<p>Women outperform men in face recognition and are especially good at recognizing other females’ faces. This may be caused by a larger female interest in faces. The aims of this study were to investigate if women were more interested in female faces and if depth of friendship was related to face recognition. Forty-one women and 16 men completed two face recognition tasks: one in which the faces shown earlier had been presented one at a time, and one where they had been shown two and two. The Network of Relationships Inventory was used to assess depth of friendships. As hypothesized, but not statistically significant, women tended to recognize more female faces when faces were presented two and two. No relationships were found between depth of friendships and face recognition. The results gave some support for the previously untested hypothesis that interest has importance in women’s recognition of female faces.</p>

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The purpose of this study was to examine how male and female leaders view their own effectiveness as compared to their objective performance. This study also examined sex and gender differences in subordinate's views of male and female leaders. Forty-two mixed-sex groups led by appointed male and female leaders were observed to assess objective and perceived leader effectiveness. Gender role of participants was assessed using the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). No sex or gender differences were found in objective leadership effectiveness. An unexpected finding was that male and female leaders perceived themselves accurately as leaders. Significant differences were found in the way male subordinates rated men and women leaders when taking into account gender role. Results indicated that the study of gender bias in leadership is complex and should be examined in conjunction with gender role. Social role theory helps to explain this bias.

AbstractPurpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore what the residents of Skurup wishes to improve in the municipality of Skurup and if the improvements can be generalized on gender. The paper will give answer to if the improvement can be based on which gender the respondents belongs to. If there is a connecting between living improvement and gender in the municipality of Skurup. Design/methodology/approach - A quantitative study in the form of 200 surveys is used to let us know what the residents of Skurup wishes to improve. The method will consist of primary data, which is collected through surveys. Supplement in the empire will consist of secondary data from databases like Web of Science, Scopus, Diva, Emerald insight and Google scholar. Implications/Findings - The study reveals what the people in Skurup wishes to improve in their municipality and if the result is affected by gender differences. The paper increases understanding of how a municipality can make their place good to live in based on different gender preferences. As women and men prefer different things, the attributes which they wishes to improve varies based on different gender aspects and can ́t be generalised on the whole population, as there are other affecting factors. Originality/value - The research paper gives accurate information about what the residents of Skurup wants to improve and if the improvement factors has anything to do with gender. It increases understanding of how a municipality can make their place good to live in, for different genders. It also provides information to the municipality of Skurup what they should improve according to the sample of residents. Paper type - Research paper. Keywords - Gender differences, municipality, Skurup, improve living and value propositions.

While advancements in treatment have made HIV a more manageable disease, only recently have psychosocial variables associated with the health of persons living with HIV (PLH) began to receive increased scrutiny. HIV-related stigma, considered by some researchers to be a “second epidemic,” is one such psychosocial variable and is associated with negative physiological and psychological health outcomes. In an effort to alleviate the effects of stress, increased research attention has focused on forgiveness as a teachable coping strategy. Current forgiveness interventions demonstrate encouraging results in decreasing anger and neutralizing stress but have not been applied to HIV-positive populations. In this study, Lazarus and Folkman’s transactional model of stress and coping (1984) and Prochaska and Velicer’s transtheoretical model of health behavior (1997) were utilized as theoretical frameworks to inform a randomized clinical trial that examines coping skills, particularly forgiveness, in PLH and perceived HIV-related stigma. An ethnically diverse sample of HIV-positive adults (n = 57) was randomized into a treatment or control group. The treatment group participated in six weeks of cognitive-behavioral group therapy that focused on the teaching of forgiveness as an effective coping tool while the control group was psychoeducational in nature and did not involve mention of forgiveness. Data was obtained on a variety of medical and psychosocial variables, including types of forgiveness (dispositional forgiveness, forgiveness of self, forgiveness of others, and forgiveness of situations) and perceived HIV-related stigma. Data were collected at three time points: at baseline (Time 1) prior to randomization of participants to the treatment or control group, immediately post intervention (Time 2), and at six-month follow-up (Time 3). Importantly, forgiveness was shown to be a teachable skill that PLH can use to potentially improve mental health. Men in the treatment group reported significantly higher levels of dispositional forgiveness and self-forgiveness than men in the control group at six-month follow up. Additionally, self-forgiveness at Time 1 and self-forgiveness at Time 3 significantly accounted for 34% and 28% of the variance, respectively, in HIV-related stigma at Time 3. Though self-forgiveness was shown to be better than forgiveness of others in predicting HIV-related stigma, the forgiveness intervention was not effective in reducing overall HIV-related stigma in PLH. HIV-related stigma is likely more complex than originally conceptualized. Implications and future directions in improving interventions to mitigate HIV-related stigma are discussed.

Resilience is the ability to survive and persevere during difficult times. Resilient people also thrive after overcoming adversity. Adolescents have many developmental tasks to overcome in their quest to becoming adults. Difficulty with these tasks can lead to academic and personal failures. Adolescents with low resilience often struggle with low self-esteem. If students are identified early as having lower levels of resilience, professional school counselors have an opportunity to provide resilience-enhancing activities. Prior to middle school, students are assigned all of their classes. During middle school, students begin to select their elective courses which may be representative of their interests and current emotional status. By looking at students' elective courses, I looked for patterns of resilience that may help professional school counselors proactively identify students in need of additional guidance in order to be academically successful. This study utilized a convenience sample of middle school students enrolled in the 8th grade (N = 190) of a large suburban school district located in the southwest United States to measure levels of resilience and elective course enrollment. Gender of the participants was 107 females and 83 males. The students reported their ethnicity as 5.8% African American/Black, 11.1% Asian, 12.6% Hispanic, 1.1% Native American, 1.6% Pacific Islander, 59.5% Caucasian/White, and 8.4% multiracial. I measured resilience in this study using the Resilience Scale and comparisons based on elective course. Data analyses include descriptive statistics and ANOVAs. Based on a statistical significance criterion of p < .05, students enrolled in athletics scored significantly higher in resilience than did non-athletics students enrolled in physical education/outdoor education (p = .035). Additionally, Caucasian females were significantly less resilient than Caucasian males (p = .031). Limitations of the study, implications of the results for practice, and recommendations for future research are presented.

This study examined gender and self-monitoring as separate and interacting variables predicting judgmental accuracy on the part of observers of facial expressions of emotional categories. The main and interaction effects failed to reach significant levels during the preliminary analysis. However, post hoc analyses demonstrated a significant encoder sex variable. Female encoders of emotion were judged more accurately by both sexes. Additionally, when the stimulus was limited to female enactments of emotional categories, the hypothesized main and interaction effects reached significant F levels. This study utilized 100 observers and 10 encoders of seven emotional categories. Methodological considerations and alternatives are examined at length.

Body image (BI) reflects how a person views his or her own body, and how one thinks, feels and acts toward it. This study examined the relationship of activity (sport vs. leisure) and gender to body image among adults aged 50 years and older. The sample included 182 Senior Olympians (79 men; 103 women) with a mean age of 65.5 years. Three scales measured the components of BI: the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS) measured affective BI, the Contour Rating Drawing Scale (CRDS) measured cognitive BI, and the Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ) measured behavioral BI. The Body Satisfaction Scale (BSS) measured satisfaction with appearance and functionality, and grip strength was used as a measure of body function. Women scored higher than men on the SPAS and the CRDS, indicating greater dissatisfaction with their affective and cognitive BI. Women also scored higher than men on the clothing and grooming behaviors of the BIAQ, while men scored higher on social avoidance. Sport participants scored higher than leisure participants on the grip strength test. Results suggest that gender differences in BI appear to persist into older adulthood. The results also suggest that the effects of sport on BI among older adults may depend in part on gender.

The aim of this study was to investigate and describe online interpersonal victimization (OIPV) in terms of gender differences and the association between such victimization and online behavior of active social media users in a Swedish sample. Since social media has become such a big part of our world it is of importance to study OIPV in this forum. Previous research has found that OIPV is a rather common phenomenon, that there are gender differences included and that certain online behaviors are risk factors. OIPV by itself is not a crime but rather an umbrella term including the legal terms illegal threat, slander, insult, harassment, sexual harassment, stalking and crimes against the personal data act or the copyright act. The cyberlifestyle–routine activities theory was used in this study to understand which online behaviors were risk factors in our sample. To answer the aim a survey was made and answered by 338 participants. The answers were tested with chi-square tests (χ²) and Mann-Whitney U tests in order to examine differences in gender regarding victimization and to find differences between the victimized and non-victimized group regarding their online behaviors. The results showed a high prevalence of OIPV and that women were more likely to be victims of OIPV, especially of harassment, sexual harassment, threats of sexual violence and stalking. The online behaviors that were significant risk factors in our sample were the use of a profile picture of themselves and number of hours spent on social media every day. This combined indicated that social media may not be a completely gender equal place and that online behaviors may not indicate the risk of being victimized equally well for both genders. / <p>2016-06-01</p>

The thesis deals with gender differences in sources of well-being, focusing on two currently the most significant concepts, subjective well-being (SWB) and psychological well- being (PWB). Attention is paid to the personality correlates of both concepts - personality traits, identity-styles, self-esteem, personal values and coping strategies. In the empirical part we explored the relationships of the studied phenomena on university student sample. The correlations of SWB and personality sources have been found to be weaker than those of the PWB concept, yet both concepts show similar trends in measurements. As expected, women have achieved a higher level of well-being in both concepts. However, the results of examining gender differences have shown, in several cases, a more significant relationship between personal sources of PWB among men. In this case, significantly stronger positive correlation between PWB and extraversion, self-esteem, active coping has been confirmed, likewise significantly stronger negative correlation between PWB and conformity and higher order value, conservation. The results are discussed considering their limits and implications for further research.