O Licenciamento Ambiental é instrumento que se mostra com estreita ligação com processos de avaliação de impacto ambiental, e somente deve ser concedido após a certeza da conciliação entre a atividade e a qualidade ambiental. No Estado de São Paulo é usado o Relatório Ambiental Preliminar (RAP) como forma de se analisar a viabilidade ambiental de empreendimentos. Concluiu-se que o mesmo não serve como elemento no processo de licenciamento de gasodutos, pois não exige a necessidade de estudo de alternativas locacionais, e em sendo assim, seu uso não garante que a atividade analisada demonstre viabilidade ambiental, função fundamental de qualquer Estudo de Impacto Ambiental. O estudo de viabilidade ambiental necessita instrumentos que atribuam confiabilidade ao processo decisório e a Avaliação de Risco Ambiental (ARA) é uma ferramenta importantíssima, pois complementa a avaliação sobre a viabilidade ambiental do empreendimento, e se mostra útil para o Licenciamento Ambiental de atividades. Dessa forma, o principal motivo de escolha desta ferramenta decorre do fato de seu uso servir como instrumento para tomadas de decisões mais racionais e efetivas onde exista possibilidade de danos, o que a torna de suma importância na verificação da viabilidade ambiental de um empreendimento. A ARA foi aplicada ao transporte de gás natural por gasodutos, porque este combustível tem ganhado maior espaço na matriz energética do Brasil, com crescente tendência de expansão. Concluiu-se que a ARA deve ser usada desde o início do processo de licenciamento, já para a obtenção da primeira das licenças que é a LP. Com isso, os riscos são avaliados e usados como critério fundamental para o estudo de localização do traçado do gasoduto. Dessa maneira, os riscos de fatalidades associados a acidentes com gasodutos são reduzidos, garantindo mínimos riscos à população / Environmental Licensing is a tool showing great connection with the environmental impact assessment process, and should only be granted after the conciliation between activity and environmental quality is verified. The State of Sao Paulo has implemented the Preliminary Environmental Report (PER), which is used to evaluate the environmental suitability of activities. As it does not require consideration of all location (siting) and technology alternatives, the use of PER for licensing purposes does not assure under any circumstance that the analyzed activity presents environmental suitability, which is a fundamental role of any environmental impact study. Environmental suitability evaluation needs instruments to increase reliability to decision making, and Risk Assessment (RA) is a very important tool because it complements the analysis about the activity's environmental suitability, making it essential for the Environmental Licensing process. RA was applied to the conveying of natural gas through pipes because the Brazilian natural gas network has been expanding for the last few years. It was concluded that RA should be used from the beginning of the environmental licensing process, adopting associated risks as fundamental criteria for location study of the gas pipe route, which is an essential condition to define the environmental suitability of the proposed activity. This way, fatality risks posed by the gas lines are reduced, assuring minimal risks to the population/environment

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 61 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61).

Increasing energy demand, coupled with the recent emphasis on domestic production, has resulted in an increase in natural gas exploration and pipeline construction in the central Appalachian region. Very little is known about the effects of natural gas pipeline construction on sediment production. The goals of this project were to measure erosion and examine the effects of vegetation and precipitation characteristics on erosion on a newly constructed pipeline in the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia. The study explored whether seed rate, slope class, or aspect, influenced erosion. The cross country pipeline was buried beneath the surface on study hillslopes ranging from 30-68% and beneath a less steep segment with slopes ranging from 18-26%. A mixture of native herbaceous-plant seeds and straw mulch were applied following construction. Two different seeding rates were applied to compare vegetative recovery and to determine if increasing the seed rate would decrease erosion. A 1-time seed rate, or the normal Forest Service application rate, and a 3-time seed rate (1-time + twice that rate) were tested. Two aspects (northwest-facing and southeast-facing) and four precipitation variables (30-minute maximum intensity, duration, total rainfall amount, and time since last event) were defined. Sediment concentrations were compared for differences between two slopes, two seed rates, and two aspect classes. Precipitation variables were analyzed to identify those that could explain significant amounts of the variability in erosion from the pipeline. The 1-time seed rate sections produced less sediment than the 3-time seed rate sections, but this was probably more a function of subsurface flow differences associated with the sections seeded with the lighter rate and the water bar construction. Precipitation intensity explained the most variability in erosion. Study sites with gentler slopes produced less sediment than the steeper sections, as expected. As vegetation became established, sediment concentrations decreased for all study sections and reached low and relatively constant levels by approximately the end of August 2009.

O gás natural é uma fonte alternativa ao petróleo. É uma fonte de energia considerada mais limpa e segura dentre as fontes de energias não renováveis e, por isso, vem aumentando sua participação na matriz energética. Deste modo, impulsionou a criação e ampliação de diversas malhas de gasodutos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é simular redes de gasodutos utilizando ferramentas computacionais disponíveis no mercado. O HYSYS® foi adequado para simular longos gasodutos lineares. Portanto, a estratégia sequencial modular foi adequada para estas configurações. Contudo, não apresentaram bons resultados para redes. O software gratuito iiSE apresenta bons resultados para redes complexas, comprovando que os softwares orientados a equações são mais apropriados para sistemas com paralelismo. / Natural gas is an alternative source for oil. It is an energy source considered more clean and safe among the non-renewable energy sources and, therefore, its participation is increasing in the energy matrix. In this way, spurred the creation and expansion of several meshes of pipelines. The objective of this study is to simulate gas pipeline networks using computational tools available on the market. The HYSYS ® was suitable to simulate long linear gas pipelines. Therefore, the sequential modular strategy was appropriate for these settings. However, did not provide good results for networks. The free software iiSE presents good results for complex networks, proving that the software orixented to equations are more suitable for systems with parallelism.

The problem of energy saving during overhaul of a linear part of gas trunkline is regarded in this paper. This issue has been analyzed from different perspectives. Thermodynamic analysis of gas evacuation from a string that is off operation for the overhaul to a parallel or adjacent string with the use of mobile compressor systems was made. Economical attractiveness of mobile compressor systems applications was proved. Various methods of gas trunklines linear parts overhaul have been considered. For each of the methods problems of minimization of necessary for the overhaul amount of energy consuming machines have been solved. The results can be used in the development of overhaul projects of the gas trunklines linear parts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:19:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Baltazar.pdf: 12348587 bytes, checksum: 62c8227228c6a07eedab0e1866fa84fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-31 / Fundação Ford / In the 1980s, several government-sponsored projects were directed at improving the relationship between the Terena people and the white population. The most recent of those projects the construction of a gas pipeline running from Bolivia to Brazil served as a test case in that relationship. The negotiations around the implementation of the project brought to the surface the contrast between the decision making process which is characteristic of the Terena people and that of the non-indigenous authorities and their organizations in question. Up until then, the Terena leadership had never been consulted or invited to participate in the planning stage of projects aimed at the indigenous population. As a consequence, most of those projects and public policies have failed, due to the fact that they had been decided in the offices of the bureaucrats without the input of the receptors. The highlight of the gas pipeline project negotiations happened during a meeting between the representatives of the national and international agencies involved in the project, on the one hand, and the Terena leadership, on the other, whose venue was in Campo Grande, the capital of the State. On that occasion, the Terena clashed with the white representatives who proposed using the geographical distance between the Terena settlements and the actual pipeline as the sole factor in the financial compensation for the impact which the project would have on the indigenous territory and population. The argument advanced by the Terena leadership, at the time, was that the criterion proposed was contrary to their traditional decision making process. The Terena make their group decisions on the basis of the interaction between the extended family groups as well as the reciprocity of interests within their communities. The present study describes and analyzes negotiation which took place around the gas pipeline project vis-à-vis the features of the decision-making process which is characteristic of the Terena people. The chronology of the negotiation process is given as well as the attending results which derived from the entire process itself / Na década de 1980 vários foram os projetos de políticas publicas destinados aos Terena no Distrito de Taunay, com objetivo de facilitar a relação dos povos indígenas com o mundo do branco. O projeto mais recente foi a construção do Gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil que passa nas proximidades das terras indígenas, servindo de marco revelador no processo de negociação e de decisão das lideranças Terena. Até então as lideranças Terena nunca foram convidadas e nem tão pouco consultadas para participar na elaboração dos projetos destinados as populações indígenas. Como conseqüência, a maioria dos projetos de políticas publica fracassaram em decorrência de serem construídos em gabinetes, sem a participação da parte interessada. O fator mais importante nesta construção do Gasoduto foi a reunião que aconteceu, em Campo Grande-MS, entre os representantes institucionais nacionais e internacionais envolvidos no projeto e as lideranças indígenas. As lideranças Terena reprovaram a metodologia apresentada na reunião que usava a distancia como critério empregado pela empresa responsável na construção do Gasbol. As lideranças Terena argumentaram que o critério de distancia não faz parte do processo decisório dos Terena, que se baseia na interação entre grupos familiares extensas, bem como a reciprocidade no interesse comum e que são povos unidos independente de distancia. Passados dez anos, a implantação do Gasoduto, os recursos aplicados nas aldeias em sua maior parte não trouxeram resultados desejados. A explicação de certos fracassos tem como matriz a desvalorização e desconhecimento do processo decisório do Terena

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:52:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Baltazar.pdf: 12348587 bytes, checksum: 62c8227228c6a07eedab0e1866fa84fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-31 / Fundação Ford / In the 1980s, several government-sponsored projects were directed at improving the relationship between the Terena people and the white population. The most recent of those projects the construction of a gas pipeline running from Bolivia to Brazil served as a test case in that relationship. The negotiations around the implementation of the project brought to the surface the contrast between the decision making process which is characteristic of the Terena people and that of the non-indigenous authorities and their organizations in question. Up until then, the Terena leadership had never been consulted or invited to participate in the planning stage of projects aimed at the indigenous population. As a consequence, most of those projects and public policies have failed, due to the fact that they had been decided in the offices of the bureaucrats without the input of the receptors. The highlight of the gas pipeline project negotiations happened during a meeting between the representatives of the national and international agencies involved in the project, on the one hand, and the Terena leadership, on the other, whose venue was in Campo Grande, the capital of the State. On that occasion, the Terena clashed with the white representatives who proposed using the geographical distance between the Terena settlements and the actual pipeline as the sole factor in the financial compensation for the impact which the project would have on the indigenous territory and population. The argument advanced by the Terena leadership, at the time, was that the criterion proposed was contrary to their traditional decision making process. The Terena make their group decisions on the basis of the interaction between the extended family groups as well as the reciprocity of interests within their communities. The present study describes and analyzes negotiation which took place around the gas pipeline project vis-à-vis the features of the decision-making process which is characteristic of the Terena people. The chronology of the negotiation process is given as well as the attending results which derived from the entire process itself / Na década de 1980 vários foram os projetos de políticas publicas destinados aos Terena no Distrito de Taunay, com objetivo de facilitar a relação dos povos indígenas com o mundo do branco. O projeto mais recente foi a construção do Gasoduto Bolivia-Brasil que passa nas proximidades das terras indígenas, servindo de marco revelador no processo de negociação e de decisão das lideranças Terena. Até então as lideranças Terena nunca foram convidadas e nem tão pouco consultadas para participar na elaboração dos projetos destinados as populações indígenas. Como conseqüência, a maioria dos projetos de políticas publica fracassaram em decorrência de serem construídos em gabinetes, sem a participação da parte interessada. O fator mais importante nesta construção do Gasoduto foi a reunião que aconteceu, em Campo Grande-MS, entre os representantes institucionais nacionais e internacionais envolvidos no projeto e as lideranças indígenas. As lideranças Terena reprovaram a metodologia apresentada na reunião que usava a distancia como critério empregado pela empresa responsável na construção do Gasbol. As lideranças Terena argumentaram que o critério de distancia não faz parte do processo decisório dos Terena, que se baseia na interação entre grupos familiares extensas, bem como a reciprocidade no interesse comum e que são povos unidos independente de distancia. Passados dez anos, a implantação do Gasoduto, os recursos aplicados nas aldeias em sua maior parte não trouxeram resultados desejados. A explicação de certos fracassos tem como matriz a desvalorização e desconhecimento do processo decisório do Terena

Cette étude porte une analyse comparative entre quatre projets de coopération gazière en Amérique du Sud et Asie du Sud-Est. Elle repère le rôle du leadership en soulignant des questions qui importent aux acteurs et des facteurs qui conditionnent les stratégies pour former les coopérations gazières régionales. Le principal but du plan méthodologique est de développer un cadre d'analytique de leadership et de construire une narrative analytique des quatre projets de coopération gazière. Ce faisant, l'étude traite analytiquement des sources primaires et secondaires qui sont renforcées par des entretiens d'expert ainsi que des observations sur le terrain. L'analyse comparative montre que des acteurs impliqués sont multiples et complexes. Leurs interactions se produisent à deux niveaux : politique et commercial. D'ailleurs, les deux niveaux sont affectés par trois contextes: politique, économique, et technique. Au niveau politique, des acteurs sont préoccupés de la stratégie pour formuler la vision et les objectifs du projet de coopération. Puisque l'Etat est l'acteur autoritaire, l'étude constate que la consultation avec d'autres acteurs est absente. Au niveau commercial, des acteurs publiques et privés sont en tête de la formation des partenariats ainsi que de s'engager dans le lobbying pour trouver à la fois du soutien politique et financier. Tel engagement intense entre des acteurs révèle un type de leadership particulier, nommé leadership par mandataire (proxy leadership). En dernière analyse, trois catalyseurs : le pouvoir, la gouvernance, et la culture, mènent l'approvisionnement en leadership en Amérique du Sud et Asie du Sud-Est. Tandis que le pouvoir et la culture sont plus forts en Amérique du Sud, la gouvernance a une présence assez faible dans les deux régions. / This study compares four natural gas pipeline cooperation projects in South America and Southeast Asia. It identifies the role of leadership by highlighting issues that matter to actors and factors that condition strategies to form regional gas cooperation projects. The study's key methodological objective is to develop a leadership analytical framework by synthesizing regime and leadership theories. It then constructs analytical narratives of the four natural gas pipeline cooperation projects. Toward this end, various primary and secondary sources are exploited, which are complemented by expert interviews and field observation. The comparative analysis shows that actors involved in regional gas cooperation projects are multiple and complex. Their interactions occur under two processes: political and commercial. These processes are further affected by three contexts: political, economic, and technical. At the political level, actors are preoccupied with the strategy to formulate vision and objectives for the cooperation project. Because states are dominant at this stage, consultation with larger stakeholders is often absent. At the commercial level, public and private actors are at the forefront forming partnerships and engaging themselves in intense lobbying for bath political and financial support. Such intense relationship between these actors reveals a particular leadership type called proxy leadership. The overall provision of leadership in both South America and Southeast Asia is driven by three catalysts: power, governance, and culture. While power and culture are more crucial in South American case studies, both regions seem to share rather weak governance in forming regional gas cooperation projects.

This diploma thesis deals with the calculation of pressure losses in the flue gas ducts. First part of this work describes properties of flue gas and flow dynamics. Part of the theoretical analysis was detailed study of pipeline elements with emphasis on the reasons for the existence of pressure loss in the flow, calculations of the resistance coefficients and possible methods of reducing the losses. In the practical part, a model of the pressure loss calculation of the existing flue gas line installed in the incineration plant was created. At the end of the thesis a proposal for optimization of this route was made with emphasis on the reduction of the overall pressure loss. By optimization the pressure drop of the specified route was reduced from 3581 Pa to 2647 Pa, i.e by 26% and the required power input of the fan was reduced from 225 kW to 166,5 kW.