La protéine proapoptotique Bax joue un rôle fondamental au cours de la voie intrinsèque de l’apoptose. Elle participe au déclenchement de la mort en permettant la libération de facteurs apoptogéniques mitochondriaux vers le cytosol. Un des points-clé de la fonction de Bax est son activation, caractérisée par la transition entre une forme cytosolique, globulaire et inactive de la protéine et une conformation mitochondriale, membranaire et active. Les différentes étapes de l’activation de Bax sont relativement bien connues, toutefois un grand nombre de questions reste en suspens quant-à leur régulation.Ce travail s’est focalisé sur la régulation de l’activation de Bax par les kinases Akt et GSK-3β ainsi que par la protéine antiapoptotique Bcl-xL . Ces régulations ont été caractérisées en exprimant la protéine Bax humaine chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, un paradigme d’étude simplifié qui permet d’accéder aux composantes individuelles des mécanismes d’activation de Bax.Les données obtenues suggèrent qu’il existe deux étapes régulées indépendamment au cours de l’activation de Bax. Nous avons montré que la protéine kinase GSK-3β favorise l’adressage de Bax vers la mitochondrie mais qu’elle n’entraîne pas un changement de conformation suffisant à son activation complète et à la perméabilisation de la membrane mitochondriale externe. Des changements de conformations complémentaires de Bax sont requis pour conduire à une forme capable d’entraîner la libération des facteurs apoptogéniques mitochondriaux. La protéine kinase Akt est impliquée dans le contrôle de Bax via la phosphorylation de la sérine 184 et participe à l’inhibition de l’apoptose. Nous avons mis en évidence qu’une mutation phosphomimétique de la sérine 184 ou l’expression d’Akt, en l’absence de partenaires antiapoptotiques, stimulent un changement de conformation de Bax vers une forme active. Akt semble donc plus jouer un rôle sur la conformation de Bax qu’entraîner une inhibition directe. La présence de protéines antiapoptotiques serait ainsi requise pour l’inhibition de Bax en présence d’Akt.D’autre part, nous nous sommmes intéressés aux mécanismes d’action de la protéine antiapoptotique Bcl-xL . Nous avons déterminé que Bcl-xL pouvait favoriser l’adressage de Bax vers la membrane mitochondriale tout en exerçant un rôle antiapoptotique. Ceci suggère que Bcl-xL intervienne dans le contrôle des étapes tardives de l’activation de Bax. Ce contrôle est dépendant d’une interaction stable entre les deux protéines. Inversement, un variant de Bcl-xL n’interagissant que de façon transitoire avec Bax (Bcl-xL ∆C) entraîne l’activation de Bax. Cette observation est en faveur d’un modèle d’activation indirecte de Bax consécutive à la rupture de l’interaction avec Bcl-xL et dans lequel les protéines à BH3-seulement telles que Bad joueraient un rôle crucial. / Proapoptotic protein Bax plays a major role during apoptosis intrinsic pathway. Bax promotes cell death by inducing the release of apoptogenic factors from mitochondria to cytosol. Bax activation is a key step of its function which involves a change from a globular, cytosolic and inactive conformation to an active mitochondrial, membrane inserted conformation. Bax activation substeps are rather well known, however their regulation remains to be characterized.This work focuses on the study of the regulation of Bax activation by kinases Akt and GSK-3β and by antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL . Human Bax regulations have been studied by expressing the protein in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which represents a simplified paradigm for the understanding of the individual components of Bax activation mecha- nisms.Our data suggest that there are two independently regulated steps during Bax activation. We showed that GSK-3β expression led to Bax addressing to mitochondria but was not sufficent to promote a complete activation and mitochondrial outer membrane premeabilization. Further conformational changes are required to promote Bax full activation and the release of mitochondrial apoptotic factors. Protein kinase Akt is involved in Bax activation control through the phosphorylation of serine 184 and contributes to apoptosis inhibition. We observed that either a phosphomimetic mutation of serine 184 or coexpression of Akt, in the absence of antiapoptotic partners, were responsible of Bax conformational change into an active form. By itself Akt did not inhibit Bax but appeared more likely to control its conformational change. Thus, implication of antiapoptotic proteins seems to be critical in a model of Bax inhibition by Akt.Furthermore, we tried to understand the molecular mechanisms of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL inhibition on Bax. We determined that Bcl-xL could increase Bax mitochondrial localization while leading to its inhibition suggesting that Bcl-xL controled Bax late activation steps. Bax inhibition was dependent on a stable interaction with Bcl-xL . Conversely, a variant of Bcl-xL having a transitory interaction with Bax (Bcl-xL ∆C) was able to promote Bax activation. This supports a model of Bax indirect activation following the rupture of interaction with Bcl-xL in which BH3-only proteins like Bad would play an important role.

Stress, either psychological or physical, can have a dramatic impact on the immune system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in the induction of innate and adaptive immune response. We have reported that stress modulates the immune response in a TLR4-dependent manner. However, the mechanisms underlying TLR4-mediated signaling in stress modulation of immune system have not been identified. Here, we demonstrate an essential role for the TLR4-mediated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling. PI3K inhibition by inhibitors wortmannin or LY294002 abrogated protection of stress-induced immune suppression in TLR4-deficient mice compared with TLR4-deficient mice that did not receive the inhibitors. The mechanisms by which PI3K are increased in the TLR4-deficient lymphocytes may involve increased phosphorylation of Akt as well as increased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). The stress-mediated suppression of T help 1 (Th1) cytokine and increased production of Th2 cytokine was greatly reduced in TLR4 deficient mice compared with the wild type mice. Moreover, inhibition of PI3K diminished protection of the above Th1 and Th2 changes caused by stress in TLR4-deficient mice compared with non-stressed mice and the wild type mice. Our data demonstrated that TLR4 negatively regulates PI3K activity in wild type mice, leading to the observed the stress-induced immune response. The higher levels of PI3K prevent TLR4 deficient mice from the stress-induced immune response. Therefore, stress modulates the immune system through TLR4-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling.

β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stimulation induces apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVM). β1 integrin signaling plays a protective role in β-AR-stimulated apoptosis. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase, negatively regulates cardiac hypertrophy. Here we show that β-AR stimulation (isoproterenol; 15 min) increases tyr216 phosphorylation and GSK-3β activity. Inclusion of LiCl, inhibitor of GSK-3β, in the reaction mix or expression of catalytically inactive GSK-3β (KM-GSK) inhibited β-AR-stimulated GSK-3β activity. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase using genistein or chelation of intracellular Ca2+ using BAPTA-AM inhibited β-AR-stimulated increases in tyr216 phosphorylation and GSK-3β activity. Inhibition of GSK-3β using pharmacological inhibitors or infection with KM-GSK decreased β-AR-stimulated cytosolic cytochrome C release and apoptosis. Expression of β1 integrins increased ser9 phosphorylation and inhibited β-AR-stimulated increase in GSK-3β activity. Wortmannin, inhibitor of PI3-kinase, reversed the effects of β1 integrins on GSK-3β activity and apoptosis. Purified active matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), shown to interfere with β1 integrin signaling, increased GSK-3β activity, while inhibition of MMP-2 inhibited β-AR-stimulated increases in GSK-3β activity. β-AR stimulation induced nuclear accumulation of GSK-3β. β-AR stimulation (3 h) increased the expression of transcription factor Gadd153 (growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible gene 153). These data suggest that β-AR stimulation increases GSK-3β activity. Activation of GSK-3β plays a pro-apoptotic role in β-AR-stimulated apoptosis via the involvement of mitochondrial death pathway. β1 integrins inactivate GSK-3β and play an anti-apoptotic role via the involvement of PI3-kinase pathway. The apoptotic effects of GSK-3β may be mediated, at least in part, via its nuclear localization and induction of pro-apoptotic genes, such as Gadd153.

Polzerová, I: Use of kinase modulation in the Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Diploma thesis, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Hradec Králové 2016, 91 p. Data used in this Diploma Thesis have been taken from foreigner scientific literary sources. It provides the summary of the not yet explored natural compounds from marine organisms with kinase inhibitory activity. The first chapter Alzheimer's disease describes a characteristic of the disease, its etiopathogenesis, risk factors and currently available treatment. At the beginning of the second chapter are mentioned new perspective approaches to treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Most of this chapter deals with kinases as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In the chapter, physiologic and pathophysiologic functions of GSK-3β and CK-1δ are described in the organism, and also, other kinases are mentioned which are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Next part dedicates analytical methods suitable for testing activity and inhibition of kinases in vitro and in silico, also deals with summary of the synthetic kinase inhibitors and characterizes an their properties. In this chapter is also described main part of this work - the...

Reg-1α est une protéine essentielle du système digestif impliquée dans des fonctions de prolifération, différenciation et régénération. Elle est exprimée et sécrétée par les neurones du système nerveux central où elle stimule la croissance neuritique et régule la différenciation et la migration des cellules précurseurs neurales via son récepteur EXTL3 et la voie GSK-3β. Par ailleurs, Reg-1α est surexprimée dans les cerveaux de patients Alzheimer et nos études préliminaires montrent qu’elle est associée à Tau hyperphosphorylée. Nous avons étudié dans ce contexte (1) le rôle de Reg-1α dans les processus neurodégénératifs liés à Tau et les voies de signalisation impliquées et (2) sa localisation dans le cerveau de souris transgéniques exprimant Tau mutée P301L/R406W. Nous avons montré que la surexpression de Reg-1α dans des neurones différenciés ne modifie pas significativement la voie Akt/GSK-3β/P-Tau mais induit la formation d’amas de Tau anormalement phosphorylée et une perturbation modérée du transport axonal. Par contre, sur des neurones surexprimant TauP301L, Reg-1α stimule la phosphorylation de Tau via Akt/GSK-3β entrainant la formation accentuée de renflements neuritiques et la perturbation sévère du transport axonal. In vivo, Reg-1α augmente avec l’âge dans le cerveau des souris contrôles et son expression est plus importante dès 5 mois chez les souris PLB2 Tau comparée aux souris sauvages. De plus, Reg-1α est associée à l’accumulation de Tau phosphorylée en S202 chez les souris transgéniques. Reg-1α est une protéine pouvant moduler l’hyperphosphorylation de Tau et le transport axonal et donc pourrait jouer un rôle dans le développement des tauopathies. / Reg-1α is an essential protein of the digestive system involved in proliferation, differentiation and regeneration functions. It is also expressed and secreted by neurons of the central nervous system where it stimulates neurite outgrowth and regulates differentiation and migration of neural precursor cells via its receptor EXTL3 and GSK-3β pathway. Moreover, Reg-1α is overexpressed in the brain of Alzheimer's patients and our preliminary studies show that it is associated with hyperphosphorylated Tau. We studied in this context (1) the role of Reg-1α in neurodegenerative processes associated with Tau and the involved signaling pathways and (2) its location in the brain of transgenic mice expressing mutated Tau P301L/R406W (PLB2 mice). We showed that overexpression of Reg-1α in differentiated neurons does not significantly modify the Akt/GSK-3β/P-tau pathway. However it induces the formation of neuritic swellings associated with abnormal phosphorylated Tau and leads to the disruption of axonal transport. Furthermore, in neurons overexpressing TauP301L, Reg-1α overexpression stimulates Tau phosphorylation via Akt/GSK-3β regulation and results in the increase of neuritic bulges and severe disruption of axonal transport. In vivo, Reg-1α expression increases with age in brains of control mice and is already higher in 5 month-old PLB2 Tau mice compared with age-matched controls. Cellular localization showed that Reg-1α is associated with the accumulation of phosphorylated Tau S202 in PLB2 mice. Finally, Reg-1α can regulate Tau hyperphosphorylation and axonal transport and consequentely could be involved in Tauopathy development.

Introduction: The neonatal immune system is still immature, which makes them more susceptible to the infectious agents present in that period. Neonatal immune activation is associated with increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), causing an inflammatory cascade in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and altering behavioral and neurochemical parameters. One of the hypotheses that has been studied is that neuroinflammation may be involved in neurodegenerative processes, such as in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective: To evaluate visuo-spatial memory and the expression of Tau and GSK-3β proteins in hippocampus and cortex of animals exposed to neonatal endotoxemia. Methods: C57BL/6 mice with two days old received a single injection of subcutaneous lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At 60,120 and 180 days old, visual-spatial memory was evaluated through the Morris walter maze and the hippocampus and córtex were dissected to evaluate the expression of Tau and GSK-3β proteins through the use of Western Blot. Results: In the animals exposed to LPS in the neonatal period there were ans visuo-spatial memory impairment at 120 and 180 days old. There was an increase in the expression of GSK-3β in hippocampus of the animals at 60, 120 and 180 days of life. In the cortex, this increase occurred only in 120 and 180 days old. Tau protein expression was high in hippocampus and cortex of animals at 120 days old and only in cortex at 180 days old. Conclusion: The data observed in this study show that neonatal immune activation may be associated with visuo-spatial memory impairment and increased expression of GSK-3β and Tau proteins in long-term. These evidences may base future studies on the relationship between neonatal neuroinflammation and long-term neurodegenerative processes. / Submitted by Paula Dias (paula.dias@unisul.br) on 2018-04-27T14:16:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1037 bytes, checksum: 996f8b5afe3136b76594f43bfda24c5e (MD5) Dissertação Paula Dias.pdf: 1153300 bytes, checksum: 9369e92c1914d97d4c1f84f5efb9c319 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Correa da Cruz (caroline.cruz@unisul.br) on 2018-04-27T20:12:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1037 bytes, checksum: 996f8b5afe3136b76594f43bfda24c5e (MD5) Dissertação Paula Dias.pdf: 1153300 bytes, checksum: 9369e92c1914d97d4c1f84f5efb9c319 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T20:12:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1037 bytes, checksum: 996f8b5afe3136b76594f43bfda24c5e (MD5) Dissertação Paula Dias.pdf: 1153300 bytes, checksum: 9369e92c1914d97d4c1f84f5efb9c319 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 / Introdução: O sistema imunológico dos neonatos ainda é imaturo, o que torna-os mais suscetíveis aos agentes infecciosos presentes nesse período. A ativação imune neonatal está associada a um aumento da permeabilidade da barreira hematoencefálica (BHE), provocando uma cascata inflamatória no Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) e alterando parâmetros comportamentais e neuroquímicos. Uma das hipóteses que vem sendo estudas é que a neuroinflamação possa estar envolvida nos processos neurodegenerativos, como na Doença e Alzheimer (DA). Objetivo: Avaliar o comprometimento da memória visuo-espacial e a expressão das proteínas Tau e GSK-3β em hipocampo e córtex de animais expostos a endotoxemia neonatal. Métodos: Camundongos C57BL/6 com dois dias de vida receberam uma única injeção de lipopolisacarídeo (LPS) subcutânea. Ao completarem 60,120 e 180 dias de vida, a memória visuo-espacial foi avaliada através do Labirinto Aquático de Morris e as estruturas hipocampo e córtex dissecados para avaliação da expressão das proteínas Tau e GSK-3β através da técnica de Western Blot. Resultados: Os animais expostos ao LPS no período neonatal apresentaram um comprometimento da memória visuo-espacial com 120 e 180 dias de vida. Houve um aumento da expressão de GSK-3β em hipocampo dos animais com 60, 120 e 180 dias de vida. Já no córtex, este aumento aconteceu somente em 120 e 180 dias. A expressão da proteína Tau estava elevada em hipocampo e córtex dos animais com 120 dias e apenas em córtex em 180 dias de vida. Conclusão: Os dados observados neste estudo mostram que a ativação imune neonatal pode estar associada a um comprometimento da memória visuo-espacial e a um aumento da expressão das proteínas GSK-3β e Tau tardiamente. Estas evidências podem basear futuros estudos sobre a relação entre neuroinflamação neonatal e processos neurodegenerativos tardios.

O Rhipicephalus microplus é um parasita obrigatório hematófago, monoxeno, que gera grande impacto econômico a partir da ação espoliativa sobre o seu hospedeiro preferencial. A glicogênio sintase quinase 3 (GSK-3), uma proteína altamente conservada e ubiquamente expressa entre diversas espécies, foi identificada no carrapato bovino sob a isoforma GSK-3β. Envolvida na modulação da atividade da proteína glicogênio sintase, como um agente regulador da síntese de glicogênio, essa proteína atua no metabolismo energético do R. microplus. A GSK-3 também está envolvida na via de sinalização Wnt, e por isso, já foi descrita como uma quinase essencial para a formação do embrião, estando diretamente envolvida no processo reprodutivo deste carrapato. Neste contexto, a GSK-3β é uma candidata para o desenvolvimento de novas alternativas de controle do carrapato bovino. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a participação da proteína GSK-3β na fisiologia do R. microplus a partir da inibição de sua atividade. Ensaios in vitro e in vivo foram realizados para testar a inibição química e imunológica da atividade dessa proteína. Anticorpos contra peptídeos sintéticos baseados na sequência da GSK-3β (anti- SRm0218 e anti-SRm86100) usados neste trabalho não foram capazes de inibir a atividade dessa proteína, no entanto, a inibição da GSK-3β foi alcançada quando células embrionárias de R. microplus foram submetidas à inibição química, por meio de um inibidor específico. Este resultado sustenta o potencial dessa proteína como alvo para o desenvolvimento de uma alternativa de controle do carrapato bovino, pois a sua inibição possivelmente atuaria negativamente na capacidade reprodutiva do carrapato R. microplus. / Rhipicephalus microplus is a monogenetic, hematophagous ectoparasite that has a large economic impact due to associated losses in the cattle industry. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein in several species. It has been identified as GSK-3β isoform in the cattle tick, and is involved in the modulation of glycogen synthase activity, as a regulator of glycogen synthesis with a role in energy metabolism of R. microplus. GSK-3β is also involved in the Wnt signaling pathway. It is a fundamental kinase for embryo development, and is directly linked with R. microplus reproductive process. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of GSK-3β in R. microplus physiology by inhibiting its activity. In vitro and in vivo assays were carried out to test its immunological and chemical inhibition. Rabbit antibodies against synthetic peptides based on GSK-3β sequence (anti-SRm0218 and anti-SRm86100) used in this work were not capable to inhibit GSK- 3β activity, but GSK-3β inhibition was reached when R. microplus embryo cells were cultivated with a specific inhibitor. This result supports the potential of this protein as a target to develop a new cattle tick control method, because its inhibition probably acts detrimentally in the reproductive capacity of the tick.

O Rhipicephalus microplus é um parasita obrigatório hematófago, monoxeno, que gera grande impacto econômico a partir da ação espoliativa sobre o seu hospedeiro preferencial. A glicogênio sintase quinase 3 (GSK-3), uma proteína altamente conservada e ubiquamente expressa entre diversas espécies, foi identificada no carrapato bovino sob a isoforma GSK-3β. Envolvida na modulação da atividade da proteína glicogênio sintase, como um agente regulador da síntese de glicogênio, essa proteína atua no metabolismo energético do R. microplus. A GSK-3 também está envolvida na via de sinalização Wnt, e por isso, já foi descrita como uma quinase essencial para a formação do embrião, estando diretamente envolvida no processo reprodutivo deste carrapato. Neste contexto, a GSK-3β é uma candidata para o desenvolvimento de novas alternativas de controle do carrapato bovino. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a participação da proteína GSK-3β na fisiologia do R. microplus a partir da inibição de sua atividade. Ensaios in vitro e in vivo foram realizados para testar a inibição química e imunológica da atividade dessa proteína. Anticorpos contra peptídeos sintéticos baseados na sequência da GSK-3β (anti- SRm0218 e anti-SRm86100) usados neste trabalho não foram capazes de inibir a atividade dessa proteína, no entanto, a inibição da GSK-3β foi alcançada quando células embrionárias de R. microplus foram submetidas à inibição química, por meio de um inibidor específico. Este resultado sustenta o potencial dessa proteína como alvo para o desenvolvimento de uma alternativa de controle do carrapato bovino, pois a sua inibição possivelmente atuaria negativamente na capacidade reprodutiva do carrapato R. microplus. / Rhipicephalus microplus is a monogenetic, hematophagous ectoparasite that has a large economic impact due to associated losses in the cattle industry. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein in several species. It has been identified as GSK-3β isoform in the cattle tick, and is involved in the modulation of glycogen synthase activity, as a regulator of glycogen synthesis with a role in energy metabolism of R. microplus. GSK-3β is also involved in the Wnt signaling pathway. It is a fundamental kinase for embryo development, and is directly linked with R. microplus reproductive process. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of GSK-3β in R. microplus physiology by inhibiting its activity. In vitro and in vivo assays were carried out to test its immunological and chemical inhibition. Rabbit antibodies against synthetic peptides based on GSK-3β sequence (anti-SRm0218 and anti-SRm86100) used in this work were not capable to inhibit GSK- 3β activity, but GSK-3β inhibition was reached when R. microplus embryo cells were cultivated with a specific inhibitor. This result supports the potential of this protein as a target to develop a new cattle tick control method, because its inhibition probably acts detrimentally in the reproductive capacity of the tick.

O Rhipicephalus microplus é um parasita obrigatório hematófago, monoxeno, que gera grande impacto econômico a partir da ação espoliativa sobre o seu hospedeiro preferencial. A glicogênio sintase quinase 3 (GSK-3), uma proteína altamente conservada e ubiquamente expressa entre diversas espécies, foi identificada no carrapato bovino sob a isoforma GSK-3β. Envolvida na modulação da atividade da proteína glicogênio sintase, como um agente regulador da síntese de glicogênio, essa proteína atua no metabolismo energético do R. microplus. A GSK-3 também está envolvida na via de sinalização Wnt, e por isso, já foi descrita como uma quinase essencial para a formação do embrião, estando diretamente envolvida no processo reprodutivo deste carrapato. Neste contexto, a GSK-3β é uma candidata para o desenvolvimento de novas alternativas de controle do carrapato bovino. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a participação da proteína GSK-3β na fisiologia do R. microplus a partir da inibição de sua atividade. Ensaios in vitro e in vivo foram realizados para testar a inibição química e imunológica da atividade dessa proteína. Anticorpos contra peptídeos sintéticos baseados na sequência da GSK-3β (anti- SRm0218 e anti-SRm86100) usados neste trabalho não foram capazes de inibir a atividade dessa proteína, no entanto, a inibição da GSK-3β foi alcançada quando células embrionárias de R. microplus foram submetidas à inibição química, por meio de um inibidor específico. Este resultado sustenta o potencial dessa proteína como alvo para o desenvolvimento de uma alternativa de controle do carrapato bovino, pois a sua inibição possivelmente atuaria negativamente na capacidade reprodutiva do carrapato R. microplus. / Rhipicephalus microplus is a monogenetic, hematophagous ectoparasite that has a large economic impact due to associated losses in the cattle industry. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein in several species. It has been identified as GSK-3β isoform in the cattle tick, and is involved in the modulation of glycogen synthase activity, as a regulator of glycogen synthesis with a role in energy metabolism of R. microplus. GSK-3β is also involved in the Wnt signaling pathway. It is a fundamental kinase for embryo development, and is directly linked with R. microplus reproductive process. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of GSK-3β in R. microplus physiology by inhibiting its activity. In vitro and in vivo assays were carried out to test its immunological and chemical inhibition. Rabbit antibodies against synthetic peptides based on GSK-3β sequence (anti-SRm0218 and anti-SRm86100) used in this work were not capable to inhibit GSK- 3β activity, but GSK-3β inhibition was reached when R. microplus embryo cells were cultivated with a specific inhibitor. This result supports the potential of this protein as a target to develop a new cattle tick control method, because its inhibition probably acts detrimentally in the reproductive capacity of the tick.

Palmitic acid (PA), a type of saturated fatty acids, induces cardiovascular diseases by causing cardiomyocyte apoptosis with unclear mechanisms. Akt participates in PA-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. GSK-3β is a substrate of Akt, we investigated its role in PA-induced apoptosis. We reveal that PA inhibits GSK-3β phosphorylation accompanied by inactivation of Akt in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. We also reveal that inhibition the activity of GSK-3β by its inhibitor LiCl or knockdown by siRNA significantly attenuates PA-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, this suggesting that GSK-3β plays a pro-apoptotic role. To detect its downstream factors, we analyzed the roles of JNK, p38 MAPK and β-arrestin 2 (β-Arr2). Here, we report that GSK-3β regulate PA-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by affecting the distribution of β-Arr2. PA diminishes the protein level of β-Arr2 and changes its distribution from nucleus to cytoplasm. Either inhibition of β-Arr2 by its siRNA or overexpression of its protein level by transfection of β-Arr2 full-length plasmid promotes PA-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which remind us to focus on the changes of its location. β-Arr2 siRNA decreased the background level of β-Arr2 in nucleus in normal H9c2 cells. Overexpression of β-Arr2 increased cytoplasm level of β-Arr2 as PA did. While LiCl, the inhibitor of GSK-3β decreased PA-induced apoptosis, accompany with increased nucleus level of β-Arr2. Then we concluded that GSK-3β is closely associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by PA, it performs its pro-apoptotic function by affecting the location of β-Arr2. LiCl inhibits PA-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which might provide novel therapeutic for cardiovascular diseases induced by metabolic syndrome.