing of malignant cells. Despite the tremendous progress in understanding NK cell biology, further work is warranted to fully exploit the anticancer potential of these cells.Our group demonstrated the crucial role that NK cells have in GIST. Indeed, NK cell infiltrate positively correlates with progression-free survival. Moreover, we showed that the preferential expression of the immunosuppressive isoform NKp30c, negatively impacts the clinical outcome of GIST patients. To further extend these observations, we explored the influence of various NKp30 isoforms in GIST patients.Firstly, we revealed that a high ratio between the expression of NKp30b and NKp30c isoforms predicted a stronger imatinib mesylate (IM) response (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, TKI – first line standard of care in GIST) and that tumor cytokine milieu is modified following NKp30 isoform expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated a link between the presence of soluble ligands of NKp30, soluble B7 Homolog 6 (sB7-H6) and soluble BCL2 Associated Athanogene 6 (sBAG6), and a decrease in event-free survival in IM-treated GIST patients.Despite the presence of immune infiltration in many tumors, antitumor functions of lymphocytes are inhibited by the tumor microenvironment. Thus, we explored which signaling pathways were associated with NK cell inhibition in the tumor microenvironment. To do so, we performed a microarray from GIST infiltrating NK cells which highlighted the deleterious effect of TNFα/TNF Receptor 2/Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 3 (BIRC3)/TNF Receptor Associated Factor 1 (TRAF1) pathway on the function of NK cells. Next, we demonstrated that activation of this pathway in NK cells decreased gene transcription and protein expression of the activating receptor NKp46 (also called Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1 NCR1). This decrease positively correlated with NKp30c isoform expression. Moreover we showed that in mice, TNFα increases the metastatic dissemination of the NK sensitive tumor cell line, B16F10.Results from our research on NK cells strengthen the potential of NK cells as a therapeutic target for anti-tumor immunotherapy. Taken together, this thesis demonstrates the key role of the NKp30 receptor and its isoforms in the IM therapy as predictive marker in GIST response and describes for the first time a new NK cell inhibitory mechanism via the TNFα/TNFR2/BIRC3/TRAF1 pathway, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
12

The influence of sequential predictions on scene gist recognition

Smith, Maverick January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Department of Psychological Sciences / Lester C. Loschky / Past research has argued that scene gist, a holistic semantic representation of a scene acquired within a single fixation, is extracted using purely feed-forward mechanisms. Many scene gist recognition studies have presented scenes from multiple categories in randomized sequences. We tested whether rapid scene categorization could be facilitated by priming from sequential expectations. We created more ecologically valid, first-person viewpoint, image sequences, along spatiotemporally connected routes (e.g., an office to a parking lot). Participants identified target scenes at the end of rapid serial visual presentations. Critically, we manipulated whether targets were in coherent or randomized sequences. Target categorization was more accurate in coherent sequences than in randomized sequences. Furthermore, categorization was more accurate for a target following one or more images within the same category than following a switch between categories. Likewise, accuracy was higher for targets more visually similar to their immediately preceding primes. This suggested that prime-to-target visual similarity may explain the coherent sequence advantage. We tested this hypothesis in Experiment 2, which was identical except that target images were removed from the sequences, and participants were asked to predict the scene category of the missing target. Missing images in coherent sequences were more accurately predicted than missing images in randomized sequences, and more predictable images were identified more accurately in Experiment 1. Importantly, partial correlations revealed that image predictability and prime-to-target visual similarity independently contributed to rapid scene gist categorization accuracy suggesting sequential expectations prime and thus facilitate scene recognition processes.
13

Pharmacometric Models for Biomarkers, Side Effects and Efficacy in Anticancer Drug Therapy

Hansson, Emma K. January 2012 (has links)
New approaches quantifying the effect of treatment are needed in oncology to improve the drug development process and to enable treatment optimization for existing therapies. This thesis focuses on the development of pharmacometric models for biomarkers, side effects and efficacy in order to identify predictors of clinical response in anti-cancer drug therapy. The variability in myelosuppression was characterized in six different cytotoxic anticancer treatments to evaluate a model-based dose individualization approach utilizing neutrophil counts as a biomarker. The estimated impact of inter-occasion variability was relatively low in relation to the inter-individual variability, indicating that myelosuppression is predictable from one treatment course to another. The approach may thereby be useful for dose optimization within an individual. To further study and to identify predictors for the severe side effect febrile neutropenia (FN), the relationship between the shape of the myelosuppression time-course and the probability of FN was characterized. Patients with a rapid decline in neutrophil counts and high drug sensitivity were identified to have a higher probability of developing FN compared with other patients who experience grade 4 neutropenia. Predictors of clinical response in patients receiving sunitinib for the treatment of gastro-intestinal stromal tumor (GIST) were identified by the development of an integrated modeling framework. Drug exposure, biomarkers, tumor dynamics, side effects and overall survival (OS) were linked in a unified structure, and univariate and multivariate exposure variables were tested for their predictive capacities. The soluble biomarker, sVEGFR-3 and tumor size at start of treatment were found to be promising predictors of overall survival, with decreased sVEGFR-3 levels and smaller baseline tumor size being predictive of longer OS. Also hypertension and neutropenia was identified as predictors of OS. The developed modeling framework may be useful to monitor clinical response, optimize dosing in sunitinib and to facilitate dose individualization.
14

Immunzellen in primären und metastasierten gastrointestinalen Stromatumoren (GISTs) / Immune cells in primary and metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs)

Gieselmann, Marieke Dorothea 10 November 2010 (has links)
No description available.
15

Studies on the ecology of yeasts

Lund, Aage, January 1954 (has links)
Thesis--Københavns universitet. / "Translation by Niels Haislund"--T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references (p. [128]-132).
16

Studies on the ecology of yeasts

Lund, Aage, January 1954 (has links)
Thesis--Københavns universitet. / "Translation by Niels Haislund"--T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references (p. [128]-132).
17

The role of the plasma membrane in glycosylation of proteins in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Welten-Verstegen, Geertruida Wilhelmina, January 1981 (has links)
Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, 1981. / Summary also in Dutch. Includes bibliographical references.
18

An Investigation of the Role of Contrast Cues in Parainformative Categorization

Wimsatt, Jay A., Jr. 28 September 2020 (has links)
No description available.
19

L'effet de pensée inconsciente en matière de décisions complexes : étude des modérateurs et processus mnésiques sous-jacents / The unconscious-thought effect in complex decision making : an examination of the moderators and underlying processes

Abadie, Marlène 09 December 2014 (has links)
Des recherches récentes suggèrent que, lors de décisions complexes, les individus font de meilleurs choix, non pas lorsqu’ils essayent d’évaluer les avantages et les inconvénients de chaque option, mais plutôt lorsqu’ils réalisent une tâche de distraction pendant quelques minutes avant de choisir. Cette amélioration de la prise de décision consécutive à la distraction a été interprétée comme une preuve de la mise en œuvre de la « pensée inconsciente » au cours de la période de distraction. À ce jour, une centaine d’études ont examiné ce phénomène. La moitié d’entre-elles l’a reproduit. Les travaux de cette thèse contribuent à ce débat de deux façons. Premièrement, nous avons identifié trois variables qui modèrent la qualité des décisions prises après une période de réflexion ou de distraction. Deuxièmement, nous avons utilisé deux paradigmes issus des modèles duels de mémoire pour examiner les processus mnésiques qui sous-tendent ces modes de décisions. Les sept expériences menées ont montré que l’efficacité de la réflexion est modulée par des variables, comme le matériel ou le format de présentation des options, qui ont un impact sur la récupération de souvenirs précis. La qualité des décisions prises après distraction est modulée par des variables, comme la complexité de la tâche de distraction ou encore le format de présentation des options, qui ont un impact sur la récupération de souvenirs « gist » qui sont vagues et catégoriels. Ces études suggèrent que l’accessibilité à des souvenirs précis détermine l’efficacité de nos réflexions conscientes tandis qu'une période de distraction, lorsqu'elle est utile à la décision, favorise la récupération de souvenirs gist. / Recent research suggests that when faced with a choice between several alternatives described with a large number of attributes, people make better choices if they do not consciously ponder over the alternatives but rather perform a distraction task for a few minutes before choosing. The improvement of decision making after distraction has been interpreted as evidence that “unconscious thought” occurs during the distraction period. So far, over a hundred studies investigated this phenomenon. About half of them replicated the effect. The research reported here contributes to this debate on two grounds. First, it highlights three factors which moderate the quality of the decisions made after a period of conscious deliberation or distraction. Second, we used two dual-memory process paradigms to gain insight on the memory processes underlying each decision mode. The seven experiments showed that the efficiency of conscious deliberation is moderated by factors, such as the presentation material or the presentation format of the alternatives, which affect the retrieval of precise memories. The quality of decision made after distraction is moderated by factors, such as the difficulty of the distraction task or the presentation format of the alternatives, which affect the retrieval of gist memories. Together these studies suggest that conscious deliberation efficiency is dependent upon the availability of precise memories whereas when a distraction period improves decision making, it also enhances the retrieval of gist memories.
20

Langzeitüberleben von Patienten mit gastrointestinalen Stromatumoren - Risikofaktoren und Prognose des Göttinger Kollektivs / Long-time survival of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor – risk factors and prognosis of the Göttinger collective

Krüsmann, Onno 10 October 2019 (has links)
No description available.

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