Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago. / Printed also in the Kansas University Quarterly, v.7, no. 4. Also available on the Internet.

This paper examines the changing attitudes of Gallo-Romans from the time of Caesar's conquest in the 50s BCE to the start of Vespasian's reign in 70-71 CE and how Roman prejudice shaped those attitudes. I first examine the conflicted opinions of the Gauls in Caesar's time and how they eventually banded together against him but were defeated. Next, the activities of each Julio-Claudian emperor are examined to see how they impacted Gaul and what the Gallo-Roman response was. Throughout this period there is clear evidence of increased Romanisation amongst the Gauls and the prominence of the region is obvious in imperial policy. This changes with Nero's reign where Vindex's rebellion against the emperor highlights the prejudices still effecting Roman attitudes. This only becomes worse in the rebellion of Civilis the next year. After these revolts, the Gallo-Romans appear to retreat from imperial offices and stick to local affairs, likely as a direct response to Rome's rejection of them.

This paper examines the changing attitudes of Gallo-Romans from the time of Caesar's conquest in the 50s BCE to the start of Vespasian's reign in 70-71 CE and how Roman prejudice shaped those attitudes. I first examine the conflicted opinions of the Gauls in Caesar's time and how they eventually banded together against him but were defeated. Next, the activities of each Julio-Claudian emperor are examined to see how they impacted Gaul and what the Gallo-Roman response was. Throughout this period there is clear evidence of increased Romanisation amongst the Gauls and the prominence of the region is obvious in imperial policy. This changes with Nero's reign where Vindex's rebellion against the emperor highlights the prejudices still effecting Roman attitudes. This only becomes worse in the rebellion of Civilis the next year. After these revolts, the Gallo-Romans appear to retreat from imperial offices and stick to local affairs, likely as a direct response to Rome's rejection of them.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, 1933. / Without thesis note. Bibliographies: p. 166-178.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago. / Printed also in the Kansas University Quarterly, v.7, no. 4.

Originally presented as the author's thesis, Freie Universität Berlin. / Bibliography: p. [156]-157.

Dans ce travail on se propose d'étudier les structures hydrauliques et le systèmes d'approvisionnement en eau dans les provinces du Nord-Est de la Gaule, depuis la conquête romaine jusqu'au IVème siècle ap. J.-C. On a pris en compte trente et un sites comprenant les capita ciuitatum, les castra et les agglomérations secondaires. Pour mieux présenter la démarche utilisée, on a décidé de présenter dans le détail deux cas d'études : l'agglomération secondaire de Bliesbruck et la ville des Diuodurum/Metz, chef-lieu des Mediomatriques. L'étude des sites choisis a permis de mieux comprendre de quelle façon la gestion des ressources en eau fut organisée dans ces régions, à travers l'intégration des pratiques romaines et locales. Les résultats issus de la comparaison ente ces données et les sources juridiques ainsi qu'avec les normes qui réglementent la gestion des ressources en eau constituent un excellent indicateur pour comprendre les rapports sociaux et de voisinage en milieu urbain. / This work aims to present the study of hydraulic and water supply system in the North East Gaul, from the roman conquer to IV century A.C. This research includes 31 settlements: capita ciuitatum, castra and minor settlements. Particularly, the work presents the case of the minor settlement of Bliesbruck and Douodurum/Metz, caput ciuitatis of Mediomatrices. This study intend to show how water management is organised in this region, including roman and local traditions. Indeed, the study of roman low concerning water management, with the support of archaeological records, is a good clue to understand social networks and urban neighbourhoods.

This dissertation analyzes the means by which ritual traditions changed and spread throughout the Roman provinces in Gaul in the first two centuries CE. While numerous scholars have studied ritual shifts in Roman Gaul with a focus on material culture and imagery, this has not been accompanied by a focus on the negotiations involving the non-elite. By including non-elite Gauls in the analysis, my research creates a full picture of religious change that traces how the traditions evolved and how these adaptations spread across the region. This project argues that ritual sites, practices of ritual deposition, monuments depicting the gods, burial traditions, burial stelae, and some commercial production were all part of the cultural negotiation regarding ritual among Gauls of various levels in the social hierarchy. Communication of these cultural negotiations was transmitted along the trade and pilgrimage travel routes in Gaul, including both roads and rivers. Numerous individuals used these routes and discussed their own ideas and learned about other views of the gods on their journeys. As these ideas spread, they gradually standardized. This regional study, that covers a broad periodization, states that the provinces of Gaul adopted Roman ritual imports into their religion through a nuanced series of local cultural negotiations that were still part of a regional network connected by travel routes. This process takes into account communal choices in regional changes. By broadening the focus of the study of provincial societies, this dissertation shows that the changes brought into new areas by the Romans created a complex network of negotiation, which crossed social hierarchies and geographical boundaries.

The aim of the thesis is to use numismatic evidence to extend the picture of N. Gaul in 350-361 which is available from other sources, and in particular to ascertain details about the usurpation of Magnentius in 350-353, the German invasions of 350-355 and the activities of Julian in 355-361. 103 hoards from Britain, Holland, Belgium, France, W. Germany and Switzerland are analysed, together with 54 site-finds from Belgium and the Rhineland which are compared with 5 site-finds from Britain and 6 from elsewhere in the Roman world. A basic pattern of coin-loss in N. Gaul is identified from the site-finds which, when compared with the pattern found elsewhere, reveals a shortage of coin in N. Gaul in 354-361 as a result of the German invasions. One answer to this shortage was to strike barbarous copies, the distribution of which is seen to correspond to the areas which had survived the invasions or where the scene of Julian's work of reconstruction. In addition a series of hoards, destruction levels and intensively occupied hill-top refuges helps to plot the course of the German invasions. More general matters of coin-circulation are discussed. Various circulation-"pools" are identified and their relationship to one another analysed; coin supply as well as the reasons for and the speed of coin movement are studied. Movements of personnel or troops, as well as administrative links, are identified as the main factors in coin movement in N. Gaul. Particular attention is paid to methods of analysis and to the reliability of the evidence from hoards and site-finds, especially the latter, and ways are determined of recognising distorted or unreliable finds.

Esta dissertação propõe analisar os Livros III e IV da Geografia de Estrabão com o objetivo de identificar como um grego das regiões do Oriente Próximo formulara um quadro de encontro de povos nas regiões Ocidentais do mar Mediterrâneo nos tempos da expansão do Império Romano, e entender qual o papel ele atribui a esta cidade neste processo. Com esta abordagem, pretendemos discutir o importante conceito de Romanização, caro aos trabalhos que abordam a relação entre Roma e suas províncias, além de procurar entender como os o passado dos espaços por nós estudados Península Ibérica e a Europa entre o Reno e os Pirineus foi fruto de uma série de leituras e interpretações distintas, que, em alguns casos, prejudicou o próprio uso da fonte escrita como documento para pensar as transformações pelas quais passaram. A Geografia de Estrabão é vista, dessa forma, como um documento importante e valioso para se pensar as mudanças ocorridas nessas regiões, não somente por conta da chegada dos romanos, mas também como testemunho da importância de outros povos na sua integração a uma nova forma de viver. / This dissertation proposes to examine the Books III and IV of the Geography of Strabo with the aim of identifying how a greek man from the Near Eastern regions formulated a framework for meeting people in the western regions of the Mediterranean Sea, at the time of the Roman Empire expansion, and to understand what role does de assigns to this city in this process. With this approach, we intend to discuss the important concept of Romanization, due to works that deal with the relationship between Rome and its provinces, and we seek to understand how the past of the spaces we studied - Iberian Peninsula and Europe between the Rhine and the Pyrenees - was the result of a number of different readings and interpretations, which, in some cases, damaged the very use of writing documents as a source for thinking the transformations in. The Geography of Strabo is seen, therefore, as an important and valuable document to think about the changes occurring in these regions, not only because of the arrival of the Romans, but also as a witness of the importance other people in their integration to a new form to live.