I denna uppsats undersöks om, och i så fall hur, man översätter könsneutralt på Europaparlamentet. Man kan översätta könsneutralt genom att till exempel skriva han eller hon, använda passiv eller plural. För att kunna undersöka hur man översätter könsneutralt, redogörs för vad genus och könsneutralt språk är, vilken roll genus spelar för denna typ av översättning, vilka olika genusaspekter som är viktiga för tyska och svenska, och terminologiska aspekter. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten bygger på feministisk lingvistisk och översättningsteoretisk litteratur som Simon, Thüne och Leonardi, Jobin och von Flotow. Material och metod baseras på interna dokument som Europaparlamentet gett ut. Jag har använt mig av Europaparlamentets arbetsordning som material och två rekommendationshäften om könsneutralt språk i Europaparlamentet som utgångspunkt. Därutöver gjorde jag intervjuer med två tyska och två svenska översättare på Europaparlamentet i Luxemburg. Resultaten visar att alla rekommendationer om könsneutralt språk faktiskt inte används, utan att man har valt olika strategier på tyska och svenska. I båda språken används passiv form och plural, medan användningen av pronomen skiljer sig mycket mellan de båda språken. Vidare ansågs omskrivning med substantivering som mycket tveksam och förekom inte heller i arbetsordningsanalysen. Det som undersöktes var adjektivböjningen och användningen av pronomen vad gäller funktionsbeteckningar i Europaparlamentets arbetsordning. Det visade sig vara lättare att översätta könsneutralt på svenska än på tyska. Han eller hon används inte på tyska, inte heller den så kallade Binnen-I med vilkens hjälp man kan markera båda könen på tyska. Sammanfattningsvis kan man säga att översättarna, med hjälp av rekommendationerna i de ovan nämnda häftena och sin egen språkkänsla försöker att formulera sina översättningar könsneutralt, och att könsneutralt språk i stort sett också återspeglas i Europaparlamentets arbetsordning. / This thesis is an empirical study on gender neutral translation at the European Parliament. In order to translate gender neutraly, the translator can write he or she, use passive-constructions or plural. In order to be able to analyze how a translator translates gender neutraly, I will first present how gender and gender neutral language is defined, how gender affects translation, which aspects are of importance for Swedish and German, as well as terminological aspects. The theoretical background is based on feminist linguistic and translation theory such as Simon, Thüne and Leonardi, Jobin and von Flotow. The research material and method are based on internal documents of the European Parliament, videlicet the Rules of Procedure and a broschure on gender neutral language. In addition, I interviewed translators of the European Parliament in Luxembourg, two of them being German and two of them being Swedish. It can be said that not all of the given recommendations for gender neutral language are used and that the usage differs in German and Swedish. Recommendations such as passive-constructions and plural are applied in both languages, while nominalization was considered to be questionable. Furthermore, the usage of functions, pronouns and adjectives in the Rules of Procedure was analyzed. In Swedish translations, the use of he and she is quite common, while it is not recommended for German, nor is the usage of Binnen-I for that matter. Summing up, it can be said that it is easier to translate and write gender neutraly in Swedish as in German and that all translators pay attention to the given recommendations and translate as gender neutral as possible, which is also reflected in the translation of the Rules of Procedure.

<p>Abstract</p><p>In English usages such as mankind and job titles ending in -man (fireman, chairman) when referring to people in general are considered sexist. Sexist language makes a distinction between women and men and it can exclude, trivialize or diminish women. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to study the sexist or non-sexist use of occupational terms in The San Diego Union Tribune and The Daily Aztec. The questions that were investigated were how the newspapers used affixed terms ending in –man and -woman, if they added female/woman/lady to refer to women, but also how they referred to traditional female professions (nurse, midwife). The study was conducted by hand by using a textual analysis, which was both qualitative and quantitative in nature. The study showed that the newspapers primarily use non-sexist occupational terms and avoid using female markings, even when reference is being made to women who have traditional male professions. The sexist usage that was most common was the affixed terms ending in –man and –woman. One conclusion that could be drawn was that The San Diego Union Tribune follows The Associated Press Stylebook’s policy about the usage of coined words such as chairperson and spokesperson.</p>

This study investigates interaction in eight sibling pairs aged 1-5 years with the purpose of examining the prevalence of certain variables constituting the interaction. The siblings were observed with video camera while playing with a toy brought along by the author. In order to validate and expand upon the information obtained from the observations, the parent(s) were asked to respond to a number of questions from a Questionnaire. The variables investigated were reciprocal and complementary interaction, asymmetrical roles, imitation, conflict, joint and parallel play and communication. The results obtained indicate that, in these eight sibling pairs, reciprocal interaction, that is interaction taking place on an equal level, is signified by joint play. Complementary interaction, that is interaction taking place on different levels, is signified by parallel play. High activity level for boys versus low activity level for girls in three sibling pairs were observed to correspond to gender-specific play activities in everyday life.

Abstract In English usages such as mankind and job titles ending in -man (fireman, chairman) when referring to people in general are considered sexist. Sexist language makes a distinction between women and men and it can exclude, trivialize or diminish women. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to study the sexist or non-sexist use of occupational terms in The San Diego Union Tribune and The Daily Aztec. The questions that were investigated were how the newspapers used affixed terms ending in –man and -woman, if they added female/woman/lady to refer to women, but also how they referred to traditional female professions (nurse, midwife). The study was conducted by hand by using a textual analysis, which was both qualitative and quantitative in nature. The study showed that the newspapers primarily use non-sexist occupational terms and avoid using female markings, even when reference is being made to women who have traditional male professions. The sexist usage that was most common was the affixed terms ending in –man and –woman. One conclusion that could be drawn was that The San Diego Union Tribune follows The Associated Press Stylebook’s policy about the usage of coined words such as chairperson and spokesperson.

The aim of this essay was to investigate the knowledge of, and attitudes towards unbiased English usage amongst Swedish upper secondary school students. For the purpose of this study, a survey was carried out at an upper secondary school in southern Sweden. In the theoretical background section, terms such as political correctness and gender-neutral language use are defined. In addition, references are made to studies in the United States and Europe on students’ awareness of these aspects of language. For the present study, a survey was carried out in which 41 students answered 13 questions in written form. The students attend their third year at four different programmes at upper secondary school. The results show that a majority of the students are very aware of the sensitivity of referring to persons of colour, and they are even afraid of being perceived as racists if they use terms such as black American. As regards non-sexist language use, the Swedish students were aware of the fact that terms such as firefighter and police officer can be used to designate both men and women. However, the students have little knowledge of the title Ms and of the neutral alternative to chairman, chair.

The purpose of this study is to examine and analyse how the Korean pop culture depicts Korean masculinity. The theoretical point of departure in this study is based on Connell's theory of masculinity in order to define the Korean masculinity. Furthermore, this study also uses Lippman´s theory of stereotypes to determine the potential stereotypical formation of Korean males. By using a qualitative semiotic analysis, this study aimed to identify through a Korean perspective how the phenomenon Hallyu represents the Korean masculinity. In other words, how the Korean media and popular culture visualises and represents the Korean men. Moreover, for the ability for us to define the visual representations of the Korean masculinity we used Barthes' semiotic method. In addition to Barthes it was also used the list of male characteristics and attributes by Daniel Ekman in order to further define masculinity and develop the analysis. In total this study analysed eight different K-Beauty campaigns and two different K-pop music videos. Based upon the result from this study it was identified and defined a different formation of masculinity that was represented within the Korean pop culture. This new formation that was shown in both K-beauty and K-pop indicated that the traditional Korean masculinity is no longer standardized within the Korean pop culture. Therefore, based upon the findings from this study it was concluded that this new masculinity has reached a global audience. This audience will with high probability be influenced by this new image depicted by the Korean man.

No description available.

The purpose of this study is to examine how female soldiers view their role as soldiers and what they perceive as good soldier qualities to see if it differentiates from the traditional view of what a soldier perceived as. The study will also deal with the female soldier’s perception of equality within the Swedish military. To gather empirical material the study has uses a qualitative method consisting of five semi structured interviews with the female soldiers. All respondents work in the same group as medic soldiers and are at the start of their soldier career. The theories that have been used to analyse the material gathered from the respondents are of hegemonic masculinity and critical vs gender neutral approach. Within hegemonic masculinity different archetypes exist in a hierarchy, for this study the archetypes have been stripped down to the warrior hero to fit the framework of the military organisation. The warrior hero will be used to analyse the respondents view of themselves as soldiers and the qualities that should be expected of a soldier. Critical vs gender neutral theory will be used to examen the responder’s relation to the organisation.The result for the study is that the view of the female soldiers differed in some aspects from the traditional view of the warrior hero. The respondents also had a joint view of the Swedish military as gender neutral.

Knapp 70 % der aktuell existierenden Sprachassistenzsysteme nutzen ausschließlich weibliche Stimmen. Assistenten mit männlichen Stimmen oder mit der Möglichkeit, zwischen verschiedenen Optionen zu wählen, sind dagegen deutlich in der Unterzahl. Technologien, die soziale Hinweisreize aussenden, werden gemäß des CASA-Paradigmas wie soziale Akteure behandelt. Dies führt dazu, dass auf Sprachassistenten, die ein bestimmtes Geschlecht andeuten, beispielsweise Stereotype angewandt werden können – ein Effekt, der in der Forschung bereits verschiedentlich beobachtet wurde. Mit der Entwicklung der geschlechtsneutralen Stimme Q durch einen Zusammenschluss dänischer Firmen und Organisationen ergab sich 2019 die Frage, ob sich dadurch die Anwendung von Stereotypen umgehen lässt oder neutrale Stimmen im Gegenteil als unangenehm empfunden werden. Dies wurde in der durchgeführten Masterarbeit in Hinblick auf das Vertrauen in ein Sprachassistenzsystem betrachtet. Dafür wurde eine geschlechtsneutrale Stimme entwickelt und in einem Online-Experiment mit einer männlichen und einer weiblichen Stimme verglichen, die jeweils über ein stereotyp männliches, ein stereotyp weibliches oder ein neutrales Thema sprachen. Es zeigte sich, dass der neutrale Stimme in einigen Variablen eine geringere Vertrauenswürdigkeit zugeschrieben wurde – auch, wenn sie als männlich oder weiblich empfunden wurde. Die Geschlechtszuordnung war wiederum davon abhängig, welchem Geschlecht die Proband*innen das Thema zuordneten, über das die Stimme sprach. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass die Uneindeutigkeit und Ungewohntheit der neutralen Stimme zu einer schlechteren Bewertung führt. Daher muss bezweifelt werden, dass entsprechende Projekte zu einer breitenwirksamen Überwindung von Stereotypen führen können, sondern im Gegenteil sogar negative Reaktionen auf Entitäten mit sich bringen und festigen, die nicht der Geschlechternorm entsprechen. / Almost 70 % of the currently existing language assistance systems only use female voices. Assistants with male voices or with the option to choose between different options, on the other hand, are clearly in the minority. Technologies that emit social cues are treated like social actors in accordance with the CASA paradigm. As a result, stereotypes, for example, can be applied to voice assistants who indicate a specific gender - an effect that has already been observed in various research. With the development of the gender-neutral voice Q through a merger of Danish companies and organizations, the question arose in 2019 whether this would avoid the use of stereotypes or, on the contrary, neutral voices are perceived as unpleasant. This was considered in the master's thesis with regard to trust in a language assistance system. For this purpose, a gender-neutral voice was developed and compared in an online experiment with a male and a female voice that spoke about a stereotypically male, a stereotypically female or a neutral topic. It was found that the neutral voice was assigned a lower level of trustworthiness in some variables - even if it was perceived as male or female. The gender assignment, in turn, was dependent on which gender the test subjects assigned the topic about which the voice was speaking. The results suggest that the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the neutral voice leads to a poorer rating. It must therefore be doubted that such projects can lead to a broad-based overcoming of stereotypes, but on the contrary even bring about and consolidate negative reactions to entities that do not correspond to the gender norm.

No description available.