Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Western Australia, 2003.

The subject of this work is to develop multiplex-PCR assay for specific detection of plant pathogenic bacteria of Xanthomonas genus causing bacterial spot of tomato. PCR primers for detection of groups A (X. euvesicatoria), B (X. vesicatoria), C (X. perforans) and D (X. gardneri) were developed based on the DNA sequences obtained by sequencing and from the GenBank database (NCBI). Four primer pairs - Xe_shotgun_104, Xe_shotgun_1819, Xv_atpD_403, Xp_efP_202 were designed and subsequently thoroughly tested and optimized for parallel detection of these bacteria. Specificity of the primers was tested on a large complex of bacterial strains pathogenic to tomato and related crops. Following the protocol described above X. vesicatoria, X. euvesicatoria, X. perforans and X. gardneri can be quickly and reliably identified in a single multiplex-PCR assay.

As análises dos voláteis por SPME/CG-EM das partes aéreas, flores e frutos de Bidens sulphurea e Bidens gardneri permitiram-nos constatar diferenças em suas composições químicas. Porém, em todas as frações analisadas os compostos majoritários foram os sequiterpenos b-cariofileno, germacreno D e biciclogermacreno. Apesar dos constituintes majoritários coincidirem nas frações analisadas das duas espécies, foi possível constatar a presença exclusiva de determinados metabólitos em cada fração. A partir das frações hexânicas, oriundas dos extratos etanólicos de B. sulphurea (partes aéreas e flores) e B. gardneri (partes aéreas), foram identificadas trinta e cinco, dezenove e vinte substâncias por CG-EM, respectivamente. Na fração hexânica das partes aéreas de B. sulphurea (BsfcEt/Hx) foram identificados, como constituintes majoritários, o óxido de cariofileno, espatulenol e _- cariofileno, enquanto que na fração hexânica de suas flores (BsflorEt/Hx) os principais constituintes identificados foram _-amirina e _-sitosterol e na fração hexânica das partes aéreas de B. gardneri (BgfcEt/Hx) foram os metabólitos _-estigmasterol e o trans-fitol. O estudo químico da espécie B. sulphurea (partes aéreas e flores) conduziu ao isolamento de um sesquiterpeno (1), 5 flavonas (2, 10, 13-15), 8 flavonóis (3-8, 11, 16), 1 aurona (9) e 2 chalconas (12, 17). Já o estudo de B. gardneri (partes aéreas) conduziu ao isolamento de 4 ácidos clorogênicos (21, 22, 27, 28), 3 poliacetilenos (18-20), 2 flavonas (25, 27), 3 flavanonas (23, 24, 30) e 2 chalconas (29, 31). Os metabólitos 3-O-_-glicopiranosil-tetradeca- 6(E),12(E)-dieno-8,10-diino-1,14-diol (18), 1-O-_-glicopiranosil-14-hidróxi-tetradeca-6(E), 12(E)-dieno-8,10-diino-3-ona (19), 4-metóxi-7-O-_-glicopiranosil-8,3-diidróxi-flavanona (23), 4-metóxi-7-O-_-(6-acetil)-glicopiranosil-8,3-diidróxi-flavanona (24) e 7-O-_-(6- trans-p-cumaroil)-glicopiranosil-8,34-triidróxi-flavanona (30) estão sendo descritos pela primeira vez na literatura. Enquanto que os flavonóides 3-O-_-xilopiranosil-quercetina (5), 3-O-a-arabinofuranosil-kaempferol (8) e 3-O-b-(6-trans-cafeoil)-galactopiranosil-quercetina (16) estão sendo relatados pela primeira vez na família Asteraceae e as substâncias 4(15)- eudesmeno-1_,6_-diol (1), 6-C-_-glicopiranosil-apigenina (2), 3-O-_-arabinofuranosilquercetina (6), 8-C-_-glicopiranosil-apigenina (13), 6-C-_-glicopiranosil-luteolina (14), 8-C- _-glicopiranosil-luteolina (15), ácido 1-metil-5-O-E-cafeoilquínico (22) e 7-O-_- glicopiranosil-apigenina (25) estão sendo relatadas pela primeira vez no gênero Bidens. Além disso, convém destacar que a partir das substâncias 2-O-_-glicopiranosil-trideca-3(E),11(E)- dieno-5,7,9-triino-1,13-diol (20), 4-metóxi-4-O-_-glicopiranosil-okanina (29) e 4-O-_-(6- trans-p-cumaroil)-glicopiranosil-okanina (31) há poucos relatos na literatura e ainda não foram descritos dados de suas propriedades biológicas. Na avaliação da atividade antialérgica das substâncias isoladas, os flavonóides causaram inibição da liberação de _-hexosaminidase de forma dose-dependente, sendo que as substâncias 11 e 31 foram as mais ativas e apresentaram CI50 de 5,1 ± 1,3 M e 5,8 ± 1,2 M, respectivamente. Dentre os extratos e frações avaliados biologicamente, observou-se que BsfcEt/Hx (maior teor de sesquiterpenos) causou um estímulo da liberação de _-hexosaminidase, enquanto que BsfcEt/Ac foi a fração mais ativa (CI50 = 1,3 ± 1,1g/mL). As análises desta última fração e de BsfcEt/DCM por CLAE-DAD-EM e CLAE-DAD-EM/EM revelaram que seus constituintes majoritários são os flavonóis 3, 4, 6 e 7. / The SPME/GC-MS analyses of aerial parts, flowers and fruits of Bidens sulphurea and Bidens gardneri showed the differences in their chemical compositions. However the sesquiterpenes _-caryophyllene, germacrene D and bicyclogermacrene were identified in all fractions analyzed as major compounds. It was observed the exclusive presence of metabolites in each fraction, in spite of major constituents were equal in fractions analyzed of two species. Thirty-five, nineteen and twenty substances were identified in the hexane fractions from ethanol extracts of B. sulphurea (aerial parts and flowers) and B. gardneri (aerial parts) by GC-MS. The major compounds were caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol and _-caryophyllene in the hexane fraction from aerial parts of B. sulphurea (BsfcEt/Hx), while _-amyrin and _- sitosterol were identified in the hexane fraction of its flowers and _-stigmasterol and transphytol were main constituents identified in the hexane fraction from aerial parts of B. gardneri. The chemical study of species B. sulphurea (aerial parts and flowers) led to the isolation of one sesquiterpene (1), five flavones (2, 10, 13-15), eight flavonols (3-8, 11, 16), one aurone (9) and two chalcones (12, 17). From B. gardneri (aerial parts), four chlorogenic acids (21, 22, 27, 28), three polyacetylenes (18-20), two flavones (25, 27), three flavanones (23, 24, 30) and two chalcones (29, 31) were isolated. The substances 3-O-_-glucopyranosyltetradeca-6(E),12(E)-dien-8,10-diin-1,14-diol(18), 1-O-_-glucopyranosyl-14-hydroxytetradeca-6(E),12(E)-dien-8,10-diin-3-one(19),4-methoxy-7-O_glucopyranosyl-8,3-dihydroxyflavanone (23), 4-methoxy-7-O-_-(6-acetyl)-glucopyranosyl-8,3-dihydroxyflavanone(24) and 7-O-_-(6-trans-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranosyl-8,34-trihydroxyflavanone(30) are described for the first time in the literature. Whereas the flavonols 3-O-_-xylopyranosyl quercetin (5), 3-O-a-arabinofuranosyl kaempferol (8) and 3-O--(6-transcaffeoyl)-galactopyranosyl quercetin (16) are described for the first time in the Asteraceaeand 4(15)-eudesmene-1_,6_-diol (1), 6-C-_-glucopyranosyl apigenin (2), 3-O-_-arabinofuranosyl quercetin (6), 8-C-_-glucopyranosyl apigenin (13), 6-C-_-glucopyranosylluteolin (14), 8-C-_-glucopyranosyl luteolin (15), 1-methyl-5-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid (22)and 7-O-_-glucopyranosyl apigenin (25) for the first time in the genus Bidens. Moreover,there are few reports of the isolation and there are not studies of biological activities from 2-O-_-glucopyranosyl-trideca-3(E),11(E)-dien-5,7,9-triin-1,13-diol (20), 4-methoxy-4-O-_-glucopyranosyl okanin (29) and 4-O-_-(6-trans-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranosyl okanin (31).The flavonoids showed inhibition of _-hexosaminidase released with dependent-doseresponse and the substances 11 (IC50 = 5,1 ± 1,3 M) and 31 (IC50 = 5,8 ± 1,2 M) were themost active. The BsfcEt/Hx fraction (highest concentration of sesquiterpenes) induced _-hexosaminidase released, while the BsfcEt/Ac fraction exhibited the lower IC50 (1,3 ±1,1g/mL). The flavonoids 3, 4, 6 and 7 were identified, by HPLC-DAD-MS and HPLCDAD-MS/MS, as major constituents in BsfcEt/Ac and BsfcEt/DCM fractions.

As análises dos voláteis por SPME/CG-EM das partes aéreas, flores e frutos de Bidens sulphurea e Bidens gardneri permitiram-nos constatar diferenças em suas composições químicas. Porém, em todas as frações analisadas os compostos majoritários foram os sequiterpenos b-cariofileno, germacreno D e biciclogermacreno. Apesar dos constituintes majoritários coincidirem nas frações analisadas das duas espécies, foi possível constatar a presença exclusiva de determinados metabólitos em cada fração. A partir das frações hexânicas, oriundas dos extratos etanólicos de B. sulphurea (partes aéreas e flores) e B. gardneri (partes aéreas), foram identificadas trinta e cinco, dezenove e vinte substâncias por CG-EM, respectivamente. Na fração hexânica das partes aéreas de B. sulphurea (BsfcEt/Hx) foram identificados, como constituintes majoritários, o óxido de cariofileno, espatulenol e _- cariofileno, enquanto que na fração hexânica de suas flores (BsflorEt/Hx) os principais constituintes identificados foram _-amirina e _-sitosterol e na fração hexânica das partes aéreas de B. gardneri (BgfcEt/Hx) foram os metabólitos _-estigmasterol e o trans-fitol. O estudo químico da espécie B. sulphurea (partes aéreas e flores) conduziu ao isolamento de um sesquiterpeno (1), 5 flavonas (2, 10, 13-15), 8 flavonóis (3-8, 11, 16), 1 aurona (9) e 2 chalconas (12, 17). Já o estudo de B. gardneri (partes aéreas) conduziu ao isolamento de 4 ácidos clorogênicos (21, 22, 27, 28), 3 poliacetilenos (18-20), 2 flavonas (25, 27), 3 flavanonas (23, 24, 30) e 2 chalconas (29, 31). Os metabólitos 3-O-_-glicopiranosil-tetradeca- 6(E),12(E)-dieno-8,10-diino-1,14-diol (18), 1-O-_-glicopiranosil-14-hidróxi-tetradeca-6(E), 12(E)-dieno-8,10-diino-3-ona (19), 4-metóxi-7-O-_-glicopiranosil-8,3-diidróxi-flavanona (23), 4-metóxi-7-O-_-(6-acetil)-glicopiranosil-8,3-diidróxi-flavanona (24) e 7-O-_-(6- trans-p-cumaroil)-glicopiranosil-8,34-triidróxi-flavanona (30) estão sendo descritos pela primeira vez na literatura. Enquanto que os flavonóides 3-O-_-xilopiranosil-quercetina (5), 3-O-a-arabinofuranosil-kaempferol (8) e 3-O-b-(6-trans-cafeoil)-galactopiranosil-quercetina (16) estão sendo relatados pela primeira vez na família Asteraceae e as substâncias 4(15)- eudesmeno-1_,6_-diol (1), 6-C-_-glicopiranosil-apigenina (2), 3-O-_-arabinofuranosilquercetina (6), 8-C-_-glicopiranosil-apigenina (13), 6-C-_-glicopiranosil-luteolina (14), 8-C- _-glicopiranosil-luteolina (15), ácido 1-metil-5-O-E-cafeoilquínico (22) e 7-O-_- glicopiranosil-apigenina (25) estão sendo relatadas pela primeira vez no gênero Bidens. Além disso, convém destacar que a partir das substâncias 2-O-_-glicopiranosil-trideca-3(E),11(E)- dieno-5,7,9-triino-1,13-diol (20), 4-metóxi-4-O-_-glicopiranosil-okanina (29) e 4-O-_-(6- trans-p-cumaroil)-glicopiranosil-okanina (31) há poucos relatos na literatura e ainda não foram descritos dados de suas propriedades biológicas. Na avaliação da atividade antialérgica das substâncias isoladas, os flavonóides causaram inibição da liberação de _-hexosaminidase de forma dose-dependente, sendo que as substâncias 11 e 31 foram as mais ativas e apresentaram CI50 de 5,1 ± 1,3 M e 5,8 ± 1,2 M, respectivamente. Dentre os extratos e frações avaliados biologicamente, observou-se que BsfcEt/Hx (maior teor de sesquiterpenos) causou um estímulo da liberação de _-hexosaminidase, enquanto que BsfcEt/Ac foi a fração mais ativa (CI50 = 1,3 ± 1,1g/mL). As análises desta última fração e de BsfcEt/DCM por CLAE-DAD-EM e CLAE-DAD-EM/EM revelaram que seus constituintes majoritários são os flavonóis 3, 4, 6 e 7. / The SPME/GC-MS analyses of aerial parts, flowers and fruits of Bidens sulphurea and Bidens gardneri showed the differences in their chemical compositions. However the sesquiterpenes _-caryophyllene, germacrene D and bicyclogermacrene were identified in all fractions analyzed as major compounds. It was observed the exclusive presence of metabolites in each fraction, in spite of major constituents were equal in fractions analyzed of two species. Thirty-five, nineteen and twenty substances were identified in the hexane fractions from ethanol extracts of B. sulphurea (aerial parts and flowers) and B. gardneri (aerial parts) by GC-MS. The major compounds were caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol and _-caryophyllene in the hexane fraction from aerial parts of B. sulphurea (BsfcEt/Hx), while _-amyrin and _- sitosterol were identified in the hexane fraction of its flowers and _-stigmasterol and transphytol were main constituents identified in the hexane fraction from aerial parts of B. gardneri. The chemical study of species B. sulphurea (aerial parts and flowers) led to the isolation of one sesquiterpene (1), five flavones (2, 10, 13-15), eight flavonols (3-8, 11, 16), one aurone (9) and two chalcones (12, 17). From B. gardneri (aerial parts), four chlorogenic acids (21, 22, 27, 28), three polyacetylenes (18-20), two flavones (25, 27), three flavanones (23, 24, 30) and two chalcones (29, 31) were isolated. The substances 3-O-_-glucopyranosyltetradeca-6(E),12(E)-dien-8,10-diin-1,14-diol(18), 1-O-_-glucopyranosyl-14-hydroxytetradeca-6(E),12(E)-dien-8,10-diin-3-one(19),4-methoxy-7-O_glucopyranosyl-8,3-dihydroxyflavanone (23), 4-methoxy-7-O-_-(6-acetyl)-glucopyranosyl-8,3-dihydroxyflavanone(24) and 7-O-_-(6-trans-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranosyl-8,34-trihydroxyflavanone(30) are described for the first time in the literature. Whereas the flavonols 3-O-_-xylopyranosyl quercetin (5), 3-O-a-arabinofuranosyl kaempferol (8) and 3-O--(6-transcaffeoyl)-galactopyranosyl quercetin (16) are described for the first time in the Asteraceaeand 4(15)-eudesmene-1_,6_-diol (1), 6-C-_-glucopyranosyl apigenin (2), 3-O-_-arabinofuranosyl quercetin (6), 8-C-_-glucopyranosyl apigenin (13), 6-C-_-glucopyranosylluteolin (14), 8-C-_-glucopyranosyl luteolin (15), 1-methyl-5-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid (22)and 7-O-_-glucopyranosyl apigenin (25) for the first time in the genus Bidens. Moreover,there are few reports of the isolation and there are not studies of biological activities from 2-O-_-glucopyranosyl-trideca-3(E),11(E)-dien-5,7,9-triin-1,13-diol (20), 4-methoxy-4-O-_-glucopyranosyl okanin (29) and 4-O-_-(6-trans-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranosyl okanin (31).The flavonoids showed inhibition of _-hexosaminidase released with dependent-doseresponse and the substances 11 (IC50 = 5,1 ± 1,3 M) and 31 (IC50 = 5,8 ± 1,2 M) were themost active. The BsfcEt/Hx fraction (highest concentration of sesquiterpenes) induced _-hexosaminidase released, while the BsfcEt/Ac fraction exhibited the lower IC50 (1,3 ±1,1g/mL). The flavonoids 3, 4, 6 and 7 were identified, by HPLC-DAD-MS and HPLCDAD-MS/MS, as major constituents in BsfcEt/Ac and BsfcEt/DCM fractions.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2017-10-02T17:55:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese- Ana Paula Silva Siqueira - 2017.pdf: 1689217 bytes, checksum: 899187748537426a1575c6110af85e73 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-03T13:21:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese- Ana Paula Silva Siqueira - 2017.pdf: 1689217 bytes, checksum: 899187748537426a1575c6110af85e73 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-03T13:21:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese- Ana Paula Silva Siqueira - 2017.pdf: 1689217 bytes, checksum: 899187748537426a1575c6110af85e73 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-15 / The Cerrado is the source of much of the richness of both fauna and flora, which represent Brazil and some countries in South America. Among the individuals of the flora, much has been studied about fruit plants. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the potential of endemic Mangroves (Harconia speciosa Gomes) of the cerrado, a fruitful plant, very productive, with a pleasant taste and that can occur in up to six varieties. Three varieties were initially defined for study: var. Gardneri, cuiabenses and pubescens. These varieties were initially studied for their physiological development for three harvests. These plants, besides production in the harvest period, produce fruit during several months of the year and apparently the productive peak between the varieties is not the same. The flowering of September of a given year is responsible for the fruits of July next year. Evaluating the post-harvest, it was noticed that if fruits of fall were collected the durability of these will be of maximum 3 days, whereas, fruits collected in the mother plant will have durability of nine days. In view of this, it was necessary to test technologies for post-harvest conservation among them, refrigeration and the use of edible cover. In refrigeration the mango fruits stored at 5ºC could last up to 25 days, with var. Pubescens appears to be more resistant to catabolic changes from ripening when refrigerated. When applied to the edible coatings of starch and whey protein, it was noted that the protein coating was more successful in preventing loss of fruit mass, maintaining appearance and lasting about ten days. Evaluating the possibility of collecting the fruits in the mother plant and standardizing its maturation, exogenous ethylene was also tested and it was verified that this is feasible to standardize the ripening, the indication was treated by immersion in a dosage of 520 mgL-1. After the harvest, the possibility of processing this fruit was also evaluated and a sorbet diet and without mango lactose and a nectar were prepared. In both cases, it was possible to note that the fruit has potential for processing because it presents, besides desirable physicochemical parameters (acidity, soluble solids and ratio), a high ascorbic acid content, classifying the fruit as rich in vitamin C. It is concluded Finally, that mangaba is a fruit of commercial importance and that post-harvest care can be achieved with already widespread technologies, such as refrigeration, or more recent but equally simple technologies such as edible coverages or use of exogenous ethylene. / O Cerrado é fonte de grande parte das riquezas, tanto de fauna quanto de flora, que ocorrem no Brasil e em alguns outros países da América do Sul. Entre os indivíduos da flora, muito se tem estudado sobre as plantas frutíferas. Diante disso, este estudo busca analisar as potencialidades de mangabas (Harconia speciosa Gomes) endêmicas do cerrado, uma planta frutífera, muito produtiva, cujos frutos tem sabor agradável. Inicialmente definiu-se três variedades para estudo: var. gardneri, cuiabenses e pubescens. Essas variedades foram estudadas quanto ao seu desenvolvimento fisiológico por três safras. Essas plantas, além da produção em período de safra, produzem frutos durante vários meses do ano e, aparentemente, o pico produtivo entre as variedades não é o mesmo. A floração de setembro de um determinado ano é responsável pelos frutos de julho do próximo ano. Avaliando a pós-colheita, notou-se que se coletados “frutos de caída” a durabilidade destes será de no máximo três dias, enquanto frutos coletados na planta mãe terão durabilidade de nove dias. Diante disso, foi necessário testar tecnologias de conservação pós-colheita entre elas, refrigeração e uso de cobertura comestível. Na refrigeração os frutos de mangaba armazenados a 5 ºC duraram com qualidade até 25 dias, sendo que a var. pubescens é mais resistente às modificações catabólicas do amadurecimento, quando refrigerada. Quando aplicadas as coberturas comestíveis de amido e de proteína de soro de leite, notou-se que a cobertura de proteína foi mais bem-sucedida em impedir a perda de massa do fruto, manter a aparência e duraram cerca de dez dias. Avaliando a possibilidade de coletar os frutos na planta mãe e uniformizar seu amadurecimento também se testou etileno exógeno e verificou-se que este é viável para uniformizar o amadurecimento, a indicação foi tratar por imersão em uma dosagem de 520 mg. L-1. Após a colheita também avaliou-se a possibilidade de processamento desse fruto e foram elaborados um sorbet diet e sem lactose de mangaba além de um néctar. Em ambos os casos foi possível notar que o fruto tem potencialidade para processamento porque apresenta além de parâmetros físico-químicos desejáveis (acidez, sólidos solúveis e ratio um teor de ácido ascórbico elevado, classificando o fruto como rico em vitamina C. Conclui-se que a mangaba é um fruto de importância comercial e que os cuidados na pós-colheita podem ser obtidos com tecnologias já amplamente difundidas, como a refrigeração, ou tecnologias mais recentes, no entanto, igualmente simples, como as coberturas comestíveis ou o uso de etileno exógeno.

The subject of this thesis is the design of specific LAMP primers and LAMP analysis and its optimization. The purpose of this analysis is to specifically distinguish Xanthomonas gardneri from other pathogenic xanthomonads. Two sets of LAMP primers from the DNA sequences of hrpB and atpD genes were designed. These LAMP primer sets are highly sensitive and the detection limit of LAMP assay was found to be 0.01 l / mg of DNA. The reaction temperature of the LAMP was optimized to 64 °C to reach the maximum of amplification. LAMP can be applied to detection and identification on pathogens in plant tissues. LAMP takes less time than conventional PCR to detect bacteria. This LAMP assay has a great potintial to be applied to detection and identification of Xanthomonas genus bacteria pathogenic for tomato and pepper.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-08T14:41:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4202915 bytes, checksum: 1c2a779e58421553c719ffcf96bb4380 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-08T14:41:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4202915 bytes, checksum: 1c2a779e58421553c719ffcf96bb4380 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The Lauraceae family consists of about 70 genera and 2.500 species, with tropical and subtropical distribution. In Brazil, comprises 400 species in 25 genera. Among these, we highlight the Ocotea genus with about 350 species. This study aimed to carry out the phytochemical study Ocotea duckei Vattimo and Ocotea gardneri (Meisn) Mez, as well as to assess the antimicrobial activity and antileishman of isolated chemical constituents. For this, the plant material was subjected to extraction processes, partition and chromatography methods to isolate the chemical constituents. The chemical structures of the compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods and comparisons with literature data. Chromatographic fractionation of the dichloromethane phase Ocotea gardneri resulted in the isolation of triterpene 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexeno (squalene) of 3, 4, 5 trimethoxybenzaldehyde and glycosylated sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside the ethyl acetate phase was isolated flavone steroid 3,5,7,3 ', 4'-pentaidroxiflavona (quercetin) and two flavonols 2- (3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) -4H-chromene-3,5,7-triol (epicatechin) and 2- (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) -4H-chromene-3,5,7-triol (epicatechin). All compounds are first reported in this species. To obtain the fraction of total alkaloids (FAT), the crude ethanolic extract of leaves of Ocotea duckei underwent alkaloid march and then the chromatographic fractionation, resulting in the isolation of reticulin and N- oxide reticulin alkaloid, which is reported for the first time in the genus. Further, the FAT was analyzed by LC-MS and GC-MS. LC-MS allowed the identification of reticulin alkaloids, coclaurina, discretamina, tetrahidrocolumbamina and N-oxide reticulin. The FAT analysis by GC-MS allowed the identification of metilreticulina metilcoclaurina and alkaloids. Of these alkaloids, only reticulin was identified to FAT leaves in previous studies. Flavonoids isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial activity by microdilution technique, compared to strains of S. mutans, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Quercetin presented a MIC of 83.5 mg / mL against S. aureus and catechin one MIC of 400 mg / mL against the P. aeruginosa. The reticulin alkaloids and reticulin N-oxide were subjected to MTT reduction method to evaluate the activity antileihmania front of L. amazonensis, and they did not show activity / A família Lauraceae é constituída por aproximadamente 70 gêneros e 2500 espécies, com distribuição tropical e subtropical. No Brasil, compreende 400 espécies distribuídas em 25 gêneros. Dentre esses, destacamos o gênero Ocotea, com cerca de 350 espécies. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o estudo fitoquímico de Ocotea duckei Vattimo e Ocotea gardneri (Meisn) Mez, bem como, avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e antileishmania dos constituintes químicos isolados. Para isto, o material botânico foi submetido a processos de extração, partição e métodos cromatográficos para isolamento dos constituintes químicos. As estruturas químicas dos compostos foram determinadas por métodos espectroscópicos e comparações com modelos da literatura. O fracionamento cromatográfico da fase diclorometano de Ocotea gardneri resultou no isolamento do triterpeno 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexametil-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexeno (esqualeno), do 3,4,5 trimetóxibenzaldeído e do esteroide glicosilado sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glicopiranosídeo Da fase acetato de etila foi isolada a flavona 3,5,7,3’,4’-pentaidroxiflavona (quercetina) e dois flavonóis 2 - (3,4-di-hidroxifenil) - 4H-cromeno-3,5,7-triol (epicatequina) e 2- (3,4-di-hidroxifenil) -4H-cromeno-3,5,7-triol (epicatequina). Todos os compostos estão sendo relatados pela primeira vez na espécie. Para obtenção da fração de alcaloides totais (FAT), o extrato etanólico bruto das folhas de Ocotea duckei foi submetido à marcha de alcaloides e, posteriormente, ao fracionamento cromatográfico, resultando no isolamento dos alcaloides reticulina e N-óxido de reticulina, sendo este relatado pela primeira vez no gênero. Ainda, a FAT foi analisada por LC-MS e por CG-MS. A LC-MS permitiu a identificação dos alcaloides reticulina, coclaurina, discretamina, tetrahidrocolumbamina e N-óxido de reticulina. A análise da FAT por CG-MS permitiu a identificação dos alcaloides metilreticulina e metilcoclaurina. Destes alcaloides, apenas a reticulina havia sido identificada para FAT das folhas, em estudos anteriores. Os flavonoides isolados foram avaliados quanto à atividade antimicrobiana pela técnica de microdiluição, frente às cepas de S. mutans, P. aeruginosa e S. aureus. A quercetina apresentou uma CIM de 83,5 μg/mL frente à S. aureus e a catequina uma CIM de 400 μg/mL frente à P. aeruginosa. Os alcaloides reticulina e N-óxido de reticulina foram submetidos ao método de redução de MTT para avaliação da atividade antileihmania frente à L. amazonensis, e estes não apresentaram atividade.

Rhizanthella gardneri (Rogers) is a critically endangered orchid restricted to two isolated regions of south-western Australia. Rhizanthella gardneri is an entirely subterranean mycoheterotrophic species that purportedly forms a tripartite relationship with a mycorrhizal fungus (Ceratobasidiales) that links with an autotrophic shrub of the Melaleuca uncinata complex to acquire nutrients. Whether the rarity of R. gardneri is intrinsic is overshadowed by the recent effect of extrinsic factors that means R. gardneri requires some form of conservation and may also be a viable candidate for restoration. To create an integrated conservation strategy for R. gardneri, reasons for its decline and knowledge of its biological and ecological functioning must be elucidated. This thesis focuses on three key questions; 1) what are the habitat requirements and limitations to R. gardneri survival; 2) what is the identity and specificity of the fungus R. gardneri forms mycorrhizas with; and 3) does R. gardneri form a nutrient-sharing tripartite relationship with a mycorrhizal fungus and autotrophic shrub. Key climate, soil and vegetation characteristics of known R. gardneri habitats were quantified to provide baseline data for monitoring known R. gardneri populations, to better understand how R. gardneri interacts with its habitat, and to identify possible new sites for R. gardneri introduction. Habitats of the two known R. gardneri populations differed considerably in soil chemistry, Melaleuca structure and Melaleuca productivity. Individual sites within populations were relatively similar in all attributes measured while overall Northern and Southern habitats were distinct from each other. These results suggest that R. gardneri can tolerate a range of conditions and may be more widespread than previously thought, given that there are extensive areas of Melaleuca thickets with similar habitat characteristics across south-western Australia. The fungus forming mycorrhizas with R. gardneri was identified, using nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, as a Rhizoctonia-type fungus within the Ceratobasidiales. All fungi isolated from R. gardneri individuals representative of its currently known distribution were genetically similar, suggesting R. gardneri is highly dependent on this specific fungal species. Given that R. gardneri appears to exclusively associate with a specific fungal species, species-specific molecular primers were designed and used to analyse the fungi’s presence in known and potential R. gardneri habitats. These results 6 suggest that the fungus exists beyond the known R. gardneri habitats and gives hope to finding new populations.

Rhizanthella gardneri (Rogers) is a critically endangered orchid restricted to two isolated regions of south-western Australia. Rhizanthella gardneri is an entirely subterranean mycoheterotrophic species that purportedly forms a tripartite relationship with a mycorrhizal fungus (Ceratobasidiales) that links with an autotrophic shrub of the Melaleuca uncinata complex to acquire nutrients. Whether the rarity of R. gardneri is intrinsic is overshadowed by the recent effect of extrinsic factors that means R. gardneri requires some form of conservation and may also be a viable candidate for restoration. To create an integrated conservation strategy for R. gardneri, reasons for its decline and knowledge of its biological and ecological functioning must be elucidated. This thesis focuses on three key questions; 1) what are the habitat requirements and limitations to R. gardneri survival; 2) what is the identity and specificity of the fungus R. gardneri forms mycorrhizas with; and 3) does R. gardneri form a nutrient-sharing tripartite relationship with a mycorrhizal fungus and autotrophic shrub. Key climate, soil and vegetation characteristics of known R. gardneri habitats were quantified to provide baseline data for monitoring known R. gardneri populations, to better understand how R. gardneri interacts with its habitat, and to identify possible new sites for R. gardneri introduction. Habitats of the two known R. gardneri populations differed considerably in soil chemistry, Melaleuca structure and Melaleuca productivity. Individual sites within populations were relatively similar in all attributes measured while overall Northern and Southern habitats were distinct from each other. These results suggest that R. gardneri can tolerate a range of conditions and may be more widespread than previously thought, given that there are extensive areas of Melaleuca thickets with similar habitat characteristics across south-western Australia. The fungus forming mycorrhizas with R. gardneri was identified, using nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, as a Rhizoctonia-type fungus within the Ceratobasidiales. All fungi isolated from R. gardneri individuals representative of its currently known distribution were genetically similar, suggesting R. gardneri is highly dependent on this specific fungal species. Given that R. gardneri appears to exclusively associate with a specific fungal species, species-specific molecular primers were designed and used to analyse the fungi’s presence in known and potential R. gardneri habitats. These results 6 suggest that the fungus exists beyond the known R. gardneri habitats and gives hope to finding new populations.

Dois dos principais aspectos da Química de Produtos Naturais são a identificação e a determinação estrutural dos compostos orgânicos presentes em materiais de origem vegetal ou animal. Para realizar esta tarefa são empregados diversos métodos de separação e espectroscópicos. Dentre os métodos espectroscópicos, destaca-se a espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear pela riqueza dos dados fornecidos. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento da área exige métodos cada vez mais eficientes e sensíveis, para permitir o estudo de amostras em quantidades cada vez menores. Neste trabalho, empregamos três estratégias distintas para aumentar a eficiência da análise de amostras de produtos naturais por RMN. A primeira estratégia busca acelerar o processo de identificação dos componentes de frações de extratos vegetais através da separação virtual dos componentes da mistura, baseada nas diferenças de seus coeficientes de difusão. Esta estratégia permitiu identificar os quatro componentes majoritários da fração em acetato de etila do extrato etanólico das partes aéreas de Bidens sulphurea (Asteraceae) através de um estudo de RMN DOSY-2D. A segunda estratégia é dedicada ao problema da baixa sensibilidade da RMN 13C, o que torna difícil, e em alguns casos, proibitiva em termos do tempo necessário, a análise de amostras muito pequenas. Dada a dificuldade de se obter diretamente um espectro com uma relação sinal/ruído adequada, uma abordagem possível se baseia em estratégias de pós-processamento de um espectro de RMN em que predomina o ruído. A estratégia utilizada neste trabalho fornece um espectro reconstruído de secções que foram previamente processadas para a eliminação do ruído pela decomposição do valor singular (SVD). Os espectros assim processados nos auxiliaram na identificação e/ou elucidação estrutural de dois alcalóides obtidos de Duguetia furfuraceae (Annonaceae) e um poliacetileno e dois flavonóides de B. sulphurea (Asteraceae). A terceira estratégia utilizada neste trabalho se baseia na ampliação dos parâmetros rotineiramente obtidos numa análise por RMN, com a finalidade de fornecer novos subsídios para a determinação da estrutura de produtos naturais. Neste sentido, a determinação das constantes de acoplamento heteronuclear forneceu dados valiosos para a identificação de dois poliacetilenos obtidos de B. gardneri. / Two major aspects of Natural Products Chemistry are the identification and structure determination of organic compounds in materials of vegetable or animal. To accomplish this task are used various methods of separation and spectroscopic. Among spectroscopic methods, we highlight the spectroscopy of nuclear magnetic resonance by the wealth of data provided. However, the development of the area requires methods increasingly efficient and sensitive to allow the study of small or diluted samples. In this work, we employ three different strategies to increase the efficiency of analysis of samples of natural products by NMR. The first strategy seeks to accelerate the process of identifying the components of fractions of plant extracts through the virtual separation of the components of the mixture based on differences in their diffusion coefficients. With this strategy we have identified four major components of the in ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol extract of aerial parts of Bidens sulphurea (Asteraceae) by 2D DOSY NMR. The second strategy is devoted to the problem of low sensitivity of 13C NMR, which makes it difficult, and in some cases prohibitive in terms of time, the analysis of very small samples. Due to the difficulty of obtaining directly a spectrum with a signal-to-noise ratio adequate, a possible approach is based on strategies for post-processing of an NMR spectrum in which noise predominates. This strategy used here provides a spectrum of reconstructed sections were first processed to remove noise by singular value decomposition (SVD). Spectra processed of this way helped us in identifying and / or structural elucidation of two alkaloids derived from Duguetia furfuraceae (Annonaceae) and a polyacetylene and two flavonoids from Bidens gardneri (Asteraceae). The third strategy used in this work is based on expansion of the parameters routinely obtained in an analysis by NMR in order to provide new subsidies for the structure determination of natural products. In this sense, the determination of heteronuclear coupling constants provided valuable data for the identification of two polyacetylenes obtained from B. gardneri.