De flesta organisationer är idag målstyrda där måluppföljning sker genom resultatbaserade styrsystem. Utvecklingen av styrsätt och styrsystem har gått från regelstyrning till fokus på prestationer. Tidigare studier visar att inre motivation skapar bättre attityder till arbetet. Det leder till bättre prestationer om medarbetaren känner delaktighet och får regelbunden återkoppling. I uppsatsen undersöktes hur medarbetare upplever att mål- och resultatstyrning påverkar motivationen och arbetsutförandet i en bankverksamhet, samt hur detta tar sig i uttryck i handling. Fyra intervjuer med anställda och två informativa samtal med chefer genomfördes på två bankkontor. Resultatet analyserades i teman formade ur det empiriska materialet. Prestationsjakt, kundnöjdhet och tekniska problem är faktorer som påverkar motivation och arbetsutförande. Individanpassade och sporrande mål, tydliga system och återkoppling visade sig i den här studien vara förutsättningar för en väl fungerande mål- och resultatstyrning. Studiens bidrag till ett relativt outforskat område, är att synliggöra och öka förståelsen för attityder till mål- och resultatstyrning ur ett medarbetarperspektiv.

Aim: To investigate if physical exercise in combination with coaching will reduce pain and improve knee function in patients with mild to moderate osteoarthritis in the knee compared to physical exercise alone. Method: The study consisted of 42 patients who were randomized to either an intervention group or a control group. Both groups followed a standardized training program at home, but the intervention group received additional support with regard to the aim of their training, as well as extra coaching during the training period of ten weeks. A Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the patients’ pain. A 10 metre walking test, the Index of Muscle Function (IMF) and the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) were also used to evaluate knee function. Patients’ compliance with the training program was also assessed. Results: No significant difference was found between the two groups with regard to the pain scores, walking speed, muscle function in the lower extremities or the knee function. A significant difference was found within the experimental group for the pain, the muscle function in the lower extremities and the related function of the knee. A significant difference was also found within the control group for the muscle function in the lower extremities and the related function of the knee. The level of compliance to the physical training program was comparable in the both groups. Conclusion: Use of coaching in combination with physical training at home did not show better results in the pain reduction, walking speed, muscle strength or functional improvement compared to the use of physical training alone. No difference was found in the compliance to the training program between the two groups despite the additional coaching to the intervention group.

As a result of globalization and increase interdependence of the world economies, people from different cultures are interacting more frequently. However, most problems and misunderstandings occur when members of one culture assumes that their own unconscious values and beliefs are equally appropriate in other cultures. Typically, this is more prominent in an international business setting where companies are increasingly operating outside their usual working environment and interacting more with people belonging to other cultures. Even though, there are a huge number of studies which have focused on assessing the behaviours prevailing in different cultures and countries, we have noticed that there is a lack of literature aiming to find the leadership behaviours and styles becoming prevalent when there is a shift from one culture to another. More specifically, we have observed that there is a theoretical gap in the literature for understanding the behaviours which leaders adopt when they move from a high power distance culture to operate in a country classified as low power distance. Additionally, even on the basis of the extensive literature review conducted, it has been noticed that there are no studies which have aimed to find out the reasons behind adopting the prevailing leadership behaviours and styles. To achieve the purpose of this study, a qualitative research design and semi structured interviews were conducted with twelve managers in two different companies. Typically, a French and a Japanese company (both classified with high power distance index) operating in Sweden (classified with low power distance index) were selected. The data was analyzed using grounded theory and appropriate coding (open and selective coding) was adopted to generate sub-categories and categories which would help to explain the phenomenon being studied. As a result of the analysis undertaken, we have found out that both companies belonging to the high power distance culture have adopted distinct leadership styles. Basically, the French company has adopted a directive leadership style owing to the increasing influence which it receives from the home culture whilst the Japanese company has adopted a participative leadership style. It has also been found that the prevailing leadership behaviours are because of a number of factors like; the management cultural beliefs, labour laws, local employees, decision making process, monitoring and supervision process and influence from the host culture.

Optimized implementations of blocking and nonblocking collective operations are most important for scalable high-performance applications. Offloading such collective operations into the communication layer can improve performance and asynchronous progression of the operations. However, it is most important that such offloading schemes remain flexible in order to support user-defined (sparse neighbor) collective communications. In this work we propose a design for a collective offload unit. Our hardware design is able to execute dependency graph based representations of collective functions. To cope with the scarcity of memory resources we designed a new point to point messaging protocol which does not need to store information about unexpected messages. The offload unit proposed in this thesis could be integrated into high performance networks such as EXTOLL. Our design achieves a clock frequency of 212 MHz on a Xilinx Virtex6 FPGA, while using less than 10% of the available logic slices and less than 30% of the available memory blocks. Due to the specialization of our design we can accelerate important tasks of the message passing framework, such as message matching by a factor of two, compared to a software implementation running on a CPU with a ten times higher clock speed.

The study of achievement goals has begun to examine the underlying mechanisms that link goal orientations in order to develop a more accurate model that explains achievement outcomes. Currently, performance-approach goal orientations are inconsistently linked to affective, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes. Little research has considered the underlying mechanisms that sustain performance-approach goal orientations, particularly for early adolescents. This study explores the ways in which adolescents modify or regulate the emotional experiences that can interfere with or enhance the attainment of performance-approach goals and achievement. As such, this dissertation examined the role of emotion regulation as a critical process in the pursuit of performance-approach goal orientations that explains how individuals can modify their emotional experiences in order to achieve in a middle school sample (N=328). Students completed self-report measures of their goal orientations and other background variables. After taking a unit math exam, students reported on the emotions that they experienced during the exam. Structural equation modeling was used to examine associations among student goals, emotional experiences, strategies for regulating emotions, and math achievement. Results demonstrated evidence that emotion regulation strategies moderated the relation between performance-approach goals and achievement on a math test. The study found partial support for the PARE model, indicating that performance-approach goals are associated with achievement outcomes when students experience debilitating emotions and utilize emotion regulation strategies. / Dissertation

This research method of study is Social Judgment Theory. According to review the domestic and international literatures, the cues of performance measurement are focus on these four dimensions: "internal perspective", "financial perspective", "customer perspective" and "learning and growth". The questionnaire was made by the stakeholders who are the members and volunteers of China Youth Corps Task Committees in Kaohsiung City, Kaohsiung County and Pingtung County. The interviewees of the survey in this study are the members and volunteers of China Youth Corps Task Committees of Kaohsiung City, Kaohsiung County and Pingtung County. The goal is to investigate the significant differences between these decision groups and decision variables. After the analysis, the study gets the following results that provide the reference of following research. 1. The outcomes of the decision groups¡¦ the cue weight average are that the cue of "learning and growth", the most important part for decision makers, the cue of "internal perspective", "customer perspective" and "financial perspective" are in order. 2. The outcomes of the decision groups¡¦ the cue weight the ANOVA are that "financial perspective" is the most variable for each groups¡¦ decisions, but the groups¡¦ decisions are consensus in the cue of "learning and growth". 3. For the function of each decision group, there are positive correlations in the cues of "internal perspective", "financial perspective", "customer perspective", and ¡§learning and growth". It also means that if the better performance these variables have the higher measurement that the China Youth Corps Task Committees will get. 4. t-test of the cue weight average is that there are significant differences in each groups¡¦ decisions of "learning and growth". 5. ANOVA of population and social-economic variables is that the variables of gender, age, service places, service years and the level of education are not significant differences.

The after–action review (AAR; also known as the after–event review or debriefing) is a training approach that is based on reviews of trainees’ performance on recently completed tasks or performance events. Used by the military for decades, the use of AAR–based training has increased dramatically in recent years. Empirical research investigating AARs, however, is almost non–existent, and theoretical work on the effectiveness AAR–based training and the underlying processes have been limited. The present study presents a theoretical framework for the AAR by integrating the AAR into the existing training literature. In addition, this study presents an empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of AAR–based training, and an investigation of whether objective AAR–based training is more effective than subjective AAR–based training. One–hundred twenty individuals were trained in 30 4–person teams on a cognitively complex performance task. Teams were trained using a non–AAR–, subjective AAR–, or objective AAR–based training approach. Declarative knowledge, team performance, and team–efficacy served as the measures of training effectiveness. It was hypothesized that AAR–based training (subjective AAR– and objective AAR– based training combined) would be more effective than non–AAR–based training. Further, it was hypothesized that objective AAR–based training would be more effective than subjective AAR–based training. The study results indicated that AAR–based training was more effective than the non–AAR–based training approach in terms of team performance and team–efficacy, but not team declarative knowledge. Objective AAR–based training was no more effective than subjective AAR–based training. Teams performed equally well on the training outcome measures regardless of whether they used an objective or subjective AAR– based training approach. It is anticipated that the theoretical framework and empirical results of this study will serve as a catalyst for the integration of AAR–based training into existing training literatures and to inform the design and practice of AAR–based training systems to take full advantage of their efficacy as training interventions.

ABSTRACT THE EFFECTS OF COGNITIVE LOAD IN LEARNING FROM GOAL BASED SCENARIO DESIGNED MULTIMEDIA LEARNING ENVIRONMENT FOR LEARNERS HAVING DIFFERENT WORKING MEMORY CAPACITIES Kili&ccedil / , Eylem Ph.D., Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zahide Yildirim December 2009, 201 pages The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of principles aiming to reduce extraneous cognitive load in learning from goal based scenario designed multimedia learning environment for learners having different working memory capacities. In addition, the effects of goal based scenario and the principles of cognitive load theory on students&rsquo / perception, motivation and satisfaction has been explored. Two versions of the multimedia were developed for this study. In the first version (+CLT), the principles such as split attention, multimedia, modality, redundancy, coherence and signaling was applied. In the second version (-CLT), these principles were violated. Mixed method was used and two studies were conducted for this study. The first study was conducted with 82 ninth grade students from one of the Anatolian High School in Ankara. However, the participants&rsquo / working memory capacities were found very close to each other. Therefore, the second study was conducted with 54 11th grade students having different working memory capacity from the same school. The result of the first study showed that the cognitive load principles aim at reducing extraneous cognitive load increased learning gains, decreased invested mental effort and affected students&rsquo / motivation and satisfaction in positive ways. On the other hand, when cognitive load principles were not considered, this decreased learning gains, increased invested mental effort and affected students&rsquo / motivation and satisfaction in negative ways. The result of the second study showed that the only difference between high and low WMC students found on the number of errors made in sequencing meiosis sub phases in favor of the first version (+CLT). This might be explained by the task characteristics in that the difference between high and low WMC individuals can be observed when task demanded attention. It can be concluded that students benefited from the cognitive load principles reducing extraneous cognitive based on the findings of both studies.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of 11th grade Turkish students&rsquo / chemistry self-efficacy for cognitive skills (CSCS), and self-efficacy for chemistry laboratory (SCL), mastery-approach goals, mastery-avoidance goals, performance-approach goals, and performance-avoidance goals to their chemistry achievement. The sample of the study included 604 students (343 females and 261 males) from seven different general public high schools in &Ccedil / ankaya, a district of Ankara. High School Chemistry Self-efficacy Scale which was developed by &Ccedil / apa Aydin and Uzuntiryaki (2009), Achievement Goal Questionnaire which was developed by Elliot and McGregor (2001), and Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT) which was developed by the researcher were used to collect the data in the study. The simultaneous multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the data of the study. Results revealed that the students&rsquo / CSCS, mastery-approach goal, performance-approach goal were a positive significant predictors and performance-avoidance goal was a negative significant predictor of their scores on the CAT. Students&rsquo / CSCS had the largest unique contribution to explaining the students&rsquo / chemistry achievement. These four independent variables explained a significant 9.1 % of variance in the students&rsquo / chemistry achievement.

This thesis presents a preliminary goal oriented modeling of situation awareness in a command and control system. Tropos, an agent oriented software development methodology, has been used for modeling. Use of Tropos allows us to represent, at the knowledge level, the Command and Control actors along with their goals and interdependencies. Through refinement we aim to derive an architectural design for the Situation Awareness component of an Air Defense Command and Control system. This work suggests that goal oriented methodologies can be successfully used in the modeling of the complex systems at the requirement analysis phase. By analyzing dependencies between Command and Control entities, it should be possible to improve the modularity of the Command and Control system architecture.