Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена исследованию государственных закупок в системе финансирования деятельности Министерства обороны Российской Федерации. Предметом исследования выступает комплекс экономических отношений, возникающих в процессе осуществления государственных закупок в целях обеспечения государственных нужд в области национальной обороны и безопасности. Основной целью магистерской диссертации является разработка и обоснование теоретических и практических рекомендаций для совершенствования системы государственных закупок, осуществляемых Министерством обороны РФ и его подведомственными организациями, а также предложить пути и способы их внедрения и реализации. / Final qualifying work (master's thesis) is devoted to the study of public procurement in the financing system of the Ministry of defense of the Russian Federation. The subject of the study is a set of economic relations arising in the process of public procurement in order to meet public needs in the field of national defense and security. The main purpose of the master's thesis is to develop and substantiate theoretical and practical recommendations for improving the system of public procurement carried out by the Ministry of defense of the Russian Federation and its subordinate organizations, as well as to offer ways and means of their implementation and implementation.

政府機關各項採購案，從前期採購投標須知之制定、上網公告資訊之登錄、契約稿之草擬；中段之領投標作業、開標作業、決標公告之登錄與傳輸；至後期簽約、驗收作業等，流程複雜且環環相扣，均有賴機關內部秘書（總務）單位之採購人員從頭至尾包辦，故政府採購執行順利與否，與採購人員之工作滿足感有密切之相關。政府採購之採購效率，除了採購人員本身因素外，其直屬主管之領導型態亦是一重要之影響因素，成功的領導型態或方式可以增加部屬之工作滿足，進而提升工作績效。 本研究旨在探討「政府採購法」暨相關法令實施後，採購人員之個人屬性及其直屬主管領導型態等變項，對於採購人員本身工作滿足感之影響，以臺北市政府所屬各機關學校內總務秘書單位實際從事採購工作之人員為研究對象，運用問卷調查之研究方法進行實證研究，並根據研究結果，提出建議，以供有關機關參考。本研究採問卷調查法收集初級資料，問卷內容計有「工作滿足量表」、「領導型態量表」及「個人基本資料」等三大部分。針對研究回收所得之問卷，以 SPSS 10.0 統計套裝軟體程式，採用信度與效度分析、描述性統計、相關分析、獨立樣本T檢定及變異數分析等方法，進行資料分析。 由本研究獲得以下發現： 一、臺北市政府採購人員工作滿足感之情況，在工作滿足各構面以對工作伙伴的滿足感最高，其次依序為對上司、整體工作滿足感、薪資福利及工作本身的滿足感，而對升遷的滿足感最低。 二、個人屬性變項與工作滿足感之關係： （一）採購人員職位不同，對其工作滿足感各個構面及整體滿足感有顯著差異。 （二）採購人員官職等不同，對其工作滿足感各個構面及整體滿足感有顯著差異。 三、主管領導型態與工作滿足感之關係： （一）採購人員直屬主管之領導型態不同，對其工作滿足感各個構面及整體滿足感有顯著之差異。 （二）在「統合型管理（9,9型）」之直屬主管領導型態下，採購人員在工作本身、薪資福利、升遷、上司、整體工作滿足等構面的滿足感較高。 根據研究發現，提出建議如下： 一、對採購主管機關及各機關學校之建議 （一）健全人事升遷管道 （二）建立採購人員專業加給之獎勵制度 （三）適當配置各機關學校內採購人員之員額 （四）鼓勵採購人員直屬主管多採用「統合型管理（9,9型）」的領導型態 （五）強化採購人員專業訓練課程 （六）建構和諧的工作環境 二、對後續研究建議 （一）研究變項方面 影響工作滿足感的因素很多，建議後續研究者可就不同變項中，選取適合研究之主題，更深入的探討其與工作滿足感之間的關係。 （二）研究對象方面 後續研究者可將研究對象擴及至中央及其他縣市政府之採購人員，以進行研究及比較。或可反向探討何種人格特質類型之個人較適合從事採購工作，透過適才適所的人力資源配置，以提高機關學校採購人員的工作滿足感。 / All types of government procurements are a complex series of correlated procedures which are single handedly taken care of by procurement personnel who work at general administration departments. The success of the procedures, such as the establishment of procurement bidding information, the announcing of events on the Internet, or the drafting of contracts at the early stage; bid application, opening of the bid, the announcement and transaction of the bid during the mid-stage; to the signing of contracts and inspection during the latter stage are very closely related to the job satisfaction of the procurement personnel. The procurement efficiency of the government is not only affected by the procurement personnel, the leadership style of their direct executives is also an important factor. Successful leadership styles or methods will increase the job satisfaction of their staff and consequently their work performance. This research reviews the attributes of the procurement personnel and their executives and other related variants after the ”Government Procurement Act” and regulations are employed. The effects it has on the job satisfaction of the procurement personnel are also discussed. Our research subjects are procurement personnel working at general administration departments of schools that are under the jurisdiction of the Taipei City government. We used questionnaire investigation research methods and made suggestions to the related institutes for their reference according to our results. The questionnaires collected the initial data, which is divided into three parts:”Job Satisfaction Measurement” , “Leadership Style Measurement”, and ”Personal Information”. SPSS 10.0 statistic software was used to conduct reliability and validity analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, independent sample t test, and ANOVA on the data of the effective samples. The following are the discoveries of this research: 1. In regards to the job satisfaction of the procurement personnel in Taipei City government, we see that the subjects are most satisfied with their colleagues, followed by their executives, the overall job satisfaction, their salary, and the job itself. The least satisfactory factor is the promotion system. 2. The relationship between the personal attribute variant and job satisfaction （1）Procurement personnel of different titles had major differences in terms of job satisfaction and overall satisfaction. （2）Procurement personnel of different ranks had major differences in terms of job satisfaction and overall satisfaction. 3. The relationship between the leadership style of executives and job satisfaction. （1） Different leadership styles of the executives leading the procurement personnel caused major differences in terms of job satisfaction and overall satisfaction. （2）The procurement personnel that were lead by the「Integrated management （type 9,9）」leadership style were more satisfactory in their work, salary, benefits, promotion, executives, and overall job compared to others. According to the results, we suggest the following to: 1. Procurement personnel executives and schools: （1）To have an integral promotion system （2）To establish a reward system for the procurement personnel. （3）Appropriately select, distribute, and control the number of procurement personnel. （4）Encourage executives of the procurement personnel to use the「Integrated management（9,9 type）」leadership style. （5）Reinforce procurement personnel professional training programs （6）Construct a harmonious working environment 2. Future researches: （1） Research variant Several factors influence job satisfaction; we recommend future researchers to select suitable themes from various variants to further review their relationship with job satisfaction. （2） Research subject Future researchers can expand their scope of research subjects to the procurement personnel of central governments and other city or county governments to make comparisons. They may also think in retrospect and find out which personal characteristics are most suitable for procurement work, which will increase the job satisfaction of the procurement personnel at schools or institutes via appropriate distribution of human resources.

In Kenya, a 2013 presidential directive reserved 30% of government procurement opportunities for enterprises owned by women, youth, and persons with disabilities to promote economic empowerment; however, as of 2016, female entrepreneurs continued to be outpaced by their male counterparts. The lack of policy evaluation from the female entrepreneur perspective limits the ability to assess progress and identify obstacles. Through purposeful sampling and semistructured interviews, this qualitative phenomenological study obtained the perceptions of the implementation and impact of Access to Government Procurement Opportunities (AGPO) on economic empowerment from the perspective of 20 female entrepreneurs in Kenya previously awarded procurement contracts. Responses were coded and analyzed thematically using Moustakas's modified van Kaam method in the context of the policy feedback theory and empowerment. Five themes emerged from the female entrepreneurs' experiences: (a) enhanced economic empowerment; (b)improved potential to earn new government contracts motivated enrollment in the AGPO; (c) access to business development services enhanced competitiveness to obtain government tenders; (d) negative financial impact due to government-delayed payments for goods and services; and (e) success impeded by procurement officers' incompetence, corruption and harassment. Social change may be promoted through the economic empowerment of women being maximized with stronger implementation and regulation of this affirmative policy primarily through a streamlined application process, prompt payments for services rendered, flexible funding, and regulated competent and ethical procurement practices.

自從民國八十八年政府採購法實施之後，依照該法第九十三條規定：「各機關得就具有共通需求特性之財物或勞務，與廠商簽訂共同供應契約。」我國政府部門於焉開始推行共同供應契約此一採購制度。依據經濟學的相關理論與採購實務的經驗，該採購制度具有集中各政府機關共通需求的特性，可以擴大採購的規模，俾以量制價，降低政府的採購成本；此外，該採購制度也具有減少政府重複辦理相同標的之採購作業的功能，可以節省人力，降低行政成本。 　　本研究係利用文獻探討、專家訪談與問卷調查諸研究方法，針對我國共同供應契約採購制度實施以後的情況（例如共同供應契約產品的供應價格是否低廉等）做一調查與研究，藉以驗證此一採購制度確實具有降低採購成本與行政成本的功能，可以減少政府財政支出；此外，本研究亦針對此一採購制度自實施以後所產生的問題進行探討並提出建議，冀做為主管機關修改政策與執行機關實際作業之參考。 / Since the Government Procurement Law (abbreviated as “GPL” hereinafter) entered into effect in 1999, the Republic of China endeavors herself to implement a procurement system named “Inter-entity Supply Contract” (referred to as “the system” hereinafter) in accordance with the Article 93 of GPL. Based on relevant theories of the Economics and experience of procurement practice, the system should provide an advantage in reducing the government procurement cost by collecting the amount of common needs of different entities and in reducing the government administration cost by avoiding procuring same objectives repeatedly. 　　By means of reviewing literature, interviewing experts and questionnaire, this thesis aims at evaluating the actual performance of the system, such as whether the prices of the supplies are advantageous, and verifying that the system indeed has a effect in reducing government procurement and administration costs. Furthermore, this thesis also explores the problems emerged due to the implementation of the system and offers some practical solutions in eliminating these problems. The suggested solutions are in a hope to be referred to by the GPL Responsible Entity during amending policies and by the conducting entities during operation.

Thesis (LL.M.)--George Washington University, 2006. / Title from title screen (viewed Dec. 29, 2006). "ADA454285"--URL. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in paper format.

It is known the case of the public attorneys that, having the opportunity to settle a controversy aroused between the public entity and the contractor, prefer to submit that dispute to arbitration with higher costs that this decision cause to the State. The reason? The concern of having «the reasonableness of his decision to settle the dispute» subjected to an administrative responsibility procedure.This paper aims to discuss this problem and analyze a possible solution. Thus, taking into consideration the Colombian experience and the recent Peruvian regulation in the «Reglamento de la Ley de APPs», the authors suggest to include in the «Nueva Ley de Contrataciones del Estado» the «Amicable Compositor» as a mechanism of alternative dispute resolution. / Es conocido el caso del procurador público que ante la posibilidad de transar los conflictos que surgen entre las entidades públicas y los contratistas, prefiere llevarlos a arbitraje con los mayores costos que dicha decisión genera para el Estado. El motivo responde a la preocupación de que se cuestione «la razonabilidad de su decisión de transar» imputándole responsabilidad mediante acciones de control.El presente artículo tiene como finalidad traer a discusión esta problemática así como una posible solución. De esta forma, teniendo en consideración la experiencia colombiana así como su reciente regulación en el Reglamento de la Ley de APPs, los autores proponen incluir en la Nueva Ley de Contrataciones del Estado la figura del «Amigable Componedor» como mecanismo alternativo de solución amigable de conflictos.

On the basis of the revision of the power to impose on government procurement matter, the author analyses the content and scope of Plenary Court agreement 1/2015-TCE; to the light of the juridical and factual that will occur with the emission and issue of this binding precedent.In addition, the author works a prediction of the eventual contradictions on the application of the Plenary Court agreement that may occur in the juridical administrative system and the harmful consequences of the effectiveness of it. / A partir de la revisión de la potestad sancionadora en materia de contratación pública, elautor analiza el contenido y los alcances del Acuerdo de Sala Plena 1/2015-TCE; a la luz de las implicancias jurídicas y fácticas que se presentarán con la emisión y publicación de este precedente vinculante.Adicionalmente, se prevé las eventuales contradicciones en que la aplicación de este Acuerdo de Sala Plena puede generar en el ordenamiento jurídico administrativo; así como las nefastas consecuencias de su vigencia.

我國政府採購法第85條第3項規定，針對招標申訴審議判斷指明機關違反法令時，廠商得請求償付其準備投標、異議，申訴之必要費用，該請求權係根據「政府採購協定」所定。但由於政府採購法及相關法規均未規定該條項所定之請求權之法律定性為何，以及何謂必要費用等，而本法主管機關亦不做解釋，加上備標費用證明不易，使法院見解只能趨於保守，並產生許多爭議。 目前國內探討本條項規定之文獻數量極少，相關判決亦不多，因此筆者認為，除了從我國學說及實務見解出發之外，本條項既根據政府採購協定而訂定，則其他協定締約國法院對相似案例之見解，應亦可供我國法院參考。因此本文選擇同為政府採購協定締約國，且政府採購金額於世界名列前茅的美國、歐盟，以及英國作為選擇比較研究之對象，並採取實務判決見解分析、文獻研究，以及比較研究之研究方法。 第一章為序論，說明本研究之動機、目的、範圍以及方法。第二、三、四、五章則分別討論我國、美國、歐盟，以及英國之公共採購相關法規，並分析各國司法實務審理參與政府採購之廠商主張採購機關違反採購法規致其未得標，而請求投標、備標及申訴異議等費用，甚至請求其他賠償時，所可能肯認之請求權基礎、應否賠償之判斷標準、應得賠償之範圍，以及得賠償金額之審酌標準，並於各章提出各國較具代表性之具體案例，以了解各判斷標準之實際操作。第六章則參酌各國實務見解及判決，與我國採購法相關法條及實務見解加以分析比較，以提出筆者認為值得參考的審查標準，並提出修法建議，以為本文結論。 筆者於研究後認為，在程序部份，應放寬政府採購法第75條可提起異議申訴之當事人適格認定，並將同法第85條第1項明定為：「審議判斷或法院確定判決指明原採購行為違反法令者，招標機關應另為適法之處置。」而使第3項所稱之「第一項情形」包含司法判決確定時。關於實體部份，筆者認為政府採購法第85條第3項所規定之請求權似乎可定義為行政法上債務關係之締約過失賠償請求權，而建議將此條項修改為：「第一項情形，廠商得向招標機關請求賠償其準備投標、異議及申訴所支出之合理費用。」以釐清此請求權應屬廣義之國家對人民之賠償，並將賠償範圍由「必要」改為「合理」，以免實務見解過度限縮。此外，筆者並認為，此請求權為違反已經存在之債務關係義務而生之責任，與國家賠償法之賠償係不法行為所生之侵權賠償責任性質應屬不同而可能併存。因此，廠商若因機關違法而受有其他損害，並符合國家賠償法所定之要件，似乎亦可循國家賠償法請求賠償。 / In accordance with Article 85.3 of the Government Procurement Act of Taiwan, an unsuccessful tenderer of public procurement is entitled to recover the “necessary” costs he has incurred in his bid/proposal preparation and protest/complaint process if he has challenged the procuring agency’s relevant decision in time and the decision has been declared to be in breach of statutes and regulations by the review authority, the Public Construction Commission. This article is legislated according to the principle laid down by the Government Procurement Agreement that stipulates challenge procedures reviewing procuring agency’s decision shall provide compensation for the loss or damage suffered by the complaining tenderer. However, there have been a lot of disputes concerning the legal status of the basis of action stipulated in this article and the exact extent of the compensable costs since they have never been defined clearly by any statute or explained by the authority. Along with the difficulties in proving the relevancy and “necessity” of the expenses and costs, these disputes have driven the Administrative Court to take a very restrictive view in deciding the recoverable costs which in many cases may not be appropriate remedies for the complaining tenderers. With very limited literature focusing on the disputes arising from this article and a very small number of judgments of such cases in Taiwan, I attempt to explore the opinions expressed not only by Taiwan’s court and scholars but also by the courts of the other countries that are also parties to the GPA and have similar articles in their statutory law in order to offer a comparative perspective that will help resolving the differences concerning the interpretation of this article. Besides Taiwan, I have chosen to examine the judicial review of such cases in the USA, the UK and the EU since their public procurement budgets are on the top list of the world and they are all members of the GPA. The first chapter states the purpose, the extent and the method of this study. The second, third, fourth and fifth chapters respectively discuss the main public procurement regulations and analyze the judicial review standards concerning the basis of actions, the possible remedies and the extent of damages allowed in Taiwan, the USA, the EU and the UK (including the judicial system of England, Wales and the North Ireland and the judicial system of Scotland). In the final chapter, I try to offer a comparative view and to suggest possible changes to the relevant statues and review standards in Taiwan. After completing the research, I suggest that a prospected bidder should also be recognized as an interested party that has standing in making claims against procuring authority for damages in order to ensure judicial review of important procuring decisions. Besides, Article 85.1 of the Government Procurement Act of Taiwan should be revised as “where a review decision or an unappealable court judgment specifies that the procuring entity is in breach of Acts and Regulations, the procuring entity shall proceed with a lawful alternative,” so that the protesting bidder will have the right for damages endowed by Article 85.3 of the same act if the procuring decision in question has been declared in breach of law only by the court but not by the Public Construction Commission. The right for compensation of tender preparation and protest costs stipulated by article 85.3 of the Government Procurement Act should be defined as a right arising from the procuring authority’s liability based on culpa in contrahendo in administrative law. Therefore, this article should be revised as “where the circumstance set forth in paragraph 1 occurs, the supplier may request the procuring entity to reimburse the reasonable expenses incurred by the supplier for the preparation of tender and the filing of protest and complaint.” Besides, just as the liability based on culpa in contrahendo is different from the liability arising from tort and the former does not substitute for the later, an unsuccessful tenderer’s claim for compensation based on Article 85.3 of the Government Procurement Act should not exclude his right in making other claims for other loss or damage according to the State Compensation Law.

The subject of this thesis focuses on Public Procurement, precisely on the structure of legal regulations. This thesis broaches certain issues of the law, imperfections in the law and how the law is interpreted in practice. The aim is to understand the deeper issues of these legal regulations. The backbone of this legal regulation is the law 137/2006 Coll. on public procurement. This law is one of the preventive legal standards; among other purposes it prevents wastage of public funds. However, ensuring flawless application of The Act is not as easy a task as it would seem at first sight and the second part of this thesis is therefore devoted to identifying the most common errors in application of this law. Decisions of the Office for Protection of Competition, consultations with experts, and case studies were used for identification of these errors and common types of misconduct are also presented. The conclusion will deal with the amendment to the Public Procurement Act.

政府採購向來金額龐大，以民國 103 年為例，該年度機關辦理逾 10 萬元之採購決標總金額為 1 兆 1367 億餘元，同年度中央政府總預算歲出合計為 1 兆 9162 億餘元，政府採購金額約為總預算歲出的 60%，故就政府採購所制定之法規範具有實務上之重要性。復因政府之採購金額龐大，政府之採購偏好足以影響經濟運作與競爭秩序，因此各國政府經常藉以達成特定政策目標。 　　我國政府採購法第 96 條訂有採購環境保護產品之特別規定，環境保護在國家政策中、甚至國際社會中向來為重要議題，民國 90 年起，行政院核定實施之「機關綠色採購推動方案」、國家永續發展委員會提出之「台灣二十一世紀議程國家永續發展願景與策略綱領」和「永續發展政策綱領」等政策方案，都希望藉由政府採購達成環境保護的目標，我國簽屬之「政府採購協定」（Agreement on Government Procurement）亦於 2012 年修訂環境保護相關條款，然而我國政府採購「環保」之成效卻十分有限，同樣以民國 103 年為例，該年政府採購納入環境考量之比例，約僅為政府採購總金額的 0.5%、總預算歲出的 0.3%。因此，本論文嘗試探討我國政府採購納入環境考量之現行法規，是否符合憲法誡命、或是否存有更佳的立法方式，以回應國內政策的需求、並善盡國際義務。 　　本論文以憲法就環境保護和經濟秩序之規定探討為始，界定立法者具體化相關法令規定之立法形成界限，復以此為前理解，檢視現行規範是否妥適，初步認為政府採購法第 96 條之相關子法，有不當限縮環境保護範圍之嫌，因而手段不足以落實國家對環境的保護義務，可能係實務上納入環境考量比例不足的原因之一；因此以綠色政府採購（Green Public Procurement）成效顯著、且為「政府採購協定」修訂環境保護相關條款之原始提案國──即歐洲聯盟為研究對象，探討其政府採購法制設計，作為我國法制修正之參考。 　　本論文參酌歐洲聯盟採購法制，認為我國應放寬政府採購納入環境考量的範圍、增加可資運用之手段、於採購時計算產品生命週期費用並妥適運用環境標誌與宣告，進而提出初步修法解決之框架建議，以期環境保護能夠確切、妥適地於政府採購中落實。 / Government procurement has been constantly adopted as a policy tool in many countries for its profound effect on a nation’s economic performance and market competition. Legislation concerning government procurement becomes therefore important. According to Article 96 of Taiwan’s Government Procurement Act and other related regulations, procuring entities subjected to those provisions may provide preference to environmentally friendly products. Furthermore, as the Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) was revised and come into force in 2014, it suggested that environment protection can be promoted via government procurement. As a consequence, the Executive Yuan formulated several policies to enhance environmentally friendly procurement. Nevertheless, such policies were not as effective as expected. Official statistics show that as government procurement value accounted for 60% of annual expenditures in 2014, the adoption and promotion of environment protection in that value merely accounted for 0.5%. Recognizing the problem, the thesis raises two questions: Is current legislation concerning environment protection in government procurement in accordance with the Constitution? Is there any better way to legislate? To begin with, the thesis first discusses the Constitution’s stipulation of environment protection and economic system to figure out the limit of legislative discretion. Secondly, by reviewing current legislation based on such limit, the thesis finds that neither the definition of “environment protection” nor the methods of priority procurement are appropriate. The thesis hence concludes that such inappropriateness of current legislation may be one of the reasons why those policies did not work out. Last but not least, the thesis has done a comparative study on government procurement legislation of the European Union (EU) to see how legislation in Taiwan may improve. While it is the first party to propose to amend the GPA by adding environment protection into the provisions, EU has also achieved remarkably in “Green Public Procurement” (GPP). In conclusion, the thesis has the following legislative suggestions: First, redefine “environment protection” in the Government Procurement Act and other related regulations. Second, add additional ways in current legislation for procuring entities to better adopt and promote of environment protection in government procurement, including using life-cycle costing and eco-labels.