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Equine athletes are subjected to environmental and physical stressors resulting in oxidative stress that can negatively impact performance. Oxidative stress can result in lipid peroxidation, cell damage, and DNA degradation leading to physiological dysfunction and increased instance of disease. It has been established that humans are able to adapt to oxidative stress when exposed to extended periods of high-intensity exercise, however, this has yet to be established in the equine model. In the present study, we sought to establish patterns of oxidative stress expression immediately following exercise and adaption to prolonged exposure to exercise training in the equine model. Results indicate horses express changes in oxidative stress biomarkers at the onset of exercise training but adapt with prolonged exercise regimes. Future research should focus on mitigation techniques and therapeutics for oxidative stress in equine athletes.

Os recém-nascidos possuem o sistema antioxidante imaturo, por haver baixa tensão de oxigênio no ambiente intrauterino durante a vida fetal. Logo após o nascimento, as alterações súbitas das condições fisiológicas e ambientais causam significativo aumento no consumo de oxigênio, desencadeando, assim, a produção de radicais livres. Tais condições promovem vulnerabilidade dos neonatos ao efeito negativo do estresse oxidativo, o que potencialmente podem prejudicar a vitalidade neonatal. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar o perfil antioxidante e estresse oxidativo de neonatos e fêmeas caninas no periparto eutócico vaginal ou cesariana eletiva, e avaliar a influência da condição obstétrica para o estado oxidativo. Foram selecionadas 21 cadelas gestantes, as quais, constituíram dois grupos amostrais, de acordo com a condição obstétrica: Eutocia Vaginal (n = 10) e Cesariana Eletiva (n = 11); e seus respectivos neonatos foram alocados em subgrupos de acordo com a condição obstétrica e momento do nascimento: Eutocia Vaginal Inicial (n=10), Eutocia Vaginal Final (n = 9), Cesariana Eletiva Inicial (n = 11) e Cesariana Eletiva final (n= 10). As cadelas foram avaliadas no período pródromo do parto, intraparto; uma hora e três dias pós-parto, quando amostras de sangue foram colhidas para análise do perfil antioxidante [dosagem das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), dosagem da concentração de tióis totais e determinação do status antioxidante total(TAC)] e do estresse oxidativo [dosagem da peroxidação lipídica (TBARS) e da oxidação de proteínas]. Os neonatos foram avaliados quanto ao escore Apgar aos 0 e 60 minutos do nascimento; avaliação clínica (frequências cardíaca e respiratória; escore de tônus muscular, irritabilidade reflexa e coloração de mucosa, aferição da temperatura corporal), lactatemia sanguínea, oximetria de pulso, determinação do perfil antioxidante e do estresse oxidativo e aferição do peso corporal aos 0, 60 minutos, às 12, 24 horas e ao 3º dia pós nascimento. As cadelas do Grupo Eutocia Vaginal apresentaram maior peroxidação lipídica, oxidação de proteínas e atividade de SOD e menor atividade de GPx e concentração de tióis totais em comparação ao Grupo Cesariana Eletiva. A capacidade antioxidante total elevou-se após 1h do parto em comparação aos outros momentos de avaliação no Grupo Cesariana Eletiva. Embora os neonatos do Grupo Eutocia Vaginal tenham apresentado melhores parâmetros de vitalidade neonatal, em comparação ao Grupo Cesariana Eletiva, todos os neonatos apresentaram adequada evolução do escore Apgar, coloração de mucosa, irritabilidade reflexa, tônus muscular e oxigenação periférica após 1h do nascimento. A lactatemia sanguínea foi maior no Grupo Eutocia Vaginal, bem como nos neonatos nascidos ao final do parto. A peroxidação lipídica foi superior nos neonatos nascidos por eutocia vaginal em comparação aos nascidos por cesariana eletiva, enquanto a oxidação de proteínas mostrou-se maior nos primeiros neonatos nascidos por eutocia vaginal em comparação aos nascidos ao final do parto. Porém, resultado contrário foi verificado para o Grupo Cesariana Eletiva, pois os neonatos nascidos ao final da cirurgia apresentaram maior valor de oxidação de proteínas. Ademais, para os neonatos nascidos ao final do parto, o Grupo Cesariana Eletiva apresentou maior oxidação proteica em comparação ao Grupo Eutocia Vaginal. A atividade da GPx foi superior nos neonatos nascidos por cesariana eletiva. Em conclusão, a condição obstétrica impõe diferenças no perfil oxidativo e antioxidante em cadelas e neonatos, os quais apresentam estado oxidativo semelhante, denotando influência materna sobre o equilíbrio oxidativo dos recém-nascidos. / Newborns have an immature antioxidant system, due to low oxygen exposure in intrauterine environment during fetal life. Immediately after birth, sudden changes of physiological and environmental conditions cause a significant increase in oxygen consumption, resulting in the production of free radicals. These conditions turn the newborn vulnerable to the negative effects of oxidative stress, which potentially can impair neonatal vitality. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant profile and oxidative stress of neonates and canine females during vaginal labour or elective cesarean section, and to evaluate whether the obstetric condition influences their oxidative status. For this purpose, 21 pregnant bitches were subjected to two experimental groups, according to the obstetric condition: Vaginal Eutocia (n = 10) and Elective Cesarian Section (n = 11) and their respective newborns were allocated into subgroups according to the obstetric condition and moment of birth: Inicial Vaginal Eutocia (n=10), Final Vaginal Eutocia (n = 9), Inicial Elective Cesarian Section (n = 11) and Final Elective Cesarian Section (n= 10). Bitches were evaluated during the preparatory phase of whelping, intrapartum; one and 72 hours postpartum, when blood samples were collected for analysis of the antioxidant profile [Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) activity enzymes assays, Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) assay and Total Thiols Concentration assay] and oxidative stress [lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and protein oxidation assays]. Neonates were evaluated for the Apgar score at 0 and 60 minutes of birth; clinical evaluation (heart and respiratory rates; muscle tone, irritability reflex and mucous color score; and body temperature), blood lactate, pulse oximetry, determination of antioxidant profile and oxidative stress, and body weight measurement at 0, 60 minutes, 12, 24 and 72 hours after birth. The Vaginal Eutocia bitches had higher lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and SOD activity and lower GPx activity and total thiols concentration in comparison to the Elective Cesarian Section Group. Total antioxidant capacity was higher 1 hour postpartum compared to the others evaluation moments in the Elective Cesarian Section Group. Although neonates from the Vaginal Eutocia Group presented better neonatal vitality than those from the Elective Cesarian Section, all neonates presented adequate evolution of the Apgar score, mucous color, irritability reflex, muscle tone and pulse oximetry 1 hour postpartum. Blood lactatemia was higher in the Vaginal Eutocia Group, as well as for the last neonates. Lipid peroxidation was higher in neonates born by vaginal eutocia compared to those born by elective cesarean section, whereas protein oxidation was higher in the first neonates born by vaginal eutocia compared to those born at the end of delivery. Conversely, Elective Cesarian Section neonates born at the end of surgery had higher protein oxidation. In addition, for those neonates born at the end of delivery, the Elective Cesarian Section group presented higher protein oxidation compared to the Vaginal Eutocia group. Furthermore, GPx activity was higher in neonates born by elective caesarean section. In conclusion, the obstetric condition imposes differences in the oxidative and antioxidant profile in bitches and neonates with similar oxidative status, denoting maternal influence on the oxidative balance of the newborns.

Os recém-nascidos possuem o sistema antioxidante imaturo, por haver baixa tensão de oxigênio no ambiente intrauterino durante a vida fetal. Logo após o nascimento, as alterações súbitas das condições fisiológicas e ambientais causam significativo aumento no consumo de oxigênio, desencadeando, assim, a produção de radicais livres. Tais condições promovem vulnerabilidade dos neonatos ao efeito negativo do estresse oxidativo, o que potencialmente podem prejudicar a vitalidade neonatal. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar o perfil antioxidante e estresse oxidativo de neonatos e fêmeas caninas no periparto eutócico vaginal ou cesariana eletiva, e avaliar a influência da condição obstétrica para o estado oxidativo. Foram selecionadas 21 cadelas gestantes, as quais, constituíram dois grupos amostrais, de acordo com a condição obstétrica: Eutocia Vaginal (n = 10) e Cesariana Eletiva (n = 11); e seus respectivos neonatos foram alocados em subgrupos de acordo com a condição obstétrica e momento do nascimento: Eutocia Vaginal Inicial (n=10), Eutocia Vaginal Final (n = 9), Cesariana Eletiva Inicial (n = 11) e Cesariana Eletiva final (n= 10). As cadelas foram avaliadas no período pródromo do parto, intraparto; uma hora e três dias pós-parto, quando amostras de sangue foram colhidas para análise do perfil antioxidante [dosagem das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), dosagem da concentração de tióis totais e determinação do status antioxidante total(TAC)] e do estresse oxidativo [dosagem da peroxidação lipídica (TBARS) e da oxidação de proteínas]. Os neonatos foram avaliados quanto ao escore Apgar aos 0 e 60 minutos do nascimento; avaliação clínica (frequências cardíaca e respiratória; escore de tônus muscular, irritabilidade reflexa e coloração de mucosa, aferição da temperatura corporal), lactatemia sanguínea, oximetria de pulso, determinação do perfil antioxidante e do estresse oxidativo e aferição do peso corporal aos 0, 60 minutos, às 12, 24 horas e ao 3º dia pós nascimento. As cadelas do Grupo Eutocia Vaginal apresentaram maior peroxidação lipídica, oxidação de proteínas e atividade de SOD e menor atividade de GPx e concentração de tióis totais em comparação ao Grupo Cesariana Eletiva. A capacidade antioxidante total elevou-se após 1h do parto em comparação aos outros momentos de avaliação no Grupo Cesariana Eletiva. Embora os neonatos do Grupo Eutocia Vaginal tenham apresentado melhores parâmetros de vitalidade neonatal, em comparação ao Grupo Cesariana Eletiva, todos os neonatos apresentaram adequada evolução do escore Apgar, coloração de mucosa, irritabilidade reflexa, tônus muscular e oxigenação periférica após 1h do nascimento. A lactatemia sanguínea foi maior no Grupo Eutocia Vaginal, bem como nos neonatos nascidos ao final do parto. A peroxidação lipídica foi superior nos neonatos nascidos por eutocia vaginal em comparação aos nascidos por cesariana eletiva, enquanto a oxidação de proteínas mostrou-se maior nos primeiros neonatos nascidos por eutocia vaginal em comparação aos nascidos ao final do parto. Porém, resultado contrário foi verificado para o Grupo Cesariana Eletiva, pois os neonatos nascidos ao final da cirurgia apresentaram maior valor de oxidação de proteínas. Ademais, para os neonatos nascidos ao final do parto, o Grupo Cesariana Eletiva apresentou maior oxidação proteica em comparação ao Grupo Eutocia Vaginal. A atividade da GPx foi superior nos neonatos nascidos por cesariana eletiva. Em conclusão, a condição obstétrica impõe diferenças no perfil oxidativo e antioxidante em cadelas e neonatos, os quais apresentam estado oxidativo semelhante, denotando influência materna sobre o equilíbrio oxidativo dos recém-nascidos. / Newborns have an immature antioxidant system, due to low oxygen exposure in intrauterine environment during fetal life. Immediately after birth, sudden changes of physiological and environmental conditions cause a significant increase in oxygen consumption, resulting in the production of free radicals. These conditions turn the newborn vulnerable to the negative effects of oxidative stress, which potentially can impair neonatal vitality. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant profile and oxidative stress of neonates and canine females during vaginal labour or elective cesarean section, and to evaluate whether the obstetric condition influences their oxidative status. For this purpose, 21 pregnant bitches were subjected to two experimental groups, according to the obstetric condition: Vaginal Eutocia (n = 10) and Elective Cesarian Section (n = 11) and their respective newborns were allocated into subgroups according to the obstetric condition and moment of birth: Inicial Vaginal Eutocia (n=10), Final Vaginal Eutocia (n = 9), Inicial Elective Cesarian Section (n = 11) and Final Elective Cesarian Section (n= 10). Bitches were evaluated during the preparatory phase of whelping, intrapartum; one and 72 hours postpartum, when blood samples were collected for analysis of the antioxidant profile [Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) activity enzymes assays, Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) assay and Total Thiols Concentration assay] and oxidative stress [lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and protein oxidation assays]. Neonates were evaluated for the Apgar score at 0 and 60 minutes of birth; clinical evaluation (heart and respiratory rates; muscle tone, irritability reflex and mucous color score; and body temperature), blood lactate, pulse oximetry, determination of antioxidant profile and oxidative stress, and body weight measurement at 0, 60 minutes, 12, 24 and 72 hours after birth. The Vaginal Eutocia bitches had higher lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and SOD activity and lower GPx activity and total thiols concentration in comparison to the Elective Cesarian Section Group. Total antioxidant capacity was higher 1 hour postpartum compared to the others evaluation moments in the Elective Cesarian Section Group. Although neonates from the Vaginal Eutocia Group presented better neonatal vitality than those from the Elective Cesarian Section, all neonates presented adequate evolution of the Apgar score, mucous color, irritability reflex, muscle tone and pulse oximetry 1 hour postpartum. Blood lactatemia was higher in the Vaginal Eutocia Group, as well as for the last neonates. Lipid peroxidation was higher in neonates born by vaginal eutocia compared to those born by elective cesarean section, whereas protein oxidation was higher in the first neonates born by vaginal eutocia compared to those born at the end of delivery. Conversely, Elective Cesarian Section neonates born at the end of surgery had higher protein oxidation. In addition, for those neonates born at the end of delivery, the Elective Cesarian Section group presented higher protein oxidation compared to the Vaginal Eutocia group. Furthermore, GPx activity was higher in neonates born by elective caesarean section. In conclusion, the obstetric condition imposes differences in the oxidative and antioxidant profile in bitches and neonates with similar oxidative status, denoting maternal influence on the oxidative balance of the newborns.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O papel fisiolÃgico das peroxidases de glutationa (GPX) da mitocÃndria em plantas à muito pouco conhecido. Suas relaÃÃes com a fotossÃntese sÃo desconhecidas, ainda mais na presenÃa de estresse salino. Essa enzima possui grande importÃncia na remoÃÃo de H2O2 e hidroperÃxidos orgÃnicos, contribuindo na proteÃÃo oxidativa e na homeostase redox. Neste estudo, mutantes de arroz silenciados nos genes OsGPX1 ou OsGPX3, das proteÃnas mitocondriais, foram utilizados para entender os mecanismos fisiolÃgicos do papel dessa enzima no crescimento e fotossÃntese. Adicionalmente, estes processos foram estudados tambÃm em condiÃÃes de estresse salino para as plantas silenciadas em OsGPX1. Os resultados mostram, pela primeira vez, que a deficiÃncia de uma GPX mitocondrial à capaz de restringir o crescimento vegetal por deficiÃncia na fotossÃntese. Este efeito deve ser causado indiretamente por mudanÃas nas redes genÃticas e metabÃlicas desencadeadas por alteraÃÃes nos nÃveis de H2O2 (aumentado) e/ou glutationa reduzida (diminuÃda). à provÃvel que o estado redox alterado em mitocÃndrias pelo efeito da GPX possa aumentar a fotossÃntese atravÃs da comunicaÃÃo entre esta organela e cloroplastos por mecanismos ainda nÃo estabelecidos. AlÃm disso, o gene OsGPX1 mostrou ter papel significativo no controle do movimento estomÃtico, que à crucial para a eficiÃncia do uso da Ãgua sob condiÃÃo de estresse salino. As GPX mitocondriais tambÃm parecem estar envolvidas com a dissipaÃÃo do excesso de energia luminosa na forma de calor (NPQ) no aparato do fotossistema II e na rota da fotorrespiraÃÃo. Em conclusÃo, o gene OsGPX1, associado com seu produto proteico e mudanÃas desencadeadas nas redes metabÃlicas e gÃnicas, sÃo essenciais para o crescimento de arroz pelo aumento da fotossÃntese, especialmente a nÃvel de eficiÃncia de uso da luz envolvendo atividade do fotossistema II e eficiÃncia quÃntica do CO2 em condiÃÃes normais de crescimento. Adicionalmente, a GPX1 aparenta mostrar uma importÃncia menor para a resistÃncia ao estresse salino. / The physiological role of glutathione peroxidases (GPX) in plant mitochondria is little known. Their relations with the photosynthesis are unknown, even more in presence of salt stress. This enzyme have great importance in H2O2 and organic hydroperoxides scavenging, contributing in oxidative protection and redox homeostasis. In this study, silenced rice mutants in OsGPX1 and OsGPX3 genes, coding for the mitochondrial proteins, were used to better understand the physiological mechanisms of the role of this protein in growth and photosynthesis. Additionally, these processes were also studied in salt stress conditions with the plants silenced in OsGPX1. The results show, for the first time, that the lacking of a mitochondrial GPX is capable of restricting plant growth by impairment in photosynthesis. This response might be an indirect consequence of changes in gene and metabolic networks trigged by alterations in H2O2 (raised) and/or reduced glutathione (diminished). It is likely that the altered redox state in mitochondria by GPX effects can improve photosynthesis through cross-talk between this organelle and chloroplasts by yet unknown mechanisms. Furthermore, the OsGPX1 gene showed significant role in stomatal control, which is crucial to the water use efficiency under salt stress conditions. The mitochondrial GPX also seems to be involved with dissipation of excess light energy as heat (NPQ) in photosystem II apparatus and in photorespiratory pathway. In conclusion, the OsGPX1 gene, associated with it protein product and changes in gene and metabolic networks, are essential to rice growth by improvement of photosynthesis, especially at light use efficiency level involving photosystem II activity and CO2 quantum efficiency in normal and growth conditions. Additionally, GPX1 seems to be less important to salt stress tolerance.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The antioxidant action of organic selenium compounds, as well as ebselen and diphenyl diselenide (DPDS), is closely connected to its ability of generating the selenol group. (In) this study it was evaluated the in vitro antioxidant effect of new mono and diselenide compounds, where it was compared whether the formation of p-methyl-selenol from compounds 1-phenyl-3-(p-tolylselanyl)propan-2-amine (C1) and 1,2-dip-tolyldiselenide (C4) and o-methoxy-selenol from compounds 1-(2-methoxyphenylselanyl)-3-phenylpropan-2-amine (C2) and 1,2-bis(2-methoxyphenyl) diselenide (C3) may be involved with their antioxidant effects. The mono and diselenide compounds were tested in their Fe(II) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain and liver homogenates and also in their antioxidant ability in phosphomolybdenum test-reductionand and DPPH radical. Besides, the effects of the compounds in the antioxidant enzymes thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were quantified. The new compounds oxidant effects were investigated through the thiol oxidase assay and the cellular viability of isolated leukocytes. The results demonstrated that the compounds obtained a significant reduce on the lipid peroxidation induced by different pro-oxidants, as well as an antioxidant effect similarly when compared to ascorbic acid equivalents. In the same manner, the compounds did not present thiol oxidase activity. Furthermore, they did not preset any decrease on the cellular viability of leucocytes. The compounds C1 and C2 did not show mimetic activity of GPx enzyme or had a substrate effect on TrxR enzyme, probably due the amino group presence on their chemical structures which must have inhibited the selenol formation. However, DPDS analog-compounds presented a mimetic activity of GPx, as well as they showed an increase in the TrxR activity, presumably due the formation of the selenol groups (p-methyl-selenol and o-methoxy-selenol). / A ação antioxidante dos compostos orgânicos de selênio, como o ebselen e o disseleneto de difenila (DPDS), está intimamente envolvida com a capacidade de formação do grupamento selenol. Neste estudo foi avaliado o perfil antioxidante in vitro de novos compostos mono e disseleneto, onde foi comparado se a formação do p-metil-selenol pelos compostos 1-fenil-3-(p-tolilselenil)propano-2-amina (C1) e o 1,2-dip-tolildisseleneto (C4), assim como a formação do grupamento o-metoxi-selenol pelos compostos 1-(2-metoxifenilselenil)-3-fenilpropano-2-amina (C2) e 1,2-bis(2-metoxifenil)disseleneto (C3) pode estar associados com os efeitos antioxidantes apresentados. Os novos compostos mono e disseleneto foram avaliados quanto a capacidade de redução dos níveis de peroxidação lipídica induzida por Fe(II) e nitroprussiato de sódio em homogenatos de cérebro e fígado de ratos, assim como também foi avaliada a capacidade antioxidante através do ensaio da redução do fosfomolibdênio e do radical DPPH. Além disso, foram quantificados os efeitos dos compostos quanto à atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, tioredoxina redutase (TrxR) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx). O efeito oxidante, dos novos compostos, foi investigado através do ensaio da tiol oxidase e da viabilidade celular de leucócitos isolados. Decorrente dos resultados obtidos foi possível evidenciar que ambos os compostos apresentaram uma redução significativa da peroxidação lipídica quando induzidas por diferentes pro oxidantes assim como, uma capacidade antioxidante total semelhante a equivalentes de acido ascórbico. Da mesma forma, os compostos não apresentaram efeito tiol oxidase, assim como não apresentaram uma diminuição da viabilidade celular de leucócitos. Os compostos C1 e C2 não apresentaram atividade mimética a enzima GPx assim como, também não serviram de substrato para a enzima TrxR, provavelmente devido a presença do grupamento amino nas estruturas químicas destas moléculas o que incapacitou a formação dos respectivos grupamentos selenois. No entanto, os compostos análogos ao DPDS apresentaram atividades miméticas a GPx, assim como também apresentaram uma aumento na atividade da TrxR provavelmente devido a formação dos selenois (p-metil-selenol e o-metoxi-selenol).

This thesis deals with the use of specific additives in the diet of sport horses. The theme is focused on the peppermint, and its antioxidant activity in horses. There is experiment conducted in 6 different horses to race, sex and age on antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase SOD and GPx glutathione peroxidase. During the experiment was 4x took blood sample of horses to determine the activity of antioxidant enzymes in period of feeding without additives and feeding with activity use of additives in the diet. The results of experimental monitoring the activity of SOD, as well as in monitoring the activity of GPx enzyme revealed large individual differences between individual animals, which is typical for horses. In our attempt at SOD activity has not been demonstrated statistical relevance. Conversely, it was with the activity of glutathione, here, the results were statistically significant (P <0.05).

The aim of this work is to study and theoretically process existing movement options of station in OPNET Modeler environment. These options are described in first part. Furthermore to design and implement function to display path obtained from real-world conditions and done to station following this route during simulation. Coordinates used to move station are obtained by GPX format, which is used to store clearly the GPS coordinates. Second part is devoted to describing creation of this function, first using PHP script, then direct implementation into OPNET Modeler environment using C++.

Einleitung: Es ist wenig darüber bekannt, wie sich das antioxidative System von Kälbern nach der Geburt entwickelt, welche Faktoren darauf Einfluss nehmen und wie sich antioxidative Parameter in ihren Aktivitäten resp. Konzentrationen unter physiologischen Bedingungen verändern. Zielstellung: Ziel dieser Arbeit war es zum einen die altersabhängige Entwicklung antioxidativer Parameter bei gesunden Kälbern und Jungrindern bis zum 18. Lebensmonat zu verfolgen und zum anderen zu evaluieren, ob bei metabolisch gering belasteten Jungrindern jahreszeitliche Differenzen bezüglich Superoxiddismutase (SOD), Glutathionperoxidase (GPX) und Trolox Equivalent Antioxidative Capacity (TEAC) bestehen. Material und Methoden: Es wurden gesunde weibliche Kälber bzw. Jungrinder der Rasse Holstein Friesian / Deutsche Schwarzbunte aus drei Betrieben am 1. (n = 33) und 7. (n = 31) Tag sowie im 1. (n = 33), 3. (n = 33), 6. (n = 5), 9. (n = 5), 12. (n = 32) und 18. (n = 31) Monat post natum (p. n.) klinisch und labordiagnostisch untersucht. Weiterhin wurden in einem Betrieb während eines Jahres im September, November, Januar, März, Mai und Juli jeweils 6 gesunde weibliche Jungrinder, die zum Untersuchungszeitpunkt 12 Monate alt waren, kontrolliert. Die Tiere wurden im Stall in Anbindehaltung gehalten, ausgenommen der im Mai in Weidehaltung untersuchten Tiere. Analysiert wurden im Blut die antioxidativen Parameter SOD, GPX und TEAC, der Hämatokrit (Hkt) und die Stoffwechselparameter Gesamtprotein, Albumin, Bilirubin, Haptoglobin, Harnstoff, Cholesterol, ß-Hydroxybutyrat (BHB), AST, AP, GLDH, CK, Ca, anorganisches Phosphat (Pi) und Fe. Ergebnisse: Ein betrieblicher Einfluss war statistisch nicht nachweisbar. Vom 1. Tag bis zum 18. Monat p. n. zeigten die antioxidativen Parameter SOD, GPX und TEAC einen gleichartigen Verlauf mit einem kontinuierlichen Anstieg bis zum 6. Monat p. n.. Die GPX-Aktivitäten stiegen von 50-80 U/ml Hkt am 1. Tag p. n. auf 100-190 U/ml Hkt im 6. Monat p. n. an. Die niedrigsten Aktivitäten (p<0,05) bestanden am 1. und 7. Tag (62-90 U/ml Hkt) p. n.. Die SOD-Aktivitäten am 1. (4500-5600 U/g Hb) und 7. Tag (4600-5450 U/g Hb) p. n. waren niedriger als im 1. (5400-6800 U/g Hb) und 3. Monat (5600-7800 U/g Hb) p. n. (p<0,05). Der Anstieg der TEAC-Konzentration vom 1. Tag p. n. (220-290 µmol/l) zum 6. Monat p. n. (260-340 µmol/l) war nicht signifikant. Nach dem 6. Monat p. n. fielen die Akti-vitäten resp. Konzentrationen ab, wobei die SOD-Aktivitäten mit 12 (4000-5000 (U/g Hb) und 18 Monaten (3700-5000 U/g Hb) p. n. signifikant niedriger waren als im 1. und 3. Mo-nat p. n.. Die GPX-Aktivitäten lagen mit 12 (118-152 U/ml Hkt) und 18 Monaten (105-150 U/ml Hkt) p. n. signifikant über denen der ersten Lebenswoche. Die TEAC-Konzentrationen waren im 12. Monat p. n. mit 260-320 µmol/l größer als vom 1. Tag bis zum 1. Monat (240-280 µmol/l) p. n. (p<0,05). Die SOD, GPX und TEAC korrelierten außer mit 9 Monaten p. n. zu allen Untersuchungszeitpunkten signifikant positiv. Für AST, AP, CK und Bilirubin wurden am 1. Tag p. n. die signifikant höchsten Aktivitäten resp. Konzen-trationen ermittelt, für Haptoglobin am 7. Tag p. n.. Gesicherte Korrelationen bestanden zwischen Albumin, Bilirubin und der TEAC, zwischen BHB und TEAC, GPX sowie SOD außerdem zwischen Ca und Pi. Im Jahresverlauf waren die GPX-Aktivitäten im September und Januar mit 73-103 U/ml Hkt niedriger als von März bis Juli mit 104-142 U/ml Hkt (p<0,05). Erniedrigte TEAC-Konzentrationen wurden besonders im Januar (272-302 µmol/l) und signifikant im März (265-299 µmol/l) gegenüber September und November (319-345 µmol/l) ermittelt. Die SOD-Aktivitäten differierten nicht gesichert. GPX und SOD korrelierten im ganzen Jahr gesichert, TEAC und SOD außer im Januar ebenfalls, GPX und TEAC nur im November, März, Mai und Juli. Die Stoffwechselparameter befanden sich im physiologischen Bereich, mit Ausnahme von Harnstoff im November und Juli sowie Pi im Mai. Schlussfolgerungen: Es wird geschlussfolgert, dass das antioxidative System der neu-geborenen Kälber zur Geburt noch unreif ist und sich bis zum sechsten Monat p. n. stabilisiert. Die durch den Abbau des fetalen Hämoglobins und die Vormagenentwicklung vermehrt entstehenden ROS tragen zu einer weiteren Aktivitäts- resp. Konzentrationssteigerung der antioxidativen Parameter bis zu einem Maximum im 6. Monat p. n. bei. Danach stellt sich ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Pro- und Antioxidantien ein. Auf die GPX-Aktivitäten und TEAC-Konzentrationen konnte ein jahreszeitlicher Einfluss bei Jungrinden ermittelt werden.

Nahrungsinhaltsstoffe sind im Organismus an Steuerungsprozessen und Stoffwechselvorgängen beteiligt, wobei die Mechanismen ihrer Wirkung noch nicht völlig aufgeklärt sind. Wie Vitamin E zeigen auch sekundäre Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe in Zellsystemen sowie <I>in vivo</I> eine Reihe biologischer Wirkungen, deren Erklärung jedoch häufig auf ihre antioxidative Eigenschaft reduziert wird. Ziel der Dissertation war es, den Einfluss von Vitamin E und anderen Pflanzeninhaltsstoffen (in Form von Pflanzenextrakten oder isolierten sekundären Pflanzeninhaltsstoffen, z.B. Polyphenole), die bisher alle hauptsächlich als Antioxidanz klassifiziert wurden, auf die transkriptionelle Regulation von Phase I- und Phase II-Enzymen zu untersuchen. Dazu wurde die Aktivierung des PXR (pregnane X receptor) und des Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor-2) als zentrale Transkriptionsfaktoren der Phase I- bzw. Phase II-Enzyme getestet. <br><br> Der Einfluss von verschiedenen Vitamin E-Formen und antioxidativen Pflanzeninhaltsstoffen in Form von Reinsubstanzen (Curcumin, EGCG, Medox, Quercetin, Resveratrol und Sulforaphan) oder Pflanzenextrakten (aus Blaubeeren, Gewürznelken, Himbeeren, Nelkenpfeffer, Thymian oder Walnüssen) auf die Aktivierung von PXR und Nrf2 sowie des Promotors eines jeweiligen Zielgens (CYP3A4 bzw. GI-GPx) wurde <I>in vitro</I> mit Reportergenplasmiden untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass sowohl Vitamin E-Formen als auch verschiedene sekundäre Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe PXR und/oder Nrf2 sowie die Promotoren der jeweiligen Zielgene CYP3A4 bzw. GI-GPx aktivieren. In einem Tierexperiment konnte diese genregulatorische Wirkung von Vitamin E auf die <I>in vivo</I>-Situation übertragen werden. In Lebern von Mäusen, deren Futter unterschiedliche Mengen von Vitamin E enthielt (Mangel-, Normal- und Überflussdiät), wurde eine direkte Korrelation zwischen der alpha-Tocopherol-Konzentration und der Cyp3a11 mRNA-Expression nachgewiesen (Cyp3a11 ist das murine Homolog zum humanen CYP3A4). Entgegen der <I>in vitro</I>-Situation hatte gamma-Tocotrienol <I>in vivo</I> einen nur kaum nachweisbaren Effekt auf die Expression der Cyp3a11 mRNA, induzierte aber die Expression der alpha-TTP mRNA. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Vitamin E und sekundäre Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe Phase I- und Phase II-Enzyme transkriptionell regulieren können. <br><br> Die Wirkungen des Vitamin E können sich allerdings nur entfalten, wenn die Vitamin E-Formen ausreichend vom Körper aufgenommen werden. Gegenstand der Dissertation waren daher auch Untersuchungen zur Bioverfügbarkeit (zelluläre Akkumulation und Metabolismus) verschiedener Vitamin E-Formen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Unterschiede in der chemischen Struktur der Vitamin E-Formen deren zelluläre Akkumulation und Metabolisierung beeinflussen. <br><br> Unter Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse der Dissertation lassen sich protektive Wirkungen von antioxidativen Nahrungsinhaltsstoffen auch unabhängig von ihren antioxidativen Eigenschaften über die Induktion zelleigener Schutzsysteme, einschließlich der Phase I- und Phase II-Enzyme, erklären. Die Induktion der zelleigenen Abwehr lässt sich auch als adaptive Antwort (sog. "adaptive response") des Organismus gegenüber zellschädigenden Ereignissen betrachten. / In the organism food compounds are involved in regulatory and metabolic processes although the mechanisms of their effects have not been completely elucidated yet. Like vitamin E, secondary plant compounds have diverse biological effects, both in cell systems as well as <I>in vivo</I>. However, the explanation thereof is often reduced to their antioxidative capacity. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the influence of vitamin E and other plant compounds (in form of plant extracts or isolated secondary plant compounds, e.g. polyphenols), which were up to now classified primarily as antioxidants, on the transcription of phase I- and phase II-enzymes. For this, the activation of central transcription factors of the phase I- or phase II enzymes, PXR (pregnane X receptor) and Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor-2), was tested. <br><br> The influence of different vitamin E forms and antioxidative plant compounds in form of pure substances (curcumin, EGCG, Medox, quercetin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane) or plant extracts (from blueberries, clove, raspberries, allspice, thyme, or walnuts) on the activation of PXR and Nrf2 as well as on the promoter of a respective target gene (CYP3A4 or GI-GPx) was investigated <I>in vitro</I> by reporter gene assays. It appeared that vitamin E forms as well as different secondary plant compounds activate PXR and/or Nrf2 as well as the promoter of the respective target genes CYP3A4 and GI-GPx. The effects of vitamin E were confirmed <I>in vivo</I> by an animal experiment. In livers of mice whose diet contained different amounts of vitamin E (deficient, adequate and supra-nutritional), a direct correlation between alpha-tocopherol content and Cyp3a11 mRNA expression was shown (Cyp3a11 is the murine homolog to the human CYP3A4). In contrast to the <I>in vitro</I> observations, gamma-tocotrienol <I>in vivo</I> only had a small effect on the expression of Cyp3a11 mRNA. However, it induced the expression of alpha-TTP on mRNA level. It could be shown that vitamin E and secondary plant compounds can influence the transcriptional regulation of phase I- and/or phase II-enzymes. <br><br> However, these effects of vitamin E can only be seen if the vitamin E forms are taken up by the body sufficiently. Therefore, another aim of the thesis was to investigate the bioavailability of different vitamin E forms (i.e., cellular accumulation and metabolism). It could be shown that differences in the chemical structure of vitamin E forms influence their cellular accumulation and metabolism. <br><br> Regarding the results of this thesis, protective effects of antioxidative food compounds can be explained independent of their antioxidative properties by the induction of cellular protective systems, including phase I- and phase II-enzymes. The induction of cellular defence mechanism can also be considered as an adaptive response of the organism towards cell-damaging events.