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Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία με τίτλο «Ιζηματολογική, γεωχημική μελέτη και παλαιογεωγραφική εξέλιξη - Δυναμικό γένεσης υδρογονανθράκων των Μειοκαινικών αποθέσεων στη Βορειοδυτική πλευρά του νησιού της Κέρκυρας», εκπονήθηκε στα πλαίσια του μεταπτυχιακού προγράμματος με τίτλο «Γεωλογικές Διεργασίες στη Λιθόσφαιρα και Γεωπεριβάλλον», του τμήματος Γεωλογίας της σχολής Θετικών Επιστημών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Η περιοχή μελέτης ανήκει στη λεκάνη της Κέρκυρας και αποτελεί τμήμα ενός συγκλίνου, γνωστό ως Λεκάνη Καρουσάδων, το οποίο αναπτύσσεται στη βορειοδυτική πλευρά του νησιού, και δημιουργήθηκε εξαιτίας της δράσης της Ιόνιας επώθησης. Με βάση τον γεωλογικό χάρτη του Ι.Γ.Μ.Ε., φύλλο Βόρειος και Νότιος Κέρκυρα 1962, 1:50.000, τα μελετηθέντα ιζήματα αναφέρονται ως μολασσικές αποθέσεις ηλικίας Μέσου - Ανώτερου Μειοκαίνου. Για την ιζηματολογική ανάλυση συλλέχθηκαν 88 δείγματα, εκ των οποίων τα 8 από το Βόρειο τμήμα της Κέρκυρας, και τα υπόλοιπα 80 από τον κόλπο του Αγίου Γεωργίου Πάγων. Για την γεωχημική έρευνα, πραγματοποιήθηκε μια σειρά από χημικές αναλύσεις σε όλο των αριθμό των δειγμάτων, προκειμένου να υπολογιστεί η περιεκτικότητα των ιζημάτων σε Corg και CaCO3. Ο υπολογισμός της περιεκτικότητας σε Corg έγινε με τη μέθοδο τιτλοδότησης, που πρόκειται για την τροποποιημένη μέθοδο Walkley - Βlack σύμφωνα με τον Gaudette et al., 1974 και ο υπολογισμός της περιεκτικότητας σε CaCO3 έγινε με τη μέθοδο διάσπασης του CaCO3 με την χρήση οξικού οξέως CΗ3CΟΟΗ (Varnavas, 1979). Στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη των ιζηματολογικών και γεωχημικών χαρακτηριστικών των νεογενών σχηματισμών της βορειοδυτικής Κέρκυρας, με έμφαση στην περιοχή του κόλπου του Άγιου Γεώργιου Πάγων. Ειδικότερα, η λεπτομερής ανάλυση των ιζημάτων θα μας βοηθήσει στον προσδιορισμό των περιβαλλόντων ιζηματογένεσης τους και στον εντοπισμό πιθανών μητρικών πετρωμάτων υδρογονανθράκων, που σε συνδυασμό με την κατακόρυφη και πλευρική τους ανάπτυξη θα μας δώσει τη δυνατότητα δημιουργίας του εξελικτικού μοντέλου της περιοχής μελέτης. Τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από την ιζηματολογική ανάλυση μας οδήγησαν στην κατασκευή δύο σεναρίων για την παλαιογεωγραφική εξέλιξη της περιοχής. Η διαφορά των δύο σεναρίων εστιάζεται στο χρόνο έναρξης της μετανάστευσης της τεκτονικής δραστηριότητας προς τα δυτικά και συνεπώς στο πότε η πίεση μετανάστευσε δυτικά και έξω από την περιοχή μελέτης. Το γεγονός ότι μεγάλο μέρος των αναλυθέντων ιζημάτων χαρακτηρίζεται από ικανοποιητικό έως υψηλό ποσοστό Corg μας έδωσε τη δυνατότητα να χαρακτηρίσουμε τα ιζήματα της περιοχής ότι έχουν καλή έως και πολύ καλή δυνατότητα γένεσης υδρογονανθράκων. Τέλος, έγινε μελέτη της ανθρακικής σειράς της Κέρκυρας, με βάση μόνο βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα και με σκοπό την εκτίμηση της πιθανότητας γένεσης υδρογονανθράκων. Προσδιορίστηκε ότι κύριο μητρικό πέτρωμα μπορούν να αποτελέσουν οι σχιστόλιθοι Ιουρασικής ηλικίας, με τους υπερκείμενους ασβεστόλιθους να μπορούν να αποτελέσουν το ταμιευτήριο πέτρωμα. / The present thesis, «Sedimentological, Geochemical analysis and Palaiogeographic evolution – Prospectivity of the Miocene deposits of the Northwestern part of Corfu island», was conducted as part of a postgraduate program in Geology. The study area is extended in the basin of Karousades, located at the northwestern part of Corfu Island and constitutes part of a syncline, which was created by the activity of the Ionian thrust. The sedimentological units were classified based on the geological map of I.G.M.E., North and South Corfu sheet 1962, 1:50.000, as Molasse formation of Middle-Upper Miocene. In order to determine the sedimentological parameters, a total of eighty-eight (88) samples were collected of which eight (8) samples were from the Northern part of Corfu Island and eighty (80) samples were from the gulf of Agios Giorgos Pagon. In addition, a series of geochemical analysis was accomplished in order to calculate the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and organic carbon (Corg) content. The analysis of Organic Carbon (Corg) content was based on the method of titration according to a modified Walklet – Black method (Gaudette et al., 1974) and the analysis of calcium carbonate was based on decomposition of CaCO3 using CH3COOH (Varnavas, 1979). The objective of this thesis is the study of sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of the Neogene formations in northwest Corfu, with emphasis in the gulf of Agios Georgios Pagon. Specifically, detailed analysis of sediments will help us to identify the depositional environments and identify potential source rocks, which in combination with the vertical and lateral development will enable us to reconstruct the evolutionary model of the study area. The results obtained from our sedimentological analysis led to the construction of two scenarios for the paleogeographic evolution of the region. The difference between the two scenarios focuses on the start time of tectonic activity migration to the west and therefore, in when the pressure migrated west and outside the study area. The fact that many of the analyzed sediments are characterized by high Corg rate suggests that the studied samples have a good to very good source rocks potential. Finally, the study of carbonate formations of Corfu was based only on bibliographic data in order to assess the probability of finding potential source rocks. It was determined that the main source rock is constituted by shales of Jurassic age, with overlying limestone as the reservoir rock.

Cemented carbides are composite materials consisting of a hard carbide and a ductile binder. They are powdermetallurgically manufactured, where liquid-phase sintering is one of the main steps. The most common cemented carbide consists of WC and Co and it is widely used for cutting tools. Two of the most important factors controlling the mechanical properties are the WC grain size and the grain size distribution and thus it is of great interest to understand the grain growth behavior. In this thesis the grain growth during sintering at 1430 °C is studied both experimentally and through computer simulations. The grain growth behavior in cemented carbides cannot be explained from the classical LSW-theory. The WC grains have a faceted shape necessitating growth by 2-D nucleation of new atomic layers or surface defects. A new model based on 2-D nucleation, long-range diffusion and interface friction is formulated. Three powders having different average sizes are studied and both experiments and simulations show that a fine-grained powder may grow past a coarse-grained powder, indicating that abnormal grain growth has taken place in the fine-grained powder. Fine-grained powders with various fractions of large grains are also studied and it is seen that a faster growth is obtained with increasing fraction of large grains and that an initially slightly bimodal powder can approach the logaritmic normal distribution after long sintering times. The grain size measurements are performed on 2-D sections using image analysis on SEM images or EBSD analysis. Since the growth model is based on 3-D size distributions the 2-D size distributions have to be transformed to 3-D, and a new method, Inverse Saltykov, is proposed. The 2-D size distribution is first represented with kernel estimators and the 3-D size distribution is optimized in an iterative manner. In this way both negative values in the 3-D size distribution and modifications of the raw data are avoided. / QC 20110426

<p>The results of the multivariate analyses suggest that most of the variation in the composition of the samples was of an intra-sample nature, illustrating large scale patchiness in foraminiferal distribution. There were, however, definite differences between communities around Robben Island and in St Helena Bay, and least variation was found between the control and pipeline sites, and between the stations of each site. When the trace metal concentrations and the percentage nitrogen increased, the richness, diversity and abundance of foraminifera tended to decrease. Sediment grain size positively affected abundance but negatively affected diversity and richness. In both areas mean grain size did not, however, appear to play a very large role in influencing diversity. Cadmium, copper, chromium, the percentage nitrogen and the mean grain size were identified as the most important variables influencing the community structure by the BIOENV BEST routine in PRIMER. The trace metals and percentage nitrogen only had negative effects on the diversity and abundance as well as on the abundance of the dominant genera, whereas the mean grain size had variable effects.</p>

Inconel 718 (IN 718) is widely used in applications, such as aircraft and power turbine components. Recently, fiber laser welding has become an attractive joining technique in industry for fabrication and repair of service-damaged components. However, a major limitation in the laser welding of IN 718 is that liquation cracking occurs. In the present work, autogenous fiber laser welding of IN 718 was used to study the effects of welding parameters and different pre-weld heat treatments on liquation cracking. Contrary to previous studies, a dual effect of heat input on cracking is observed. A rarely reported effect of heat input is attributed to process instability. Liquation cracking increases with pre-weld heat treatment temperatures that increase grain size and/or, possibly, intregranular boron segregation. The study shows that pre-weld heat treatment at 950oC can be used for repair welding of IN 718 without significant loss in cracking resistance.

Inconel 718 (IN 718) is widely used in applications, such as aircraft and power turbine components. Recently, fiber laser welding has become an attractive joining technique in industry for fabrication and repair of service-damaged components. However, a major limitation in the laser welding of IN 718 is that liquation cracking occurs. In the present work, autogenous fiber laser welding of IN 718 was used to study the effects of welding parameters and different pre-weld heat treatments on liquation cracking. Contrary to previous studies, a dual effect of heat input on cracking is observed. A rarely reported effect of heat input is attributed to process instability. Liquation cracking increases with pre-weld heat treatment temperatures that increase grain size and/or, possibly, intregranular boron segregation. The study shows that pre-weld heat treatment at 950oC can be used for repair welding of IN 718 without significant loss in cracking resistance.

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Compared to more common used austenitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels contain very low amounts of the expensive alloying element Ni. In addition, they have good corrosion properties, but are sometimes suffering from poor weldability and bad mechanical properties. This is mainly due to the presence of large grains after casting and large grain growth during heat treatment or welding. Processes for reducing the grain size (grain refining) of metal alloys are widely known and proven before to be suitable for many alloys. A successful grain refining process can increase the strength of an alloy without decreasing the ductility. This can be achieved by different methods, such as rolling or cooling. In this work, the focus has been on studying the aspect from a metallurgist point of view, to analyse the possibilities to create small particles in the liquid stage to enhance the solidification. The focus has been on oxide and nitride formation for nucleation of smaller grains during solidification. This study was made by forming particles, develop the analysis methods and thereafter to study the effect of particles on the structure of a ferritic stainless steel. The particles were formed by additions of Ti, Ce and Zr in to a liquid Fe-20mass% Cr alloy containing different amounts of oxygen and nitrogen. The electrolytic extraction technique was used to achieve a good understanding of the reaction processes and the particles size, number, composition and morphology. The grain sizes and the particles were then studied in as-cast samples as well as in specimens heat treated for 60 minutes at 1200, 1300 and 1400°C in a Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope (CSLM). Also, based on Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) determinations and Thermo-Calc calculations, the precipitated particles were divided as primary and secondary particles. Thereafter, the grain refining potential was studied for each of these types. In this work, particles engineering by using small particles have been proven suitable for the Fe-20mass% Cr ferritic stainless steel alloys. Although the work has been based on small-scale samples and experiments, the results show good tendencies with respect to grain refining as well as a clear relationship between the particles in the steels and the microstructures. It was found that Ti-Ce additions in Fe-20mass% Cr alloys resulted in complex oxides including Ti, Ce and Cr. These oxides were observed to have high agglomeration tendencies and therefore to form larger particles or clusters. The grain refining potential on the solidification structure was insignificant, despite a relatively large amount of particles. However, Ti-Zr additions in Fe- 20mass% Cr alloys on the other hand resulted in primary precipitated particles such as ZrO2 and ZrO2+ZrN. Furthermore, ZrN nucleated ferrite during solidification, which lead to a clearly observed grain refining effect. This effect was also increased with an increased number of particles. The amount of particles (primary and secondary) was also found to increase with an increased amount of nitrogen. Secondary particles (mostly TiN) were precipitated near grain boundaries, which lead to a location based pinning effect of the grain growth during heat treatment at 1200 °C. This pinning effect was increased by an increased nitrogen content and thereby an increased number of particles. Finally, the pinning effect was clearly reduced during heat treatment at 1400 °C. / QC20100524

This doctoral thesis reports analytical and numerical results for the electrostatic response of a dusty plasma to a moving test charge. Two important physical aspects of dusty plasmas, namely grain size distribution and grain charging dynamics were taken into account. In the first case, a dusty plasma in thermal equilibrium and with a distribution of grain sizes is considered. A size distribution is assumed which decreases exponentially with the grain mass for large sizes and gives a simple smooth reduction for small sizes. The electrostatic response to a slowly moving test charge, using a second order approximation is found and the effects of collisions are also investigated. It turns out that for this particular size distribution, there is a remarkably simple result that the resulting effective distribution for the electrostatic response is a kappa (generalized Lorentzian) distribution. In the second case, we present an analytical model for the shielding of a slowly moving test charge in a dusty plasma with dynamical grain charging for cases both with and without the collision effects. The response potential is treated as a power series in test charge velocity. Analytical expressions for the response potential are found up to second order in test charge velocity. The first-order dynamical charging term is shown to be the consequence of the delay in the shielding due to the dynamics of the charging process. It is concluded that the dynamical charging of the grains in a dusty plasma enhances the shielding of a test charge. To clarify the physics, a separate study is made where the charging is approximated by using a time delay. The resulting potential shows the delayed shielding effect explicitly. The terms in the potential that depend on the charging dynamics involve a spatial shift given by the test charge velocity and the charging time. The wake potential of a fast moving test charge in the case of grain charging dynamics was also found. It was observed that the grain charging dynamics leads to a spatial damping and a phase shift in the potential response. Finally, combining these two physical aspects, generalized results for the electrostatic potential were found incorporating the terms from both grain size distribution and grain charging dynamics. The generalized results contain the previous work where these two effects were studied separately and which can now be found as special limiting cases. This kind of work has relevance both in space and astrophysical plasmas. / QC 20100920

The sediment movement system in a river basin consists of sediment production process in the mountainous region, sediment supply process to the torrents and sediment deposition process in the lower reach and coastal area. There are human impacts as well as natural impacts in the system. These impacts affect the topographical feature and ecosystem in the basin including the coastal area. Bed variation model is one of the tools for assessing the topographical feature of river. In previous riverbed variation calculations, engineers or researchers conventionally assumed that the porosity in riverbed material is a constant, regardless of whether the grain sizes of the riverbed material was uniform. Since there is no doubt that the porosity depends on the grain sizes distribution, fixing the porosity at a constant value is inadequate for simulating practical sediment movements, such as the removal of fine materials out of the riverbed material or the deposition of fine material into voids between the coarse material. Voids in a riverbed themselves are also important as habitat for aquatic biota. Not only natural sediment transport phenomena, such as floods and debris flows induced by heavy rainstorms, but also artificial impacts, such as the construction of dams or sediment flushing from reservoirs, seriously affect the voids in the riverbed. So far no bed variation model has been available for the analysis of the change in porosity. As the void of bed material plays an important role in fluvial geomorphology, infiltration system in riverbeds and river ecosystem, a structural change of the void with bed variation is one of the concerned issues in river management. Thus, a bed-porosity variation model is strongly required and it is expected that the model contributes the analysis of those problems as a tool for integrated sediment management. The objectives of this work are: 1) to point out recent problems in a volcanic river basin, as well as the impacts on riverbed variation and ecosystem; the problems in Merapi volcano area and Progo River, Indonesia were chosen as case studies; 2) to develop a method for identifying the type of grain size distribution and two methods for obtaining the porosity for the different type of grain size distribution; 3) to develop a framework and a bed variation model available for the analysis of the change in porosity of bed material as well as the bed variation. The report consists of four subjects and organized into six chapters as shown in the diagram below (Figure 1). The following diagram shows the framework of proposed bed-porosity variation model and the correspondence of each chapter of this report. In Chapter 2, the sediment-related problems in volcanic area, particularly in Mt. Merapi and Progo River, Indonesia and the impacts on bed variation and ecosystem were pointed out. The sediment-related problems persist in the upper reach, middle reach, also in lower reach. Some problems are triggered by natural activities such as volcanic activity of Mt. Merapi and heavy rainfall, and many others are occurred due to the human interfere such as deforestation, construction of sabo dam and sand mining. Uncontrolled sand mining is the serious problem in this area. Those problems are increasing the susceptibility in the downstream and deteriorating the watershed. A flume experiment was conducted to realize the impact of mining pit on bed variation. Countermeasures of sediment problems, which have been done in Mt. Merapi area and Progo River, were also presented. Finally, the necessity of a tool for integrated sediment management in consideration of the ecosystem in river was indicated. In Chapter 3, the method for classifying and geometrically identifying the type of grain size distribution was presented. First, grain size distribution was classified into some typical types and those characteristic parameters were found out. Then a method for geometrically identifying the type of grain size distribution by using geometric indices .. and .. was presented. Based on the geometrical analysis of typical grain size distributions, a diagram on classification of grain size distribution type was indicated. The presented identification method was then applied to the natural grain size distribution data and the validity of the method was verified. In Chapter 4, two methods for estimating the porosity of sediment mixtures were presented. One was based on a particle packing simulation model and the other was based on a measurement method. The porosity of particle mixtures depends on not only the grain size distribution but also the compaction degree. However, the compaction degree could not be intentionally controlled in the model. Both of the methods were applied to estimate the porosity of three typical grain size distributions, namely lognormal distribution, modified-Talbot distribution and bimodal distribution. Particularly in the measurement, it was very difficult to mix the sediment evenly. Consequently, the coarser particle lies at higher position than the finer particle. This grading process made the porosity larger, while in the simulation the particles were mixed evenly. Thus, the particles packing in the simulation might be denser than the packing of particles in the measurement. The results showed that the relationship between grain size distribution and porosity could be determined by using the characteristic parameters of typical grain size distribution. This relation could be introduced into the bed variation model. In Chapter 5, a one dimensional bed-porosity variation model was developed for simulating the changes in porosity of bed material as well as the bed variation. Analytical model for binary mixtures with much different grain sizes and the relationship between the characteristic parameters of grain size distribution and porosity presented in Chapter 4 were introduced into the bed variation model. Two numerical methods were employed to solve the governing equations, i.e., standard successive approximation and MacCormack scheme. A flume experiment was conducted to realize the transformation processes of void structure for two conditions; one was the only fine sediment was removed from a sediment mixture and another was the fine sediment deposited into a coarser bed material. After the validity of the presented model was verified using a data set provided by the experiment, the model was applied to the bed and porosity variation process for bed material with binary mixtures and continuous grain size distribution. Its performance was examined in detail for two conditions; (1) no sediment supply condition and (2) sediment supply condition. The simulation results showed the model could produce a reasonable distribution of porosity of the riverbed material in the longitudinal and vertical directions for both conditions. A one-dimensional bed-porosity variation model proposed in this study is different from the previous model from a viewpoint of considering the porosity of bed material. Hence, the proposed model is available for the analysis of the change in porosity of bed material as well as the bed variation. The model contributes in two aspects; from the hydraulics point of view, the model provides an improvement of the accuracy in the riverbed variation calculation and from ecological point of view, the model provides the changes in porosity with the bed variation. In the case of binary mixtures, the validity of the model has been verified using a data set provided by the experiment and the simulation result showed that the model produced a reasonable result on the change in porosity as well as the bed variation. In the case of sediment mixtures with continuous grain size distribution, although the validity of the model has not been verified yet, the simulation result showed the model available for analysis of bed and porosity variation. / Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13795号 / 工博第2899号 / 新制||工||1428(附属図書館) / 26011 / UT51-2008-C711 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤田 正治, 教授 中川 一, 教授 戸田 圭一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当