For a long time confined to Article 106(2) TFEU, a provision allowing to justify regulatory measures derogating from Treaty rules by invoking their necessity in order to enable undertakings entrusted with services of general economic interest (SGEIs) to fulfil their special tasks, SGEI has become a constitutional concept of EU law. In the post-Lisbon EU Treaties it is subject to new provisions, in particular Article 14 TFEU and the Protocol on services on general interest. As a legal concept allowing to balance EU market integration and the pursuit of legitimate national policies related to public services, SGEI is also a political concept, and therefore its legal interpretation is an ultra-sensitive matter. This dissertation proposes that SGEI cannot anymore be contrived as a narrow concept of EU competition law, but must be understood as a broad public service concept encompassing both public authorities’ policy missions and undertakings’ public service obligations. This follows from an analysis of the CJEU’s understanding of the EU concept of SGEI in the frame of Hirschman’s theory on exit and voice, and thus on the double background of its own case law foreclosing exit from EU market rules for public services, and of its acknowledgement of the SGEI “voice” this has led to in the Treaties. The analysis shows that the CJEU’s bifurcation by the notions of “public service obligations” and “public service tasks”, is aimed at applying the Treaty SGEI provisions loyally without pre-empting their political use by the Union and the Member States. To shed some light on the political use of the EU concept of SGEI made by the EU legislator and the Member States in a context of Europeanisation and liberalisation, this dissertation scrutinizes also how the new EU procurement and state aid rules applying to social services relate to the Treaty principles on SGEIs, and how the Swedish systems of choice for elderly home care and education relate to the EU rules. It analyses whether these relationships, if too transparent and loyal, may constrain the process of liberalisation of social services in the Member States, and whether it can explain that an explicit characterisation of social services as SGEIs seems to be avoided in EU procurement law and in Swedish law.

O presente estudo tem por finalidade analisar as aproximações entre o tratamento conferido à noção de serviço público no direito francês e no direito da União Europeia. Utilizando-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, analisa-se, primeiramente, o desenvolvimento da concepção de serviço público no direito francês, discorrendo sobre a noção clássica e identificando os principais elementos que caracterizam o instituto atualmente. Após, examina-se a evolução da abordagem da questão no direito comunitário, delineando-se as noções forjadas no âmbito da União Europeia. Por fim, do cotejo entre o tratamento do tema no direito francês e no direito comunitário, destacam-se as aproximações encontradas, concluindo-se pela assimilação, por parte das instituições europeias, dos principais aspectos caracterizadores da noção francesa, mediante a consagração de novas expressões passíveis de serem compreendidas por todos os Estados-membros e cujo conteúdo reflete a realização das adequações necessárias à realidade da União Europeia, sobretudo no que diz respeito às atividades de interesse geral dotadas de caráter econômico. / This study aims to analyze the treatment given to the notion of public service both in french law and in European Union law. Using bibliographic research, it first analyzes the notion developped in french law, by reviewing the classic notion and identifying the main elements that characterize the institut nowadays. After that, it examines how the subject approach evoluted in the European Union, tracing the notions forged by it. At last, after the comparison between how the subject is treated under the french and the European Union law, the approaches are outlined, concluding that the European Union institutions assimilated the main aspects that characterizes the french notion, by the consecration of new expressions that can be understood by all member States, and which content reflects the necessary adjustments to the reality of the European Union, especially with regard to the activities of general interest endowed with economic character.

O presente estudo tem por finalidade analisar as aproximações entre o tratamento conferido à noção de serviço público no direito francês e no direito da União Europeia. Utilizando-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, analisa-se, primeiramente, o desenvolvimento da concepção de serviço público no direito francês, discorrendo sobre a noção clássica e identificando os principais elementos que caracterizam o instituto atualmente. Após, examina-se a evolução da abordagem da questão no direito comunitário, delineando-se as noções forjadas no âmbito da União Europeia. Por fim, do cotejo entre o tratamento do tema no direito francês e no direito comunitário, destacam-se as aproximações encontradas, concluindo-se pela assimilação, por parte das instituições europeias, dos principais aspectos caracterizadores da noção francesa, mediante a consagração de novas expressões passíveis de serem compreendidas por todos os Estados-membros e cujo conteúdo reflete a realização das adequações necessárias à realidade da União Europeia, sobretudo no que diz respeito às atividades de interesse geral dotadas de caráter econômico. / This study aims to analyze the treatment given to the notion of public service both in french law and in European Union law. Using bibliographic research, it first analyzes the notion developped in french law, by reviewing the classic notion and identifying the main elements that characterize the institut nowadays. After that, it examines how the subject approach evoluted in the European Union, tracing the notions forged by it. At last, after the comparison between how the subject is treated under the french and the European Union law, the approaches are outlined, concluding that the European Union institutions assimilated the main aspects that characterizes the french notion, by the consecration of new expressions that can be understood by all member States, and which content reflects the necessary adjustments to the reality of the European Union, especially with regard to the activities of general interest endowed with economic character.

O presente estudo tem por finalidade analisar as aproximações entre o tratamento conferido à noção de serviço público no direito francês e no direito da União Europeia. Utilizando-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, analisa-se, primeiramente, o desenvolvimento da concepção de serviço público no direito francês, discorrendo sobre a noção clássica e identificando os principais elementos que caracterizam o instituto atualmente. Após, examina-se a evolução da abordagem da questão no direito comunitário, delineando-se as noções forjadas no âmbito da União Europeia. Por fim, do cotejo entre o tratamento do tema no direito francês e no direito comunitário, destacam-se as aproximações encontradas, concluindo-se pela assimilação, por parte das instituições europeias, dos principais aspectos caracterizadores da noção francesa, mediante a consagração de novas expressões passíveis de serem compreendidas por todos os Estados-membros e cujo conteúdo reflete a realização das adequações necessárias à realidade da União Europeia, sobretudo no que diz respeito às atividades de interesse geral dotadas de caráter econômico. / This study aims to analyze the treatment given to the notion of public service both in french law and in European Union law. Using bibliographic research, it first analyzes the notion developped in french law, by reviewing the classic notion and identifying the main elements that characterize the institut nowadays. After that, it examines how the subject approach evoluted in the European Union, tracing the notions forged by it. At last, after the comparison between how the subject is treated under the french and the European Union law, the approaches are outlined, concluding that the European Union institutions assimilated the main aspects that characterizes the french notion, by the consecration of new expressions that can be understood by all member States, and which content reflects the necessary adjustments to the reality of the European Union, especially with regard to the activities of general interest endowed with economic character.

En retraçant la trajectoire de l’évolution du concept de SIEG vers la notion juridique de SIEG,notre recherche met l’accent sur l’évolution d’un concept juridique aux contours flous et à laportée incertaine, notamment pour les juristes français, dans sa perception initiale, vers unenotion juridique porteuse d’un idéal social ; le modèle social Union européen. Ainsi, cettethèse aboutit-elle, premièrement, à redessiner les contours de la notion de SIEG en prenant encompte sa capacité à faire peau neuve de la notion d’intérêt général, familière au droit publicfrançais, progressivement devenue « intérêt économique général — ou intérêt généraléconomique » dans le cadre strict du concept qui nous retient ; intérêt économique généraladossé par ailleurs aux idéologies et principes juridiques européens de la concurrence (article106-2 TFUE) et de régulation économique (article 106-3 TFUE) (Partie 1).En second lieu, la recherche explore ce que l’on pourrait dénommer les « vertus » du régimejuridique des SIEG longtemps passées sous silence par la doctrine : protections juridiquesofferte aux acteurs et consommateurs des prestations de SIEG et position axiologique dumodèle social Union européenne des SIEG consacrée par les articles 14 TFUE et le Protocolenuméro 26 sur les services d’intérêt général qui nous semble contenu dans la notion même deSIEG ou pour le moins en découler fonctionnellement (Partie 2). / Retracing the evolutionary trajectory of the Service of General Economic Interest (SGEI)concept concept to the legal notion of SGEI, my research focuses on the evolution of a legalconcept with uncertain outlines as initially perceived, particularly with reference to the Frenchpublic law theory, towards a juridical notion which carries a social ideal: the European Unionsocial model. The thesis thus leads, first, to the redrawing of the concept of SGEI taking intoaccount its ability to revamp the notion of general interest, a notion familiar to French publiclaw, gradually becoming "economic interest" generally or "general interest economicallyspeaking" within the strict framework of the principles of EU Law relating to competition(Article 106 (2) TFEU) and economic regulation (Article 106-3 TFEU) (Part 1).Secondly, my research explores what might be called the "virtues" of the legal regime ofSGEIs that have long been ignored by the doctrine: legal protection offered to actors andconsumers of SGEI services and the axiological position of the European Union social modelof SGEI enshrined in Articles 14 TFEU and Protocol 26 on services of general interest, whichseems to us contained in the concept of SGEI or at least functional (Part 2)

It is difficult to define the legal concept of public service. There are two ways to understand it. The first one is objective and tries to determine which activities and services should be guaranteed to all citizens with the aim of social cohesion. The second one is subjective and is based on the idea that public services are activities excluded from the market. This second conception emphasizes the problems arising from the relationship between the public and private sectors rather than the right of the citizenship to receive specific services. Within this general conceptual framework, this work shows the current debate which is not centered on which kinds of public services are to be provided but rather on how they have to be provided. The debate has a strong ideological content and defends the return to public management at the expense of private management, which is considered inefficient. This work analyzes the debate and introduces some objections to remunicipalization. / El concepto jurídico de servicio público es de difícil precisión. Existen dos concepciones de servicio público: una objetiva, preocupada por determinar qué actividades prestacionales deben ser garantizadas a todos los ciudadanos con el fin de lograr la cohesión social, y otra de carácter subjetivo, basada en la idea de que el servicio público es la actividad excluida del régimen de mercado, incidiendo sobre todo en los problemas de la relación entre sector público y sector privado más que en los derechos de los ciudadanos a obtener unas determinadas prestaciones. Dentro de este marco general conceptual, el presente trabajo pone de manifiesto como en la actualidad se ha abierto un debate de fuerte contenido ideológico en el que no se debate sobre qué servicios deben prestarse, sino sobre cómo deben prestarse los servicios públicos, defendiendo la recuperación de la gestión pública frente a una gestión privada que se califica de ineficiente. El trabajo analiza este debate y formula algunas objeciones a la tesis de la llamada «remunicipalización».

En 1957, l’État est l’organisateur du service public postal en France à travers son administration centrale. Cette même année est signé un traité à Rome entre six États européens autour de l’idée de marché commun avec délégation de souveraineté.Le service public postal et l’Europe du traité de Rome vont, tout d’abord, évoluer parallèlement. Mais, au début des années 1980, le contexte politique, économique et technologique change et l’Europe se saisit de la question postale ; d’une phase d’ignorance, on entre alors dans une phase de confrontation : l’Europe soumet le service postal au droit commun de la concurrence et remet en cause le monopole, organisation traditionnelle du service postal. Par ailleurs, le service public postal organique est transformé : La Poste, exploitant public doté de la personnalité juridique est née. Progressivement, la logique de confrontation laisse place à une phase de concertation entre l’Europe du traité de Rome et les États membres qui donne naissance à plusieurs directives. Ces dernières placent en leur cœur le service universel postal. En 2012, la libéralisation du service postal devient totale : il n’existe plus de monopole légal.Cette ouverture du marché est concomitante avec la révolution numérique. Ainsi, dans ce contexte de bouleversements idéologiques, technologiques et économiques, le service public postal connaît des évolutions significatives tant dans sa forme – La Poste devient une société anonyme – que dans sa mission : pour répondre aux nouveaux besoins d’intérêt général, raison d’être du service public, le service public postal est reconfiguré. / In 1957, the State is the organiser of the public postal service in France through its central administration. That same year, a treaty was signed in Rome between six European States around the idea of a common market with a delegation of sovereignty. At first, the public postal service and the Europe of the Treaty of Rome develop separately. But in the early 1980s, the political, economic and technological context evolves and Europe decides to take an active interest in the matter of the postal service. After a phase of disinterest in postal matters, we enter in a phase of confrontation; Europe submits the postal service to the competition law: monopoly, the traditional organisation of the postal service, is challenged. Moreover, the French public postal service is transformed: La Poste, independent public operator is born. Following the period of confrontation, a period of dialogue follows, bringing together the Europe of the Treaty of Rome and the States members to write the postal law. Several guidelines are adopted, focused in particular on the universal postal service. By 2012, the process of liberalisation of the postal service is complete: there is no legal monopoly in Europe. This new openness is concomitant with the digital era. The postal service must now continue to adapt to this new ideological, technological and economical context: in its form – La Poste becomes a public limited company – as well as in its mission to serve the public interest, the raison d’être of the public service, so the public postal service is reconfigured.

The topic of public services is a complex societal issue, which touches upon such questions which are on the border of legal and economic research and comprises various ideas of societal arrangements. The provision of public services in European societies is seen as a constitutive element of the European social model(s). This issue is experiencing a remarkable revival in academic work as well as in political discourse. The aim of this Master's Thesis is to provide an insight into the process of the Europeanization of public services. The Thesis is embarking on questions comprising the national variations of public services, the transformation of the welfare state and the European social model (or models). The common theme which is connecting the different strands of the Thesis is the idea of the crucial influence of European integration on all of these aspects, the process of which has a far-reaching influence on the role and shape of public services and thus on the future societal development in the individual Member states as well as European society as a whole.

The diploma thesis aims to present the method of the project financing on an example of Nursing Home Project. The thesis is focused on examination whether it is possible to finance the private project regarding services of general economic interest just from operational revenues and allowed state aid. The thesis describes regulations of social care system in the Czech Republic and European regulation and directives regarding the state aid. The last chapter is designed as a feasibility study of the whole project. The feasibility study contains model of future project's cash flows. The horizontal and vertical analyses of financial statements of non-profit organization are also part of the thesis.

La nouveauté du droit de l’aménagement résulte du renouveau de son objet et de ses enjeux. L’élargissement des finalités d’urbanisme et les restrictions budgétaires des collectivités locales ont rendu nécessaire l’établissement d’un partenariat avec le secteur privé en matière d’aménagement. La logique induite de la réalisation d’une action ou opération d’aménagement s’est dès lors diffusée au sein de l’urbanisme réglementaire et relègue au second plan son origine policière. La mise de la règle au service du projet d’aménagement et la négociation du financement privé des équipements publics par la conclusion d’un projet urbain partenarial rendent floue la frontière des catégories de l’acte unilatéral et du contrat. Une gouvernance horizontale des rapports entre l’administration compétente et les pétitionnaires tend ainsi à se substituer à une logique de commandement. Toutefois, le régime juridique des concessions d’aménagement est actuellement déterminé, sous l’influence du droit communautaire, par ses procédures de dévolution liées à l’existence d’un risque économique à la charge du concessionnaire. Or, cet état du droit est inadapté à la pratique de l’aménagement d’initiative publique. Le risque est inhérent à l’activité économique d’aménagement et ne peut donc constituer un critère d’identification des « concessions publiques » et des « marchés publics » d’aménagement. La complexité et la flexibilité de l’objet d’aménagement nécessitent une appréhension globale que n’autorise pas l’encadrement jurisprudentiel des modifications des contrats de la commande publique. Cependant, l’assimilation de l’objet de la concession à un service d’intérêt économique général permettrait d’élaborer un régime juridique adéquat. Son enjeu économique et sa procédure de dévolution dépendraient étroitement des obligations de service public mises à la charge de l’aménageur. La dimension économique du traité permettrait d’élaborer un régime juridique d’exécution contractuelle fondé sur les risques d’aménagement. / Because of the renewal of its object and purposes, public planning law has been under some changes. Both the enlargement of town-planning public order’s purposes and the constrictions of local municipalities budgets have rendered compelling the development of partnerships with the private sector. The very logic of planning’s action or operation subsequently infused town-planning law and contributed to the relegation of its regulatory origin. The boundary between unilateral act and contract is getting blurred both by a public norm serving planning project and the negotiation of private funding for public amenities by the conclusion of an urban partnership project. The hierarchical logic pertaining to the relationship between the administrative body and its petitioners progressively shifted as horizontal governance. However, the legal regime of public planning concessions – under the influence of E.U. law – is currently organized by awarding proceedings triggered by the existence of an economical risk. Yet this regime does not suit publicly initiated planning activities. The risk is inherent in every economical planning activity, and, as a consequence, cannot thus discriminate between “planning public concessions” and “planning public contracts”. Both complexity and flexibility of planning projects advocate for a compulsory global understanding that is not permitted by a jurisprudential regulation of the changes in the public procurement agreement. Nevertheless, the legal assimilation of the object of a concession to a service of general economic interest would permit the elaboration of a more suitable legal regime. Its economical purpose and awarding proceeding would strictly rely on the developer’s public service requirements. The economical dimension of the treaty would permit the elaboration of a legal regime of contractual performance based on the risks of planning.