The interest in football around the world is ever increasing with more than half of the world’s population watching the last World Cup. The amount and the granularity of information available about football is endless. In recent years the advent of new technology has led to possibilities to track and log all aspects of the game, making advanced statistics available to everyone. The focus of the research community of football statistics today is on professionals as the end recipient. The knowledge, requirements and goals of enthusiasts and experts differ which means that the design of statistics targeted at the different groups should differ. This design study took an exploratory mixed methods approach to study how to design football statistics for enthusiasts. A variety of methods were used including, expert interview, survey and interviews with 8 football enthusiasts led to design suggestions of statistics which were evaluated in two phases. The iterative approach led to general guidelines of how to design football statistics, and 12 design suggestions of visualizations of statistics. The visualizations function as instantiations of the knowledge gained throughout the study. The design suggestions communicate information about how the conclusions drawn in the study can be practically implemented in a smartphone application about football statistics. The results of the study can be used to guide the design of football statistics for enthusiasts.

Poorly executed beauty and body treatments can cause infections, skin damage and blood contamination. Supervision of hygiene routines in businesses that offer these treatments are therefore necessary. A new law proposal suggests a clarification of aesthetic surgical procedures and injection treatments. The purpose of the study was to examine if the legislation that regulates businesses that offer other beauty and body treatments than the ones mentioned above needs to be clarified. This, to simplify the supervision for health inspectors. A poll was sent to all municipalities in Sweden and an interview was held with the National Board of Health and Welfare. There are uncertainties whether the Health and Social Care Inspectorate or the municipalities should supervise the hygiene routines of certain treatments which makes it difficult for the health inspectors to know when they are responsible for the supervision. The health inspectors would like to see a clarification in which businesses are covered by their supervision and what requirements can be imposed on business operators to achieve better hygiene routines. The market for new beauty and body treatments is constantly emerging. According to health inspectors, the new trends and treatments are especially difficult to handle, and they would like a clarification on how to manage these businesses as well. The regulations might not need to be defined in the shape of a new law, but how the health inspectors are supposed to interpret the law needs to be clarified in the guidelines from the National Board of Health and Welfare.

Archaeologists excavate to find out more about our prehistory. The more artifacts we dig up and preserve the more the potential to extract knowledge about the past from them grows. But some people are starting to get worried how we are going to be able to keep all the things we excavate. The museums are already filled to the brim, but the stream of new objects does not stop.  We are, according to those people, in a curation crisis. This study aims to investigate how the laws and regulations of disposal of the archaeological artifacts in museums collections translate to practice. Through interviews and analyzing laws and guidelines I aim to study how those in charge of disposal navigate between the need of more archaeological material versus the need to make more room in the collections, and how the guidelines over disposal gets implemented in practice. The conclusions of this paper is that Swedish museums employees generally thinks that the guidelines are easy to work with, however they rarely dispose of archaeological artifacts, instead they rely on it being done in the field.

Housing shortage is a prevalent problem in Sweden. The supply of housing does not meet the demand, which makes it especially difficult for the group outside the ordinary housing market. The need for housing must be met in a long-term perspective.  The aim of the thesis has been to investigate how planning is carried out for the group of housing applicants who are outside the ordinary housing market for various reasons, mainly due to limitations in the private economy and/or due to social aspects. To understand why there is a shortage of housing for this group, it has been examined how the state, regions and municipalities work. Case studies have examined the regional development plan for Stockholm with its visions and goals. The municipality's guidelines for housing supply have also been examined in 3 different municipalities in the Stockholm region, which have subsequently been analysed. Visions and goals in the regional development plan show that it must be planned and built for different groups in the housing market according to their needs. The municipalities have different tools for housing supply that are also used in several ways. In order for municipalities to have the conditions to succeed in housing supply, the regions should receive more support from the state to guide the municipalities in the right direction. This indicates that the supply of housing for the different groups can differ considerably. The extent of the housing shortage for this group is unclear. Previous research also shows that there are no methods for understanding the real housing need and statistics for the existing range. Due to the lack of tools, it is difficult to assess the need and how large this group is. Therefore, it is also difficult to know how much more resources and that more support to the municipalities is needed. It also confirms that there are deficiencies in the system of housing supply that should be addressed.

An evidence synthesis group has worked under the auspices of the DEC Recommended Practices Commission with assistance from ECTA to develop systematic and replicable procedures and guidelines for synthesizing research evidence supporting the DEC recommended practices. This session presents the guidelines, illustrations, and impacts of syntheses completed to date.

Introduction: Mortality in cancer has declined during recent years due to more efficient cancer treatments. Some of the novel immunotherapies against cancer under development has a risk of lacking regulatory guidance for the approval, such as neoantigen-based therapeutic vaccines. Aim: The purpose of the degree project is to evaluate the potential process of approval of neoantigen based vaccines from a regulatory perspective. Methods: The method used to gather data in the study is through qualitative interviews, regulatory documents, guidelines and data from current trials. Results: The results indicate that during the preclinical phase, neoantigen vaccines can receive warrants of a case-by-case approach leading to a more optimized development pathway. During clinical trials, the trial design could consist of master protocols, singlearm trials, comparative trials and adaptive trials where the control group may use the standard of care or historical controls. The indication in the trials should be cancer types with a high tumor mutational burden, low mortality rate, and high medical need. The biomarkers should evaluate immune and tumor response. Endpoints in early trials should evaluate safety and efficacy, and the tumor and immune response in pivotal trials. Neoantigen vaccines can use several incentives during the development and can be approved through conventional or conditional approval. Finally, the study suggests that it is yet too early for the agencies to have established any guidelines. However, advices from regulatory agencies can guide developers towards regulatory approval. Conclusion: This study shows that different study designs and various incentives can be used for the regulatory approval of individualized neoantigen based vaccines. Further guidelines need to be developed to enhance future development.

Cancer is a global health issue and is estimated to be the second leading cause of death worldwide. Within cancer treatment, it has become attractive to introduce precision medicine to harness the body’s own immune system to fight cancer. Personalised peptide cancer vaccine can activate the immune system and elicit an immune response by using the patient’s own blood and tumour cells.   The aim of this study was to gather information to better understand the production of individual-specific peptides and the challenges when producing these peptides with focus from a GMP perspective. The methodology for conducting this study and retrieve information for the result was gathered by three different data bases; EMA, European Commission and FDA, and by qualitative semi-structured interviews.   The findings show that these personalised peptides should be manufactured by using solid-phase peptide synthesis, cleavage from the resin, HPLC purification, and final salt exchange. The traditional GMP requirements must be used as a basis to build a pragmatic program. In terms of delivery time, the peptides can be delivered within a few weeks. The main challenges will be to manufacture successful peptides since the peptide sequences vary from patient to patient and due to that fact have different production efficacy, deliver within the set timeframe, and have flexibility in the manufacture process.   Multiple guidelines need to be followed in order to set up a process that consistently delivers the intended product. When producing oncology drugs on-demand it is essential to keep the timeline since the patients are severely ill. However, further studies are needed to determine how the manufacture of personalised peptides could be performed to harmonise with regulatory guidelines.

I dag pratas det mycket om hur viktigt det är med ett bra och hälsosamt inneklimat. För att människor ska trivas och arbeta effektivt behöver arbetsplatsen ha ett bra inomhusklimat. Eftersom människan spenderar största delen av sitt liv inomhus är det viktigt att inte påverkas negativt av den inre miljön. Byggnadens huvudsyften är att skydda människor men många byggnader orsakar hälsoproblem av olika slag. Det finns mycket liten vetskap om vad ett bra inneklimat verkligen innebär. Detta kan till exempel orsaka kommunikationsproblem som försvårar förhandling då kunden och företaget tolkar varandras åsikter om inneklimat olika. Syftet med examensarbetet är att underlätta förhandlingsprocessen genom att definiera innebörden av inneklimat samt beteckningar som vanligen används. Detta ska hjälpa både kunden och företaget att förstå vad kraven och riktlinjerna betyder genom att utgå från gemensamma definitioner och förutsättningar. Arbetet har utförts utifrån allmänna definitioner av inneklimatfaktorer samt beskrivningar av riktlinjer. Problematiken, som uppstår vid överenskommelse med kunder på grund av saknande av information, har identifierats i samtal med experter. Definitionerna och beskrivningar som tagits fram i rapporten kommer att användas för att hjälpa till under förhandlingar och underlätta kommunikationen mellan beställare och utförare. Arbetet har lett till några slutsatser som är värda att tänka på: Bristen på kunskap kan försvåra förhandlingar, därför är det viktigt att informationen förmedlas på ett tydligt och pedagogisk sätt. Riktlinjerna är där som stöd vid projektering eller bedömning, men de bör behandlas med viss försiktighet på grund av den begränsade uppdateringen av dessa. / An actual question is the importance of having a good and healthy indoor climate. The workplace need to have a good indoor climate, so that people can thrive and work effectively. Since people spend most of thier lives indoors, it is important to avoid being negatively affected by the internal environment. Buildings have the main purpose to protect people but many buildings cause health problems of various kinds.  There is a poor knowledge of what a good indoor climate really mean is. This can, for example, cause communication problems that complicate the negotiation where the customer and the company have different concepts of what indoor climate is. The purpose of this project is to ease the negotiation process by defining the meaning of the indoor climate and commonly used terms. This will help the customer and the company to understand the meaning of requirements and guidelines by starting from common definitions and conditions. This project has been written based on general definitions of the factors that affect the indoor climate as well as descriptions of the guidelines. The problem that emerges in agreement with the customers, because of lacking information, has been identified in discussions with experts. Definitions and descriptions contained in this essay will be used to assist during the negotiations and ease the communication between the client and contractor. The project has led to some conclusions that are worth thinking about: The lack of knowledge can aggravate negotiations; therefore it is important that the information is mediated in a clear and educational way. The guidelines are there to assist the planning or assessment, but they should be treated with caution because of the limited update of these.

There is growing interest in the concept of digital twins (DTs) among software engineers and researchers. As an emerging topic, DTs are a promising paradigm to enhance the predictability, safety, and reliability of cyber-physical systems in different domains. Despite the increasing trend, it is continually challenging to decide the best approach to implement DTs. Moreover, to the best of the author's knowledge, it was found that there is a lack of conducted research and no systematic reviews on DTs in the transportation industry, especially in the area of railway systems. Therefore, following the systematic literature review method, this thesis work has identified 363 articles in four digital libraries, of which 60 primary articles were included to address three research questions. The review shows that most of the reviewed articles focus on the railway subarea maintenance and inspection, the DT enabling technology artificial intelligence is the most coupled technology. An in-depth analysis found that most of the articles apply machine learning algorithms and techniques in DTs to detect faults, predict failures, make automated decisions, and monitor health status to optimize railway systems. It was also found that interoperability is the most discussed challenge, where the difficulty is to transmit operational data in real-time and also achieve real-time decision making. Furthermore, the analysis shows several opportunities and advantages of DTs, such as reducing maintenance costs and the positive contribution to a reduction in freight transport by road. Finally, based on the findings of the conducted review, a guideline to support the design of a DT for predictive maintenance in railways in the form of a flowchart is presented and explained.

In January 2015 statutory regulation of the development agreement was introduced. The regelation is found in the Planning and Building Act Chapter 6. The purpose of the regulation is mainly to increase the predictability and to make clear rules in the contract negotiations. The regulation also meant that the municipalities that intend to enter development agreements have to establish guidelines. The overall aim of the guidelines is to create transparency and clarity in the negotiations between the parties. The purpose of this study is to examine the municipalities in Stockholm County that has established guidelines for the development agreements. These guidelines have been compared with the new law on guidelines for the development agreements, and its fundamental purpose. The conclusion is that the guidelines only creates a certain increased transparency and clarity, where as few municipalities have chosen to specify the content of the guidelines. / I januari 2015 infördes lagreglering av exploateringsavtal och återfinns i plan- och bygglagens 6 kapitel. Syftet med regleringen är främst att öka förutsägbarheten och tydliga spelregler i avtalsförhandlingarna. Regleringen innebar även att de kommuner som avser att ingå exploateringsavtal antar riktlinjer, där bland annat utgångspunkter och mål för avtalet anges. Det övergripande syftet med riktlinjerna är att skapa transparens och ökad tydlighet i förhandlingarna mellan parterna. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att granska de kommuner i Stockholms län som antagit riktlinjer för exploateringsavtal. Dessa riktlinjer har jämförts med den nya lagen om riktlinjer för exploateringsavtal och dess grundläggande syfte. Slutsatsen är att riktlinjerna för exploateringsavtal endast skapar en viss ökad transparens och tydlighet då få kommuner valt att precisera innehållet i riktlinjerna. Intentionen med lagregleringen är önskvärd då stora problem tidigare funnits men enligt vår mening uppfyller inte riktlinjerna syftet med lagreglering till sitt fullo.