The thesis deals with the analysis of the development of the fast-paced debt growth of Polish and Czech economies in the years between 2000 and 2010. It focuses on the most debt-ridden sectors; those of households and government institutions. The thesis identifies the causes of the dynamic debt increase of these sectors in both economies. The outcome of the analysis is also the evaluation of the debt expansion influence on the growth of GDP. The evaluation is based on the available data from the databases of statistical offices and central banks. The cause behind the debt of households is a confluence of several factors both on the part of demand and offer. Apparently, the key factor is the relaxed monetary policy of the central bank. The cause of government institutions debt are predominantly the anually created state budget deficits, and thus maintained an expansive character of the fiscal policies. Debt therefore additionally stimulated the economies in what already was a period of growth.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-27T18:28:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 hugoandrefloresfernandesaraujo.pdf: 1169515 bytes, checksum: d151b1391f0902b45ab676a543d72cc7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-28T10:52:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 hugoandrefloresfernandesaraujo.pdf: 1169515 bytes, checksum: d151b1391f0902b45ab676a543d72cc7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T10:52:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 hugoandrefloresfernandesaraujo.pdf: 1169515 bytes, checksum: d151b1391f0902b45ab676a543d72cc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Após a aclamação de D. João IV uma série de medidas foi adotada para garantir a permanência da nova dinastia à frente do trono português. Nesse contexto as guerras passam a ser eventos constantes e por conseqüência produziram transformações de ordem política, econômica e social. No Estado do Brasil a presença holandesa era efetiva desde 1630, fato que ameaçava a unidade da América Portuguesa, e por conseqüência gerava interferências na economia lusobrasileira, pois os holandeses controlavam rentável produção açucareira. O governador geral era o representante do rei no Estado do Brasil, como tal era imbuído de poderes extraordinários nos campos da justiça, fazenda e milícia. Estes poderes lhe conferiam a autoridade para governar o Estado do Brasil. A insurreição dos moradores de Pernambuco e de outras áreas ocupadas pelos neerlandeses iniciou o processo que levou a capitulação definitiva dos invasores estrangeiros. O governo geral atuou em conjunto com os luso-brasileiros de Pernambuco para derrotar os holandeses. Nosso objetivo é analisar quais foram as medidas tomadas pelo governo geral no tocante a gestão da guerra, bem como caracterizar como eram estabelecidas as relações com os poderes locais. / After the acclamation of D. João IV a series of measures were adopted to ensure the permanence of the new dynasty ahead of the Portuguese throne. In this context the wars become constant events and consequently produced changes in politic, economic and social order. In the State of Brazil the Dutch presence was effective since 1630, a fact that threatened the unity of Portuguese America, and consequently generated interference in Luso- Brazilian economy, because the Dutch controlled the profitable sugar production. The general governor was the king’s representative in the State of Brazil, as such was imbued with extraordinary powers in the fields of “justiça”, “fazenda” and “milicia”. These powers gave it the authority to govern the State of Brazil. The uprising of the people of Pernambuco and other areas occupied by the Dutch started the process that led to the final capitulation of the foreign invaders. The general government acted in conjunction with the Luso-Brazilian from Pernambuco to defeat the Dutch. Our goal is to analyze what were the measures taken by the general government regarding the management of the war, as well as characterize how were established relations with the local authorities.

The aim of this graduation theses is an evaluation of the economic advancement of the last five euro area countries, i.e. Slovenia, Cyprus, Malta, Slovakia and Estonia, in the context of the decaying world's economic crisis and adumbration the possible perspectives of their next economic advancement. The thesis is structured into five chapters (according to countries), whereas the structure is always the same - introductory subchapter evaluates the way to euro area by convergence reports of EC and ECB, the second one predicates current economic advancement by chosen economic indicators from Eurostat and the last one implies expected advancement by EC Autumn forecast 2010.

Martial Merlin a été Gouverneur général de l'Afrique équatoriale française (de 1909 à 1917), de l'Afrique occidentale française (de 1919 à 1923) et de l'Indochine (de 1923 à 1925). Il est le seul Administrateur colonial à avoir occupé les trois grands Gouvernements généraux de la France d'Outre-mer. L'AEF, l'AOF et l'Indochine étaient des Groupes de colonies : ils furent créés à la fin du XIXe siècle, afin de donner une unité de direction à des colonies jusque là dispersées. L'étude de l'œuvre et de la doctrine coloniales de Merlin nous permet de mieux connaître l'institution du Gouvernement général. Merlin souhaitait que l'Administration fût organisée sur des bases claires. Il a défini les attributions de chaque organe du Gouvernement général et il a souligné le rôle essentiel du Gouverneur général, chargé de donner une unité de direction politique et économique aux territoires regroupés. Merlin souhaitait également que l'Administration s'appuyât sur des bases solides. Il a mis en œuvre une politique de Gouvernement indirect, afin de diriger les populations indigènes par l'intermédiaire de leurs chefs coutumiers. Organe de coordination économique, le Gouverneur général devait assurer la mise en valeur de son Groupe de colonies : Merlin a défini une politique de développement précise, tout en se souciant des moyens de sa politique de développement (il a notamment réglementé le régime de la main d'oeuvre). Organe de direction politique, le Gouverneur général devait convaincre les indigènes des bienfaits de la "Paix française" : Merlin a défini (et mis en oeuvre) une politique de "contact", afin d'entraîner l'adhésion des indigènes à la cause française, tout en menant une politique "défensive", face à l'irruption de mouvements étrangers hostiles à la présence française. / Martial Merlin was the Governor General of the AEF (French equatorial Africa) from 1909 to 1917, of the AOF (French western Africa) from 1919 to 1923 and of Indochina from 1923 to 1925. He is the only colonial administrator to have served as Governor General of all three organizations of the French colonies. The AEF, AOF and Indochina, each grouping together many colonies, were created at the end of the nineteenth century, in order to impose a coherence to the direction of the colonies, which up until then had been administered separately. A study of the colonial theory expressed in the works of Merlin provides an insight into the institution of the Government General. Merlin affirmed that the administration of the colonies should be organized on a clear basis. He assigned specific attributes to each organ of the Government General, and emphasized that the essential role was to be played by the Governor General, whose duty it was to define a unified policy for the political and economic direction of the various territories. Seeking a firm basis for this administration, Merlin implemented a policy of indirect government, controlling the native population by using their customary chiefs as intermediaries. As an agent of economic coordination, the Governor General was to turn to good account his group of colonies ; Merlin defined a policy of development which included initiatives to insure the means by which to implement that policy (he introduced, for example, a set of labor regulations). As an agent of political direction, the Governor General was to convince the natives of the advantages of the "French peace" ; Merlin defined and implemented a policy of “contact”, in order to gain the support of the natives to the French cause, while at the same time practicing a "defensive" policy, made necessary by the eruption of movements hostile to the French presence.

The goal of this thesis is to picture the economic behavior of institutional sectors in non-financial corporations, households and government institutions during years 1995 -- 2007. The analysis focuses on selected institutional sectors from the Czech Republic and Slovakia; for a wilder comparison are also included two developed West-European countries -- France and Switzerland. It is based mainly on a data analysis of the national accounts and it is pointing out the problems connected to its outcomes. The thesis is divided into four parts. The first part is dealing with the history of national accounts, development of international standards in the selected countries and its comparison; it is also defining each of the institutional sectors and summarizes economic development of these countries. The second part examines the outcomes from the sectors of the non-financial corporations based on national accounting's regular accounts, and on proprietorial accounts. The third part is considering the households and analyzing specific indicators related to the households. The fourth part is related to the earnings, expenditures, and outcomes of the government operating. In the end the indicators of each institutional sector in some other European countries are also looked at.

This diploma thesis deals with financing of central government deficit through the issue of government bonds and with overall context which is inextricably linked with this area. There is defined and discussed a basic terminology in terms of bond, budget system, budget deficit and public debt in the introductory theoretical chapters. We can find a description of development and management of central government debt in the Czech Republic in the next practical chapter of this diploma thesis. The gross borrowing requirements of the Czech Republic are largely covered by issue of government bonds and also by savings government bonds since 2011. The last chapter is devoted to the description of the process of a new euro-denominated issue of government bonds which is again shown on the example of the Czech Republic and its Ministry of Finance.

The objective of the thesis is to analyze the accumulated public debt of France including its structure during the financial and economic crisis between 2008 and 2012 with possible short-term and medium-term scenarios for the future. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter describes the development of the French economy and the main macroeconomic indicators from 1991 until 2012. The second chapter deals with the accumulated public debt of France, its development in the past, structure of the debt and debt of French municipalities. The last chapter is dedicated to the possible scenarios for the development of French public debt and public debt problems with specific options for their removal. The next section describes the attitude of the French government toward the debt crisis in the eurozone.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to regionalize the final consumption expenditure of households, general government and also non-profit organisations serving households. It is necessary to search for suitable regionalisation keys (weights) for each of consumption expenditure of all three sectors mentioned above. With these keys it is then possible to divide the national value (taken from national accounts) into the regions. The national values are regionalised to NUTS 3 level (14 regions called "kraj" in the Czech Republic). In the thesis obtained results are also assessed from the regional point of view. Further, the potential alternative indicators are being discussed, that are not possible to use now, but could be a good aim for further research in this topic.

O estudo da moeda contribui para a compreensão da dinâmica do Antigo Sistema Colonial. Entre Portugal e Brasil, no seiscentos, ocorria uma evasão monetária em virtude, sobretudo, das vantagens comerciais fundadas no exclusivo metropolitano. Esta evasão foi agravada pela lei de 4 de agosto de 1688, que determinava um aumento de 20% no valor extrínseco das moedas portuguesas e que as patacas espanholas deveriam correr a peso pela razão de 100 réis a oitava. O objetivo da lei era combater o cerceio e evitar a evasão monetária na metrópole. Entretanto, no Brasil, cujo meio circulante era composto predominantemente por patacas cerceadas, houve resistências, insatisfações e até motins contra a implementação da lei, que diminuiria o valor extrínseco do dinheiro dos moradores na colônia. O governador-geral Câmara Coutinho publicou e fez cumprir a lei, o que intensificou ainda mais o escoamento de moedas do Brasil para Portugal, acentuando ainda mais as dificuldades dos senhores de engenho e lavradores, num momento crítico da produção açucareira. Quando a escassez de dinheiro comprometeu a arrecadação, ordenou-se a fundação da Casa da Moeda na Bahia para produção de moedas provinciais. / The study of currency contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of the Old Colonial System. Between Portugal and Brazil in the seventeenth century, there was a evasion of coins due mainly to commercial advantages based on metropolitan exclusive. This evasion was intensified by the law of August 4th, 1688, which determined an increase of 20% in the extrinsic value of the Portuguese coins, and that the Spanish patacas should run by the weight ratio of 100 reis by one eighth. The purpose of the law was to combat the curtailment and prevent the evasion of coins in the metropolis. However, in Brazil, whose currency was composed predominantly by curtailed patacas, there were resistances, dissatisfaction and even riots against the implementation of the law, which would decrease the extrinsic value of the money of the residents in the colony. The general governor Câmara Coutinho published and did comply with the law, which further intensified the flow of coins from Brazil to Portugal, further accentuating the difficulties of the senhores de engenho and lavradores, at a critical moment in sugar production. When the money shortage undertook the tax collection, it was ordered the founding of the Mint in Bahia for the production of provincial coins.

金融海嘯後，台灣政府為刺激經濟成長，大規模舉債施行擴張性財政政策，導致債務餘額遽增，加上歐洲各國爆發債務危機後，各界對台灣公共債務餘額之關注持續增加。根據2012年底財政部公佈之資料顯示中央政府一年以上債務未償餘額已達到新台幣5兆0,116億元歷史新高，亦有報章媒體批露台灣公共債務餘額若加計軍公教人員退休金等「潛在負債」及國營事業負債後，政府債務高達21兆4,066億元。 台灣債務餘額確切數字究竟為何？各方說法不一。而國際間常用之國家債務標準又為何？實有進一步探討之必要。本文基於國際比較基礎觀點，擬以聯合國2008年公布之國民經濟會計制度（System of National Accounts 2008；SNA2008）為標準，試算台灣目前之「一般政府金融性負債（General government financial liabilities）」。 本研究將審計部公布之《中華民國100年度各級政府總決算審核報告》按SNA2008之「一般政府金融性負債」之定義進行改編，得出100年度台灣之「一般政府金融性負債」為7兆1,265億元、「一般政府金融性負債占GDP之比率」為52.12％，約略與OECD國家中之捷克（48.2％）、斯洛伐克（48.2％）及瑞典（49.4％）相當。若將台灣「一般政府金融性負債占GDP之比率」納入OECD之34個會員國中排序，台灣排於第12名；且台灣之比率52.09％與當年度歐盟15國平均比率95.56％及OECD各國平均比率103.5％相較仍屬較低，故若以國際比較觀點，台灣之公共債務狀況尚屬中上之狀態。 / After the financial crisis, the Taiwan government adopted expansionary fiscal policy to stimulate economic growth, leading dramatic increase in outstanding debt. According to information published by the Ministry of Finance, "the central government over one year outstanding debt " had reached a record high 5.11 trillion (Taiwan dollars) by the end of 2012. Some newspapers and media also disclosed that Taiwan public debt balance added "potential liabilities" and "liabilities of state-owned enterprises", government outstanding debt reached 21.40 trillion. From the perspective of the basis for cross-national comparisons, we will adopt "System of National Accounts 2008", published by the United Nations in 2009, as the standard to compile the "general government financial liabilities" of Taiwan. In this study, we use SNA2008 as the standard to adapt the "all levels of government final accounts audit report" published by the Ministry of Auditing, for the "general government financial liabilities". By the end of 2011, the "general government financial liability" was 7.12 trillion, and the "general government financial liabilities as a percentage of GDP" was 52.12%. In the same year, the ratio of EU was 95.56% and the ratio of OECD was 103.5%. From the perspective of the basis for cross-national comparisons, The financial situation of Taiwan was still in the good condition.