Les aclipocytokines (aclipo), produites par le tissu adipeux jouent un rôle clé dans la régulation des fonctions métaboliques mais qu'en est-il pour les fonctions de reproduction? Nous montrons que la chemerine et ses récepteurs, la visfatine et la résistine sont présents dans les cellules ovariennes humaines et bovines. ln vitro nous observons que la chemerine et la résistine diminuent la stéroïdogenèse des cellules de la granulosa (CG) humaine induite par IGF-1 alors que la visfatine l'augmente. Des résultats similaires sont observés chez la vache pour la chemerine et la visfatine. Dans les deux espèces, les aclipo influencent la prolifération des CG, et les voies de signalisation AKT, MAPK-ERKl/2 et P38 ou l'AMPK. Chez le bovin, la chemerine bloque la maturation ovocytaire in vitro. Nous observons aussi dans cette espèce que la concentration plasmatique de résistine et son expression dans les aclipocytes est augmentée après vêlage lorsque la lipomobilisation est élevée. Ces travaux confirment le rôle de la résistine dans la régulation métabolique chez la vache et montrent l'importance des adipo dans les cellules ovariennes humaine et bovine. Il reste à élargir leur rôle au niveau central dans les fonctions de reproduction. / The aclipokines (aclipo ), produced by the adipose tissue play a key role in the regulation of metabolic functions, but what about for reproductive functions? We show that chemerin and its receptors, visfatin and resistin are present in human and bovine ovary cells. ln vitro we observe that chemerin and resistin decrease steroidogenesis in granulosa cells (GC) in response to IGF-1 while visfatin increases it. Similar results are observed for chemerin and visfatin in cows. In both species, chemerin, visfatin and resistin affect the proliferation of CG and signaling pathways inclucling AKT, MAPKERKl I 2 and P38 or AMPK. In cattle, chemerin blocks in vitro oocyte maturation. In this species, we also observe that the plasma resistin and its expression in aclipocytes are increased after calving when the fatty acid mobilization is high. This work confirms the role of resistin in the metabolic regulations in cow and shows the importance of aclipo in the human and bovine ovary cells. It remains to investigate their role at the central level in the reproductive functions.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 KatiaRFL_TESE.pdf: 11131110 bytes, checksum: 4a75d7853dd30ba6006c604e3f17426d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The donkeys (Equus asinus) are individuals historically relevant for the occupation of inhospitable areas around the world, but they have been losing importance due to the modernization of urban centers and the creation of traction and cultivation technologies. Due to this fact, many donkey breeds are already extinct or passing through a rapid process of population decrease. Among these breeds, the Northeast donkey, an endemic breed in Brazil, is highlighted. One of the strategies for conservation is the use of biotechnologies that facilitate reproduction, such as the manipulation of oocytes enclosed in preantral follicles (MOEPF) that maximize the availability of oocytes for in vitro fertilization. The starting point for the use of this and other techniques are known reproductive physiology details of this breed as the characteristics of their gametes. The objective of this study was to estimate and to characterize the population of ovarian PFs derived from Northeast breed donkeys. Twenty females aging 5.1 ± 3.2 years and weighing 105.2 ± 18.6 kg were used. Animals were subjected to an ovariectomy procedure guided by laparoscopy for ovary collection. As the equines, donkey ovaries presented a kidney form and their parenchymal zone were extracted, taking the ovulation fossa as basis. Fragments of ovary were fixed in Carnoy, dehydrated in increasing Ethanol concentrations (70 to 99%), clarified using xylene and finally included in histological paraffin wax blocks. These blocks were serially sectioned on 7 μm slices at using a microtome. Every 120th slice was mounted on glass slides, stained with hematoxylin–eosin and read in inverted optical microscope. PFs presenting visible oocyte nuclei were measured at using an ocular micrometer and classified as primordial, primary or secondary. PFs were also classified and counted as morphologically normal, when containing an oocyte with regular shape and uniform cytoplasm, and organized layers of granulosa cells; or as degenerated, when the oocyte exhibited pycnotic nucleus and/or ooplasm shrinkage, and occasionally, granulosa cell layers became disorganized, detached from the basement membrane and/or included enlarged cells. The PF population was estimated by using the formula: (number of follicles × number of sections × thickness of sections)/(number of sections observed × range of oocyte nuclei diameter). The results allowed us to estimate a total population of 21,135.3 ± 10,646.1 PFs per animal. From this population, 91.3% PFs were classified as primordial, 8.2% PFs as primary, and 0.3% as secondary. multioocyte PFs were observed in all animals, and they were more frequently present in primordial follicles, representing 0.99% of total PFs counted. The estimated population was distributed between the right and left ovaries, at 54.6% and 45.4%, respectively. Most PFs were considered morphologically normal (90.2%) and the smallest, degenerate (9.8%). An inversely proportional relationship between age and follicular population was identified, similarly to the relation between weight and follicular population. In the second experiment, the ovarian tissue of animals from the same group was subjected to a vitrification procedure using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG) as cryoprotectants in separate and associated. When comparing treatments, the use of DMSO 3M (81.7 ± 37.5%), EG 3M (83.7 ± 27.4%) and the combination of both DMSO 3M + EG 3M (81.8 ± 46.8%) allowed a greater percentage of follicular survival. When vitrified using the DMSO + EG combination, a higher percentage (62.5 ± 29.1%) of viable follicles was observed in relation to the other vitrification treatments (P <0.05). The TUNEL technique identified that all treatments tested showed DNA fragmentation in the follicular cells, except in the case of the DMSO 3M plus EG 3M treatment. When evaluating the presence of NORs, no significant differences were observed in the amount of NORs between the fresh and vitrified groups using DMSO 3M plus EG 3M (P >0.05). Thus, we concluded that the combination DMSO 3M plus EG was more efficient for the vitrification of ovarian tissue taken from Equus asinus, allowing adequate preservation of PAFS morphology, viability, DNA integrity and cell proliferative capacity. This work presented for the first time the estimate of ovarian preantral follicles in donkeys of the Northeastern breed and successful vitrification / Os jumentos (Equus asinus) são animais historicamente relevantes para a ocupação de áreas inóspitas em todo o mundo, mas tem perdido espaço devido à modernização dos centros urbanos e a mecanização agrícola e transporte motorizado. Assim, muitas raças de jumentos já foram extintas ou encontram-se em rápido processo de queda populacional, e dentre elas está a raça Nordestina, endêmica do Brasil. Uma das estratégias de conservação é o uso de biotecnologias que favoreçam a reprodução assistida, como a manipulação de oócitos inclusos em folículos pré-antrais (MOIFOPA) que maximiza a disponibilidade de oócitos para outras biotécnicas. O ponto de partida para o uso desta e outras biotécnicas é conhecer detalhes da fisiologia reprodutiva e dos gametas da espécie ou raça que se deseja manipular. O objetivo desta tese é caracterizar e conservar por meio da vitrificação a população de folículos ovarinos pré-antrais (FP) em fêmeas asininas da raça Nordestina. No primeiro experimento, dez fêmeas com idade média de 5,1 ± 3,2 anos e peso médio de 105,2 ± 18,6 kg, constituíram o grupo de estudo. As mesmas foram submetidas a procedimento de ovariectomia guiada por laparoscopia para coleta dos ovários. Assim como nos demais equídeos, os ovários das jumentas apresentam formato reniforme e suas zonas parenquimatosa, incluindo a fossa ovariana, foram extraídas. Fragmentos do ovário foram fixados com carnoy, desidratados com etanol em concentrações crescentes (70 a 99%), clarificados usando xilol e finalmente inclusos em blocos de parafina histológica. Estes blocos foram sequencialmente seccionados em micrótomo em frações de 7μm. Uma a cada 120 frações foi montada em lâminas de vidro e corada com hematoxilina-eosina e lida em microscópio ótico. Os FPs que apresentaram núcleo visível foram fotografados, mensurados com uso de software e classificados como primordiais, primários e secundários. Os FPs classificados e contados foram identificados como normais ou degenerados. A população de FPs foi estimada usando a fórmula: (número de PF observados × número total de secções × espessura das secções) dividido pelo (número de secções observadas × diâmetro médio do núcleo dos oócitos). A população média estimada foi de 21.135,3 ± 10.646,1 FPs por animal. Destes, 91,3% foram identificados como primordiais, 8,2% como folículos primários e 0,4% como secundários. Folículos com múltiplos oócitos foram observados em todos os animais, todos classificados como primordiais, representando 0,99% do total de folículos. A população de PF estimada estava distribuída entre os ovários direito e esquerdo, em 54,6% e 45,4% respectivamente. A maior parte dos PFs foi considerada morfologicamente normal (90,2%) e a menor parcela, degenerados (9,8%). Foi identificada uma relação inversamente proporcional entre a idade e a população folicular, semelhante à relação entre peso e população folicular. No segundo experimento, o tecido ovariano de jumentas foram submetidos a procedimento de vitrificação em superfície sólida usando dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO) e etileno glicol (EG), isoladamente em diferentes concentrações (3M e 6M) e associados, como agentes crioprotetores. Quando comparados aos tratamentos o uso do DMSO 3M (81,7 ± 37,5%), EG 3M (83,7 ± 27,4%) e a combinação de DMSO 3M + EG 3M (81,8 ± 46,8%) apresentaram um grande percentual de folículos morfologicamente normais. O uso do DMSO 3M + EG 3M, apresentou o maior percentual (62,5 ± 29,1%) de folículos viáveis em relação aos demais tratamentos (P <0,05). Pela técnica TUNEL, todos os tratamentos apresentaram fragmentação de DNA nas células foliculares, exceto no caso do DMSO 3M + EG 3M. Quando avaliada a presença de NORs, não foi verificada diferenças significativas entre o número de NORs no grupo controle e no tratamento DMSO 3M + EG 3M (P < 0,05). A combinação DMSO 3M e EG 3M mostrou-se mais eficiente para a vitrificação de tecido ovariano de jumentas, apresentando-se de forma adequada para a preservação da morfologia e viabilidade de folículos pré antrais, bem como a integridade do DNA e a capacidade de proliferação celular. Este trabalho apresentou de forma inédita a estimativa de folículos pré-antrais ovarianos em jumentas da raça nordestina bem como uma estratégia de criopreservação com resultados positivos / 2017-08-21

Orientadora: Prof. Dra. Marcella Pecora Milazzotto. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnociência, 2016. / A maturação de oócitos in vitro é amplamente utilizada para produção de embriões e tenta mimetizar as condições fisiológicas foliculares, permitindo a capacitação oocitária. No entanto, as condições foliculares a que os oócitos estão submetidos previamente a aspiração podem ser responsáveis por diferenças que serão refletidas no fenótipo embrionário. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar marcadores metabólicos no fluido folicular (FF) e transcritos das células da granulosa (CG) de bovinos envolvidos na capacitação do oócito e sua relação com a competência embrionária (avaliada pela cinética e desenvolvimento a blastocisto). Para isso, foram aspirados individualmente complexo cumulus-oocito (COCs) e respectivos FFs e CG de folículos de 7-8mm de ovários de abatedouro comercial. As moléculas de glicose, colesterol, estradiol e piruvato foram quantificadas nos FFs por fluorimetria e os transcritos de receptor de FSH (FSH-R), receptor de angiotensina II (AngIIAT2), receptor de EGF (EGF-R) e aromatase (CYP19A) foram quantificados nas CG por RT-PCR. Os COCs foram fecundados e cultivados individualmente in vitro e os índices de clivagem e cinética embrionária foram avaliados as 40hpi e índices de blastocistos as 186hpi. Posteriormente os dados de desenvolvimento embrionário foram analisados em função dos dados dos respectivos FF e CG. Foram realizadas as seguintes comparações: não clivados x clivados (NCL x CL), clivados rápidos (> 4 células as 40hpi) x clivados lentos (< 4 células as 40hpi) (CLR x CLL), desenvolvimento a blastocisto x bloqueado (BL x NBL), clivados que se desenvolveram a blastocisto x clivados bloqueados (CLBL x CLNBL) e blastocistos derivados do grupo rápido x derivados do grupo lento (BLR x BLL). Os dados foram analisados pelo programa SAS System for Windows pelo teste t de Student, e o nível de significância de 5%. Não houve diferença entre os índices de CLR e CLL (19,2±3,8% e 25,1±3,8%, respectivamente). Da mesma forma, nenhum dos metabólitos e transcritos analisados foram distintos entre CLR x CLL, tampouco NCL x CL, a exceção do FSHR, que foi menos expresso CL, BL e CLBL quando comparados a NCL, NBL e CLNBL. O índice de BL foi (27,3±3,9%) e maior índice de blastocisto foi para BLR do que BLL (18,5±2,7% e 8,8±2,5%, respectivamente). BL e CLBL apresentaram maior quantidade de piruvato e colesterol, aumento de CYP19 e, no caso de CLBL, ainda maiores níveis de ANGII e EGF-R 2 quando comparados a NBL e CLNBL. Em relação a cinética de desenvolvimento, CLR e BLR apresentaram aumento de ANGII e estradiol. Além disso, BLR ainda apresentaram diminuição de CYP19 e EGF-R, sugerindo uma alta atividade esteroidogênica mais relacionada à secreção do que com a síntese de esteroides, provavelmente por um efeito negativo do estradiol no controle da expressão destes genes. Os dados deste estudo permitem concluir que o status folicular tem relação direta com a habilidade do oócito a se desenvolver a blastocisto. Além disso, o aumento da disponibilidade de substrato energético e da capacidade esteroidogênica parece influenciar positivamente a capacitação oocitária. Da mesma forma, embriões de cinética distinta parecem ser derivados de folículos com atividade esteroidogênica distinta. / Follicular conditions established prior to aspiration for in vitro maturation may be responsible for differences that will reflect in the embryonic phenotype. In this work, cumulus-oocyte complex (COCs) and their respective follicular fluid (FF) were individually aspirated from slaughterhouse ovaries. Metabolic biomarkers as glucose, pyruvate, cholesterol and estradiol were quantified in FF by fluorimetry. Specific granulosa cells (GC) transcripts related to oocyte capacitation and steroidogenic capacity such as aromatase (CYP19A), FSH (FSH-r), angiotensin II (ANGII AT2) and EGF (EGF-r) receptors were quantified by RT-PCR. Bovine embryos were produced in vitro following conventional protocols. Embryos were cultured individually and divided into: Fast (> 4 cells at 40 hpi) and Slow (< 4 cells at 40hpi). Blastocyst rates and embryonic competence (evaluated through developmental kinetics and blastocysts rates) were assessed at 186hpi. Embryonic development data was analyzed in function of FF and GC results by comparing: non-cleaved vs. cleaved (NCL x CL), fast vs. slow (CLF x CLS), development to blastocyst x blocked (BL x NBL), cleaved that reached blastocyst stage vs. cleaved that blocked (CLBL x CLNBL) and blastocysts originated from fast vs. slow (BLF x BLS). Embryonic development, quantification of metabolites and transcripts were compared by Student t test using SAS for Windows considering á=5%. Cleavage rates were not different between fast and slow embryos (19.2±3.8% and 25.1±3.8%, respectively). Except for FSH-r, that was less expressed in CL, BL and CLBL than their respective counterparts NCL, NBL and CLNBL, all the other metabolites and transcripts did not present any differences. Total blastocyst rate was 27.3±3.9%, being 18.5±2.7% from BLF and 8.8±2.5% from BLL groups. BL and CLBL presented higher amounts of pyruvate and cholesterol, and an increased expression of CYP19 when compared to NBL and CLNBL, respectively. Also, CLBL presented higher levels of ANGII AT2 and EGF-r than CLNBL, suggesting that BL and CLBL derived follicles have a greater steroidogenic capacity. Regarding developmental kinetics, CLR and BLR presented an increase in ANGII AT2 and estradiol and diminished levels of CYP19 and EGF-R, suggesting an elevated secretion of steroids. Therefore, BLL, with increased expression of CYP19 and EGF-r under lower levels of estradiol and ANGII AT2 are preferably directed to the synthesis than secretion of this hormone. In summary, our results show that follicular status is direct ly related to the oocytes 4 ability to develop to blastocyst. In addition, the increased availability of energy substrates and steroidogenic capacity appears to positively influence the oocyte capacitation. Likewise, embryos with distinct developmental kinetics seem to originate from follicles with distinct steroidogenic activity.

La stérilité affecte à l’heure actuelle près de 15-20 % des couples et sa prévalence est en progression depuis quatre à cinq décennies. Cette progression évolue parallèlement à la prévalence de l’épidémie d’obésité et de syndrome métabolique dans le monde. De multiples arguments physiologiques et épidémiologiques chez l’Homme soutiennent l’hypothèse de l’influence de l’homéostasie des lipides sur la fonction gonadique. En particulier, le cholestérol est un facteur clef dans la régulation de la stéroïdogenèse et de la gamétogenèse. Bien que les atteintes gonadiques semblent multifactorielles, les mécanismes moléculaires restent méconnus dans la majorité des cas. Les Liver X receptors (LXRα et β) sont des récepteurs nucléaires activés par les oxystérols. Ce sont classiquement des régulateurs du métabolisme lipidique. Plusieurs études ont démontré l’importance de ces récepteurs dans la physiologie des gonades. Ce travail identifie les rôles multiples des LXRs dans le maintien de la fertilité masculine et féminine, et décrit l’effet de l’homéostasie du cholestérol sur la maturation des cellules germinales dans le testicule et l’ovaire. Ce travail se concentre sur l’analyse comparative d’une lignée de souris ré-exprimant LXRβ (Lxrαϐ-/-:AMHLxrϐ) sous contrôle de promoteur d’AMH humain (expression spécifique dans les cellules de Sertoli dans le testicule et les cellules de granulosa dans l’ovaire) sur un fond génétique de souris Lxrαϐ-/-. L’absence d’un isoforme d LXR aboutit à des défauts spécifiques dans un type cellulaire du testicule. Néanmoins, le dysfonctionnement d’un type cellulaire est compensé. En effet, de multiples défauts sont nécessaires pour aboutir à la stérilité. LXR dans les cellules de granulosa est critique pour la maturation et la survie des ovocytes, l’ovulation, et par conséquence pour la fertilité. Ainsi, LXRβ est une cible potentielle pour réguler la fertilité féminine et la prévention de syndrome d’hyperstimulation ovarienne. Nos résultats ouvrent des perspectives pour des nouvelles cibles diagnostiques et pronostiques dans la fertilité. / Sterility affects 15 % of French population and its prevalence is propagating since four or five decades. Many human physiological and epidemiological arguments support the impact of lipid homeostasis on the gonads; indeed, cholesterol is a key regulator of steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms remain hidden. Liver X receptors alpha and beta (LXRα and β) belong to the superfamily of nuclear receptors and are activated upon binding to oxysterols. LXRs are mainly implicated in cholesterol homeostasis. Increasing bulk of literature identified these non-steroid nuclear receptors as major regulators of the gonad physiology. This work uncovers previously unidentified putative roles of LXRs and ability of cholecterol excess to alter male and female germ cell maturation. Herein, we analyse a new mouse strain (Lxrαϐ-/-:AMHLxrϐ) re-expressing LXRβ under control of AMH promoter (specific to Sertoli in testis and granulosa cells in ovary) in a background of Lxrαϐ-/- mouse. Our results identify LXRs as primordial to maintain male and female fertility. They have pleotropic « non-classical » roles ranging from lipid homeostasis to the regulation of germ cell maturation and bi-directional control of steroid synthesis. If the cellular defects in the absence of LXRs within the testis are significant, they are generally compensated and consequently, single cell compartment is tolerated. Unlike the testis, LXRβ in the granulosa cells is « the regulator » of multiple mechanisms essential for follicle maturation, ovocyte survival and for controlled ovulation. LXRβ is therefore a potnetial target to regulate female fertility and to prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Our results open the perspectives for the identification of new diagnostic and/or prognostic markers in both male and female fertility.

Le Deoxynivalenol (DON) est une mycotoxine majeure retrouvée dans l’alimentation animale et celle-ci est connue pour réduire la fertilité des truies en inhibant la sécrétion de progestérone par les cellules de granulosa. Chez le bétail, DON est métabolisée en de-epoxy DON (DOM-1) dans le rumen, et DOM-1 peut atteindre des concentrations élevées dans le sang et les liquides folliculaires. Une des voies majeures de signalisation activée par DON est le ribotoxic stress response (RSR), lequel induit une auto-phosphorylation de la protéine kinase R (PKR) et réduit l’activation des MAP kinases incluant la MAPK3/1. Il n’a pas encore été démontré que ces mycotoxines affectent la reproduction chez les bovins. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont (1) de déterminer comment et à quelles doses DON affecte la fonction des cellules de granulosa et d’élucider les mécanismes d’action entrant en jeu; et (2) déterminer comment et à quelles doses la mycotoxine majeure DON et son métabolite DOM-1, affectent la fonction des cellules de la thèque chez le bétail. Les résultats sont présentés dans trois articles distincts. Dans le premier article, nous explorons les effets de DON sur les cellules de granulosa bovines; les traitements avec DON résultant en une inhibition significative de la sécrétion d’oestradiol et de progestérone (P4), et en une augmentation de la proportion de cellules apoptotiques après 4 jours de traitement. Les expériences de Western-Blot démontrent une stimulation significative de la phosphorylation de ERK1/2 et de MAPK14 entre 15 et 30 minutes après le début du traitement des cellules par DON. Par la suite, nous avons déterminé les effets de DON sur les gènes cibles de ERK1/2. En effet, les niveaux d’ARNm de EGR1 et FOS sont transitoirement augmentés avec des niveaux maximum à 1h de traitement par DON, tandis que les niveaux d’ARNm de iv COX2 et GADD45B sont augmentés mais plus de 24h après le début du traitement par DON. Dans le second article, les effets de DON et DOM-1 sur les cellules de thèque ont été étudiés. Le traitement des cellules par DOM-1 résulte en une inhibition dosedépendante de la sécrétion de P4 et de testostérone, et en une augmentation de la proportion de cellules apoptotiques, tandis que DON inhibe la sécrétion de P4 sans altérer celle de la testostérone ou bien le pourcentage de cellules mortes. Les deux mycotoxines sont effectives de manière maximale à des concentrations de 1 ng/ml (en revanche, DON affecte les cellules de granulosa à 100 ng/ml). Les résultats de Western-Blot démontrent la phosphorylation rapide de MAPK3/1, PKR et de JUN kinase après un traitement par DON ou DOM-1. En présence d’un inhibiteur spécifique de PKR, DON et DOM-1 sont incapables d’induire la phosphorylation de MAPK3/1, et l’effet inhibiteur de DON sur la phosphorylation de MAPK14 est en partie abrogé. Néanmoins, l’inhibiteur de PKR augmente davantage la phosphorylation de MAPK14 induite par DOM-1. Ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que DON active le RSR dans les cellules de thèque et les cellules de granulosa bovines, et que les cellules de la thèque sont plus sensibles que les cellules de granulosa aux effets de DON. Ces données démontrent pour la première fois l’habilité de DOM-1 à affecter les fonctions et la survie cellulaires. / Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major mycotoxin found in animal feed and is known to reduce fertility in pigs by inhibiting progesterone secretion from granulosa cells. In cattle, it is metabolized to de-epoxy DON (DOM-1) in the rumen, and DOM-1 can reach high concentrations in blood and follicular fluid. One of the major pathways activated by DON is the ribotoxic stress response (RSR), which involves autophosphorylation of protein kinase R (PKR) and downstream activation of MAP kinases including MAPK3/1. It is not known if these mycotoxins affect bovine reproduction. The objectives of present thesis were (1) to determine how and at what doses DON affects ovarian granulosa cell function and to elucidate its mechanism of action; and (2) to determine how and at what doses major mycotoxin DON and its metabolite DOM-1 affect theca cell function in cattle. The results are separated into three articles. In the first article the effects of DON on granulosa cells were explored; treatment with DON resulted in a significant inhibition of estradiol and progesterone (P4) secretion, and an increase in the proportion of apoptotic cells after 4 days of treatment. Western blot demonstrated significant upregulation of ERK1/2 and MAPK14 phosphorylation within 15-30 minutes of adding DON. We then determined the effect of DON on ERK1/2 target genes; EGR1 and FOS mRNA levels were transiently stimulated with maximum levels at 1 h of adding DON, whereas COX2 and GADD45B mRNA levels were upregulated but not until 24 h after DON treatment. In the second article, the effects of DON and DOM-1 on theca cells were assessed. Treatment with DOM-1 resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of P4 and testosterone secretion, and an increase in the proportion of apoptotic cells, while DON inhibited P4 but did not alter testosterone secretion or the percentage of dead cells. Both ii DON and its metabolite were maximally effective at concentrations of 1 ng/ml (in contrast, the effects of DON on occur at 100ng/ml). Western blot demonstrated rapid phosphorylation of MAPK3/1, PKR and of JUN kinase after addition of DOM-1 or DON. Interestingly, phosphorylation of MAPK14 was significantly increased by DOM-1 but decreased by DON. The addition of a PKR inhibitor abrogated the ability of DON and DOM-1 to increase phosphorylation of MAPK3/1, and partly abrogated the inhibitory effect of DON on MAPK14 phosphorylation, however, the PKR inhibitor further increased the phosphorylation of MAPK14 caused by DOM-1. Together, these results suggest that DON activates the RSR in bovine granulosa and theca cells, and that theca cells are more sensitive than granulosa cells to the effects of DON. The data also demonstrate for the first time in any cell type the ability of DOM-1 to affect cell function and health.

Les WNTs sont des glycoprotéines sécrétées impliquées dans plusieurs processus tels que la spécification cellulaire, la prolifération, la différenciation, et beaucoup d’autres. Pour transmettre leur signal, les WNTs se lient aux récepteurs Frizzled (FZD) et au co-récepteur « Low-density-lipoprotein receptor Related Protein » (LRP) 6 ou 5, activant ainsi l’une des trois principales voies de signalisation: la voie de signalisation WNT/β-caténine (voie canonique), la voie « Planar Cell Polarity » (PCP) et la voie WNT/Ca2+ (voies non-canoniques). Des antagonistes de cette voie, les « Secreted Frizzled Related Protein » (SFRPs), peuvent aussi se lier aux WNTs pour empêcher leur liaison aux récepteurs FZDs. Bien que des rôles importants aient été associés à plusieurs composants de la voie des WNTs lors de la régulation de l’ovaire adulte, le fonctionnement exact de cette signalisation reste nébuleux. L’objectif global de cette thèse visait donc à mieux comprendre la voie de signalisation des WNTs au niveau de l’ovaire adulte de souris, par la caractérisation de deux autres composants de cette voie, FZD1 et SFRP4. La création et l’analyse de souris Fzd1 et Sfrp4 KO ont démontré que FZD1 est nécessaire pour la régulation des gènes associés à l’expansion du cumulus, dans le complexe ovocyte-cumulus (COC). Nous avons aussi constaté que SFRP4 avait un rôle à jouer lors de la régulation des gènes associés à l’expansion du cumulus mais cette fois, au niveau des cellules de la granulosa. Finalement, les résultats in vivo et in vitro de cette étude ont suggéré que la voie PCP, contrairement à la voie canonique, pourrait être modulée dans les cellules de la granulosa des souris Sfrp4 KO, possiblement grâce au signal induit par WNT4 et WNT5a. Ces données ont permis de créer un modèle hypothétique représentant la régulation de la signalisation ovarienne par les WNTs. Ce modèle servira de base pour l’élaboration de futurs projets de recherche visant à comprendre davantage la signalisation ovarienne et les possibles effets de sa dérégulation lors de processus pathologiques. Ces connaissances pourront ensuite être appliquées chez l’humain afin de traiter plusieurs maladies ou dérèglements ovariens. / WNTs are secreted glycoproteins that act to regulate several processes such as cell fate determination, proliferation, differentiation and many more. To transmit their signal, WNTs bind the co-receptors Frizzled (FZD) and Low-density-lipoprotein receptor Related Protein (LRP) 6 or 5, which leads to the activation of one of three signaling pathways: WNT/β-catenin (canonical), Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) or WNT/Ca2+ pathways (both non-canonical). Secreted Frizzled Related Proteins (SFRPs) are antagonists of WNT signaling that act by directly binding WNTs and preventing their interaction with FZD receptors. Even if members of the WNT signaling pathway have been found to have important roles in adult ovarian regulation, the exact mechanism(s) involved remain poorly understood. The global objective of this thesis was to better understand WNT signaling in the adult rodent ovary, by characterizing two components of this pathway: FZD1 and SFRP4. Generation and analyses of Fzd1 and Sfrp4 KO mice first demonstrated that FZD1 is required for the induction of cumulus expansion-related genes, in the cumulus-oocyte complex (COC). Also, we demonstrated that SFRP4 is also required for the regulation of cumulus expansion-associated genes but this time, in mural granulosa cells. In vivo and in vitro data suggested that the PCP pathway, and not the canonical pathway, could be induced in granulosa cells of Sfrp4 KO mice, possibly by WNT4 and WNT5a. All the data presented herein permitted the creation of a hypothetical model that summarizes the roles of WNT signaling in ovarian regulation. This model will serve to develop new projects that will ultimately result in the better understanding of ovarian signaling and related pathological processes. This knowledge may then be useful for the treatment of many human ovarian disorders.

OBJETIVO: avaliação da expressão gênicado receptor do fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina de (Insulin-Like Growth Factor- IGF) 1 em células da granulosa luteinizadas do cumulusde mulheres não obesas, com sensibilidade à insulina normal, com síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) tratadas e não tratadas com metformina. MODELO DO ESTUDO: prospectivo, longitudinal, randomizado. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: avaliamos 12 mulheres com ciclosovulatórios, 9 mulheres com SOP e 8 mulheres com SOP e tratadas com metformina, ao menos 8 semanas na dose de 1.700 mg/dia. Todos os grupos foram similares com relação ao peso, ao índice de massa corporal (IMC), à circunferência da cintura e com sensibilidade à insulina normal. Todas as mulheres foram submetidas à estimulação ovariana controlada com uso de agonista de GnRH em protocolo longo e gonadotrofinas para ciclos de FIV/ICSI. As células da granulosa do cumulusforam obtidas por microdissecção dos cinco maiores folículos pré-ovulatórios. A expressão gênica do receptor de IGF-1 foi determinada com técnica da Reação da Polimerase em Cadeia a partir da Transcrição Reversa (Reverse transcriptase - Polymerase Chain ReactionRT-PCR) emiquantitativa. Foram avaliadas as concentrações séricas e foliculares de estradiol, progesterona, testosterona, hormônio folículo estimulante (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone- FSH), hormônio luteinizante (Luteinizing Hormone - LH), Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin(SHBG), glicose, insulina e IGF-1. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes: ANOVA, Newman-Keuls, coeficiente de Pearsone regressão linear múltipla, sendo considerado nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: não foram observadas diferenças com relação à expressão gênica do receptor de IGF-1 nos três grupos analisados (P>0,05). O número de oócitos (20,4 vs. 13,1 vs.11,5, P= 0,009), os níveis séricos de estradiol (1.896,00 pcg/mL vs. 985,20 pcg/mL vs.908,10 pcg/mL,P = 0,03) e testosterona (1,43 ng/mL vs.0,89 ng/mL vs. 0,82 ng/mL pcg/mL,P = 0,02) foram maiores no grupo de mulheres com SOP não tratadas com metformina em comparação com as mulheres com ciclos ovulatórios e tratadas com metformina, respectivamente. As mulheres com ciclos ovulatórios (50.710±42.520 ng/mL) apresentaram maiores concentrações foliculares de progesterona quando comparados com as mulheres com SOP tratadas (13.660±5.212 ng/mL) e não tratadas com metformina (17.680±6.644 ng/mL) (P=0,01). Na avaliação da regressão múltipla, a testosterona sérica não sofreu influência da expressão gênica do receptor de IGF-1 ou do IMC. CONCLUSÕES: as altas concentrações séricas de estradiol e testosterona, maior número de oócitos no grupo de mulheres com SOP não tratadas com metformina nos levam a concluir que mulheres com SOP provavelmente têm uma maior sensibilidade à estimulação da esteroidogênese ovariana quando comparadas com mulheres sem essa doença, embora não tenhasido encontrada diferença na expressão do receptor de IGF-1 nos trêsgrupos analisados. A similaridade dos resultados deste estudo entre mulheres com SOP tratadas com metformina e com ciclos ovulatórios nos levam a \"hipotetizar\" que um dos possíveis mecanismos de ação da metformina no sistema IGF-1 nas células da granulosa do cumulus poderia ser por mecanismos pós-receptores. / OBJECTIVE: evaluation of the gene expression of the IGF-I receptor in luteinized cumulus granulosa cells from non-obese women with normal insulin sensitivity and with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)treated or nor with metformin. STUDY MODEL: prospective,longitudinal, randomized. PATIENTS AND METHODS: we evaluated 12 women withovulatory cycles and 9 women with PCOS who had been treated for at least 8 weeks with a metformin dose of 1700 mg/day. All groups were similar interms of weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference and all had normal insulin sensitivity. All women were submitted to controlled ovarian stimulation with a GnRH agonist in a long protocol and with gonadotropins for IVF/ICSI cycles. Cumulus granulosa cells were obtained by microdissection of the five largest pre-ovulatory follicles. Gene expression of the IGF-1 receptor was determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Serum and follicular concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, FSH, LH, insulin, SHBG, and IGF-1 were determined. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and by the Newman-Keuls test and the Pearson coefficient and linear multiple regression were calculated, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: no difference in geneexpression of the IGF-I receptor were observed between the three groups studied (P>0.05). The number of oocytes (20.4 vs. 13.1 vs. 11.5, P= 0.009) and the serum levels of estradiol (1,896.00 pcg/mL vs. 985.20 pcg/mL vs.908.10 pcg/mL,P = 0.03) and testosterone (1.43 ng/mL vs.0.89 ng/mL vs. 0.82 ng/mL pcg/mL,P = 0.02) were higher in the group of women with PCOS not treated with metformin than in women with ovulatory cycles and in women treated with metformin, respectively. The women with ovulatory cycles (50.710±42.520 ng/mL) presented higher follicular concentrations of progesterone compared with women with PCOS treated (13.660±5.212 ng/mL) or not with metformin (17.680±6.644 ng/mL) (P=0.01). Multiple regression revealed that serum testosterone was not affected by the gene expression of the IGF-1 receptor or by BMI. CONCLUSIONS: the high serum concentrations of estradiol and testosterone and the larger number of oocytes in the group ofwomen with PCOS not treated with metformin lead us to conclude that women with PCOS probably have greater sensitivity to stimulation ofovarian steroidogenesis than women without the disease, although no difference was detected in the expression of the IGF-I receptor between the three groups studied. The similarity ofthe present results for the women with PCOS treated with metformin and for the women with ovulatory cycles leads us to hypothesize that one of the possible mechanisms of action of metformin on the IGF-1 system in cumulus granulosa cells may be of the post-receptor type.

L’hormone anti-Müllerienne (AMH) est un membre de la famille TGF-β impliquée dans la différenciation du tractus reproductif mâle. Elle est aussi exprimée par les cellules de la granulosa de l’ovaire adulte. Cependant, son rôle physiologique chez la femelle n’a pas encore été entièrement établi. Mon projet de thèse a pour objectif d’élucider le(s) rôle(s) de l’AMH dans le tractus reproductif femelle. L’AMH transduit ses effets par l’intermédiaire de deux récepteurs transmembranaires sérine/thréonine kinase : un récepteur de type II qui lui est spécifique (AMHR-II) et un récepteur de type I (ActR-IA, BMPR-IA, BMPR-IB) qu’elle partage avec les BMPs. Après fixation de l’hormone sur le récepteur de type II, celui-ci recrute et phosphoryle le récepteur de type I. Ce dernier phosphoryle à son tour les Smads spécifiques (Smad1, 5 et 8) qui s’associent à la Smad commune, Smad4. L’ensemble transloque dans le noyau et en association avec des facteurs de transcription régule les gènes cibles de l’hormone. L'utilisation de souris KO conditionnelles pour les récepteurs Acvr1 et Bmpr1a et d'une technique de siRNA dirigés contre chacun des trois récepteurs de type I a permis de mettre en évidence que le récepteur BMPR-IA est un acteur essentiel de la voie de signalisation de l'AMH dans les cellules de la granulosa. Pour déterminer la ou les Smad(s) impliquées, une technique de gènes rapporteurs, Smad-Gal4/UAS-luciférase, a été utilisée. Nous avons pu montrer que les Smad1 et 5 sont importantes pour la transduction du signal de l'AMH dans les cellules de la granulosa. Récemment des corécepteurs aux BMPs, les Repulsive Guidance Molecule (RGMs), ont été mis en évidence. L’AMH partageant sa voie de signalisation avec les BMPs, nous avons cherché à déterminer si ces corécepteurs pouvaient également intervenir dans la voie de signalisation de l’AMH. Il existe 3 types de RGMs: RGMa, RGMb et RGMc. Nous avons montré en q-PCR que seul RGMb est exprimé dans les cellules de la granulosa alors que les 3 RGMs sont exprimés dans l’ovaire. L'utilisation de siRNA dirigés contre RGMb a permis de montrer que ce récepteur n'est pas nécessaire à la transduction du signal de l'AMH. Actuellement, seuls deux gènes cibles de l’AMH sont connus dans les cellules de la granulosa : l’aromatase et le récepteur LH. Nous avons réalisé des analyses de puces à ADN (ou micro-array) pour décrire de nouveaux gènes cibles de l'AMH. L'analyse des puces a permis de décrire de nouveaux gènes régulés par cette hormone tels qu’Ovgp1 ou Kcnj2. La dernière partie de mon projet visait à déterminer un rôle potentiel de l'AMH dans l'utérus. En effet, le récepteur de cette hormone est exprimé dans le myomètre utérin de souris permettant de supposer qu’elle peut agir sur cet organe. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence une expression faible du gène de l’Amh dans l’utérus. En revanche, l’expression et la localisation de la protéine restent encore à définir. Une expérience de PCR-array a permis de montrer que de nombreux gènes sont différentiellement exprimés entre l’utérus Wt et l’utérus KO Amh. Ceci indique que l’AMH jouerait un rôle sur la régulation de la fonction utérine qu’elle soit exprimée ou non dans cet organe. / Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a member of the TGF-ß superfamily. AMH is well known for its role in Müllerian duct regression in male fetuses. Postnatally, AMH is secreted by granulosa cells (GCs) of small growing follicles (preantral and small antral). However, despite the increasing interest of ovarian AMH in clinics, little is known on its mechanism of action and its role in female reproductive tract. My PhD project focuses on the identification of AMH function in the female reproductive tract.AMH signals through a type II transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptor (AMHR-II) which forms a complex with a type I serine/threonine kinase receptor (ActR-IA, BMPR-IA, BMPR-IB). The type II receptor phosphorylates serine and threonine residues of type I receptor. Once activated, the type I receptor phosphorylates the receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smad1/5/8) which interact with a common partner Smad4. The Smad complex accumulates into the nucleus and regulates target gene expression. This canonical signalling pathway is regulated at different levels, in particular by co-receptors which amplify or antagonize TGF-ß family members action. The type I receptors and R-Smads involved in AMH effects on post-natal GCs remain unknown. In addition, to date, no co-receptor has been found for AMH. To define the involvement of the different type I receptors, we used siRNA technology to inactivate Acvr1, Bmpr1a and Bmpr1b in GC. In parallele, we analysed GC extracted from conditional mutant mice for Acvr1 and Bmpr1a. We found that BMPR-IA is the most important type I receptor for AMH to transduce its signal in GC. A Smad-Gal4/UAS-luciferase reporter gene technology allowed us to show that Smad1 and 5 are involved in AMH signaling pathway. Recently, new BMPs coreceptors were found, RGMs for Repulsive Guidance Molecules. There are three RGMs : RGMa, b and c. Because AMH shares with BMPs its type I receptors and R-Smad proteins, we hypothesized that they also share the same co-receptors, the RGM. We showed that RGMb was the only one expressed in GC and after siRNA transfection we demonstrated that this coreceptor is not essential for AMH to transduce its signal.To date, only few AMH target genes have been identified. Aromatase (Cyp19a1) and LH receptor (Lhcgr) are down-regulated by AMH in rat and porcine GCs. We used micro-array technology (Affymetrix) by comparing Wt and knockout immature ovaries to find new AMH target genes. This experiment evidenced that Ovgp1 and Kcnj2 are two new potential AMH target genes in the ovary.The last part of my project was to define a potential role of AMH in murine uterus. Only one study showed that AMHR-II is expressed in the mouse myometrium. We showed that Amh gene is slightly expressed in uterus but the results are not confirmed at the protein level. Using PCR-array, we found a lot of differentially expressed genes between Wt and Amh KO uterus. Therefore, AMH could regulate uterine function through the modulation of different genes located in the myometrium.

Les WNTs sont des glycoprotéines sécrétées impliquées dans plusieurs processus tels que la spécification cellulaire, la prolifération, la différenciation, et beaucoup d’autres. Pour transmettre leur signal, les WNTs se lient aux récepteurs Frizzled (FZD) et au co-récepteur « Low-density-lipoprotein receptor Related Protein » (LRP) 6 ou 5, activant ainsi l’une des trois principales voies de signalisation: la voie de signalisation WNT/β-caténine (voie canonique), la voie « Planar Cell Polarity » (PCP) et la voie WNT/Ca2+ (voies non-canoniques). Des antagonistes de cette voie, les « Secreted Frizzled Related Protein » (SFRPs), peuvent aussi se lier aux WNTs pour empêcher leur liaison aux récepteurs FZDs. Bien que des rôles importants aient été associés à plusieurs composants de la voie des WNTs lors de la régulation de l’ovaire adulte, le fonctionnement exact de cette signalisation reste nébuleux. L’objectif global de cette thèse visait donc à mieux comprendre la voie de signalisation des WNTs au niveau de l’ovaire adulte de souris, par la caractérisation de deux autres composants de cette voie, FZD1 et SFRP4. La création et l’analyse de souris Fzd1 et Sfrp4 KO ont démontré que FZD1 est nécessaire pour la régulation des gènes associés à l’expansion du cumulus, dans le complexe ovocyte-cumulus (COC). Nous avons aussi constaté que SFRP4 avait un rôle à jouer lors de la régulation des gènes associés à l’expansion du cumulus mais cette fois, au niveau des cellules de la granulosa. Finalement, les résultats in vivo et in vitro de cette étude ont suggéré que la voie PCP, contrairement à la voie canonique, pourrait être modulée dans les cellules de la granulosa des souris Sfrp4 KO, possiblement grâce au signal induit par WNT4 et WNT5a. Ces données ont permis de créer un modèle hypothétique représentant la régulation de la signalisation ovarienne par les WNTs. Ce modèle servira de base pour l’élaboration de futurs projets de recherche visant à comprendre davantage la signalisation ovarienne et les possibles effets de sa dérégulation lors de processus pathologiques. Ces connaissances pourront ensuite être appliquées chez l’humain afin de traiter plusieurs maladies ou dérèglements ovariens. / WNTs are secreted glycoproteins that act to regulate several processes such as cell fate determination, proliferation, differentiation and many more. To transmit their signal, WNTs bind the co-receptors Frizzled (FZD) and Low-density-lipoprotein receptor Related Protein (LRP) 6 or 5, which leads to the activation of one of three signaling pathways: WNT/β-catenin (canonical), Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) or WNT/Ca2+ pathways (both non-canonical). Secreted Frizzled Related Proteins (SFRPs) are antagonists of WNT signaling that act by directly binding WNTs and preventing their interaction with FZD receptors. Even if members of the WNT signaling pathway have been found to have important roles in adult ovarian regulation, the exact mechanism(s) involved remain poorly understood. The global objective of this thesis was to better understand WNT signaling in the adult rodent ovary, by characterizing two components of this pathway: FZD1 and SFRP4. Generation and analyses of Fzd1 and Sfrp4 KO mice first demonstrated that FZD1 is required for the induction of cumulus expansion-related genes, in the cumulus-oocyte complex (COC). Also, we demonstrated that SFRP4 is also required for the regulation of cumulus expansion-associated genes but this time, in mural granulosa cells. In vivo and in vitro data suggested that the PCP pathway, and not the canonical pathway, could be induced in granulosa cells of Sfrp4 KO mice, possibly by WNT4 and WNT5a. All the data presented herein permitted the creation of a hypothetical model that summarizes the roles of WNT signaling in ovarian regulation. This model will serve to develop new projects that will ultimately result in the better understanding of ovarian signaling and related pathological processes. This knowledge may then be useful for the treatment of many human ovarian disorders.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objectives of the present study was to determine the concentration of angiotensin II (AngII) in follicular fluid, to characterize the expression of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) genes in follicular cells and to verify the role of AngII in the follicular wave, using an in vivo model with intrafollicular injection and in vitro model with granulosa cells culture. AngII concentration in follicular fluid increased on dominant follicle during and after deviation. Saralasin inhibited follicular growth in all treated cows (4/4), suggesting that AngII is essential for follicular growth in 7-8mm follicles. However, intrafollicular injection of AngII affected neither follicular growth nor the pattern of follicular dynamics, which were similar to control cows. These results imply that bovine ovarian follicles contain sufficient AngII for follicle development. In another experiment, saralasin inhibitory effect was overcome by systemic FSH supplementation, suggesting that AngII is essential to follicular growth during FSH-low dependence stages. The injection of AngII or angiotensin receptor type 2 (AGTR2) agonist in second largest follicle prevented the expected atresia of subordinate follicle and the treated follicle grew at the same rate as the dominant during 24h. To understand why a single intrafollicular injection of AngII antagonist induces follicular atresia, dominant follicle was injected with saralasin or saline and the cows were ovariectomized 24h later. The inhibition of AngII action decreased estradiol concentration in follicular fluid and abundance of mRNA encoding aromatase (CYP19), 3!-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3!HSD), LH receptor, SerpinE2 and cyclinD2 in granulosa cells. On granulosa cell culture, AngII increased CYP19 expression just in the presence of FSH. Taken together, these results show that AngII is essential for follicular growth, and plays important role in regulating genes involved in granulosa cell proliferation (cyclinD2) and differentiation (LHr, aromatase, 3!HSD), which are necessary for development of the dominant follicle. In conclusion, these data suggest that AngII signaling is involved in follicle growth and dominance in cattle. / Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram determinar a concentração de angiotensina II (AngII) no fluido folicular, caracterizar a expressão dos genes do sistema renina-angiotensina (RAS) nas células foliculares e verificar o papel da AngII na onda folicular, utilizando um modelo in vivo de injeção intrafolicular e in vitro de cultivo de células da granulosa. A concentração de AngII no fluido folicular aumentou no folículo de maior diâmetro, durante e após a divergência folicular. A administração intrafolicular de saralasina, um bloqueador competitivo dos receptores de AngII, inibiu o crescimento folicular em todas as vacas injetadas (4/4), demonstrando que a AngII é essencial para o crescimento de folículos de 7-8mm de diâmetro. Contudo, a injeção de AngII não afetou o crescimento folicular, sugerindo que os folículos contém AngII suficiente para o seu desenvolvimento. Em um outro experimento, a administração sistêmica de FSH reverteu o efeito inibitório da saralasina, sugerindo que a AngII é indispensável para o desenvolvimento folicular após o período de dependência ao FSH. A injeção, no segundo maior folículo, de AngII ou CGP42122 (agonista AGTR2) preveniu a regressão esperada do folículo subordinado, demonstrando que a AngII desempenha um papel fundamental na seleção do folículo dominante. Para determinar o mecanismo de atresia induzido por saralasina, o folículo dominante de cada vaca foi injetado com saralasina ou solução salina e os animais foram ovariectomizados após 24 horas. A inibição de AngII diminuiu a concentração de estradiol no fluido folicular e a abundância de mRNA que codifica para os genes aromatase (CYP19), 3! HSD, LHr, Serpin E2 e ciclina D2 nas células da granulosa. Além disso, em cultivo primário de células da granulosa, a AngII, somente na presença do FSH, induziu um aumento na expressão de aromatase. Em resumo, os resultados demonstram que a sinalização da AngII é essencial para o crescimento folicular, regulando genes envolvidos com a proliferação (ciclina D2) e diferenciação (LHr, aromatase, 3!HSD) das células da granulosa os quais são necessários para o desenvolvimento do folículo dominante. Em conclusão, os resultados sugerem que a AngII está envolvida no desenvolvimento e dominância folicular em bovinos.