In 1997, Drs. G. R. Blakley and I. Borosh published two papers whose stated purpose was to present a general formulation of the notion of a code that depends only upon a code's structure and not its functionality. In doing so, they created a further generalization--the idea of a precode. Recently, Drs. Blakley, Borosh, and A. Klappenecker have worked on interpreting the structures and results in these pioneering papers within the framework of category theory. The purpose of this dissertation is to further the above work. In particular, we seek to accomplish the following tasks within the ``general theory of codes.' 1. Rewrite the original two papers in terms of the alternate representations of precodes as bipartite digraphs and Boolean matrices. 2. Count various types of bipartite graphs up to isomorphism, and count various classes of codes and precodes up to isomorphism. 3. Identify many of the classical objects and morphisms from category theory within the categories of codes and precodes. 4. Describe the various ways of constructing a code from a precode by ``splitting' the precode. Identify important properties of these constructions and their interrelationship. Discuss the properties of the constructed codes with regard to the factorization of homomorphisms through them, and discuss their relationship to the code constructed from the precode by ``smashing.' 5. Define a parametrization of a precode and give constructions of various parametrizations of a given precode, including a ``minimal' parametrization. 6. Use the computer algebra system, Maple, to represent and display a precode and its companion, opposite, smash, split, bald-split, and various parametrizations. Implement the formulae developed for counting bipartite graphs and precodes up to isomorphism.

La contractualisation en droit des personnes est un phénomène complexe dont l’appréhension s’avère particulièrement délicate tant l’antinomie entre le contrat et le droit des personnes semble manifeste. Pourtant, une analyse approfondie de celui-ci révèle au contraire qu’il n’est pas qu’une douce illusion, une utopie, mais qu’il est au contraire une réalité dynamique et croissante. La contractualisation entraîne tout d’abord dans son sillage une promotion effrénée du rôle des volontés individuelles, le droit imposé ayant progressivement régressé, à tout le moins dans ses formes traditionnelles, parallèlement à l’émergence du droit négocié. Mais elle caractérise au-delà la nécessaire interaction entre les volontés subjectives et les éléments objectifs invitant à une analyse renouvelée des termes du principe de l’autonomie de la volonté et révélant au-delà la réalité contractuelle des accords. La contractualisation en droit des personnes témoigne ensuite d’une coloration anthropocentriste dès lors que le principe de dignité humaine ressort comme le vecteur transcendantal à l’aune duquel le droit objectif influe sur la dynamique contractuelle dans ce pan juridique. Il est en effet négativement le socle sur lequel s’érigent les limites opposées aux volontés individuelles afin que les principes supérieurs du droit des personnes ne soient jamais contredits, et positivement un référentiel pourvoyeur de droits en faveur du contractant vulnérable. Une telle mobilisation, irrésistible, de la dignité par le droit objectif paraît nécessairement imposer un développement des contrats en droit des personnes en marge du droit commun. Cette étude doit pourtant parvenir à la démonstration contraire, dès lors qu’aucun schisme avec le régime général n’est avéré. / The contractualization in person law is a complex phenomenon which can be tough to apprehend. It would be stereotypical to point out the apparent opposition between contracts and person law, as if the very existence of the phenomenon would seem, at first glance, necessarily out of the question. However, further analysis reveals that, on the contrary, the contractualization is not a sweet illusion, an utopia, but actually a dynamic and growing truth.Firstly, it is interesting to underline the increasing promotion of the role of free will in person law showing that the concept of ‘imposed right’ has gradually decreased, at least in its traditional aspects, leaving in its wake the emergence of ‘negotiated rights’. Therefore, it is the observation of the existence of a necessary heteronomous interference in the field of agreements which has to be led, invinting in a new analysis of the common sense that can be seen in the principle of free will. Thus, the study of the phenomenon of contractualization leads one to further pursue the analysis of the terms of the principle of free will, revealing beyond that the agreements are legally enforceable, contracts. Second, it’s the study of the anthropocentrism of the contractualization which must be purchased. In this regard, the use of the principle of respect of human dignity must be highlighted, due to its tendency negatively, to show itself as an obstacle to contractual wishes, and then, positively, it appears like a provider of rights in favor of the vulnerable contractor, in accordance with general scheme.

Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime (1990) has received a great deal of empirical examination in the criminology, yet the application of this theory to white-collar crime offenders has not received a great deal of attention. Research that has been conducted in the realm of white-collar crime has yielded mixed support for low self-control in explaining such offenses (Simpson and Piquero, 2002; Reed and Yeager, 1996; Langton et al., 2006; Blickle, 2006). The current study seeks to supplement the literature by focusing not simply on the direct causal links between self-control and white-collar offending, but also exploring how attitudes play a role between self-control and intentions to engage in white-collar crime. Specifically, this study examines whether attitudes towards environmental offending mediate and moderate the relationship between self-control and intentions to engage in environmental white-collar crime. The results indicated that attitudes toward environmental offending did have a mediating effect, but the effect of attitudes did not significantly vary as a function of self-control. Subsequently, simple slopes analysis found that the effect of attitudes was only significant among those with average and high levels of self-control. Implications for the general theory of crime and future directions for white-collar crime research are discussed.

According to the General Theory of Crime, lower self-control individuals with sufficient opportunities are most likely to engage in crime or analogous acts. This study tested three hypotheses drawn from the General Theory of Crime. Specifically, this study tested the low selfcontrol to rule-breaking behavior association, self-selection and tested restricted or enhanced opportunities as moderators of the low self-control and rule-breaking link. Early adolescents reported their self-control, unsupervised time, parental solicitation, rules, affiliation with antisocial peers and rule-breaking behavior. Parents reported their perceptions of adolescents' rule-breaking. Lower self-control was associated with more adolescent- but not parent-reported rule-breaking. Lower self-control was linked to more rule-breaking behavior indirectly through unsupervised time, parental solicitation and antisocial peers. Lower self-control was more strongly associated with rule-breaking at higher, as compared to lower, levels of opportunities. Results clarify and extend understanding of the role of restricted or enhanced opportunities in the General Theory of Crime.

O presente trabalho teve por finalidade dissertar sobre o tema das normas jurídicas tributárias sancionadoras, estudo elaborado sob a perspectiva da teoria geral do direito. Isto porque, apesar da recente proliferação das previsões sancionatórias com gênese no descumprimento direito ou indireto de normas jurídicas tributárias, são escassos os trabalhos científicos aprofundados a tratar do tema. Poucas investigações lhe definem um conceito, discorrem sobre sua estrutura enquanto homogeneidade sintática, estabelecem limites objetivos à sua imputação aos contribuintes ou se voltam a propor repartições do tema em categorias de estudo, entre outras das tarefas a que se dedicaria uma pesquisa generalizante. Desta forma, esta dissertação objetivou organizar e sistematizar os estudos científicos sobre o tema de forma coerente e harmônica, aprofundando-os naquilo que possível. Para tal, após definir seu conceito, delimitando o objeto das pesquisas, cuidou do histórico, das finalidades e dos veículos introdutores destas normas, providências respectivamente necessárias a apontar quais foram as suas origens histórico-normativas e qual foi seu percurso evolutivo, a que finalidades mediata e imediata se prestam e quais são os instrumentos capazes de veicularem suas previsões gerais e abstratas e individuais e concretas no repertório do ordenamento jurídico. Em sequência, tratou-se de classificar as sanções que elas veiculam, identificando as características comuns que possibilitam agrupá-las para fins didáticos de pesquisa, para depois expor em detalhes suas espécies mais recorrentes. O momento seguinte foi dedicado a definir a regra-matriz de incidência destas normas, investigação necessária à compreensão de sua homogeneidade sintática. E, por fim, tratou-se dos limites à instituição e à aplicação destas normas, cuidando da heterogeneidade semântica destas normas ao fornecer subsídios ao legislador e ao aplicador do Direito nos seus respectivos labores de criá-las e de positivá-las, finalizando-se o trabalho pelas derradeiras conclusões. / This paper aims to study and discuss the issue of punitive tax legal standards, a study commissioned by the prospect of General Theory of Law. Despite the recent proliferation of sanctioning forecasts with its genesis in the right tax or indirect breach of legal rules, there are few scientific studies to address the issue in-depth. Only few investigations will define a concept, discuss about its structure as syntactic homogeneity, set goals to its limits or charging taxpayers turn to propose allocations of topic categories in the study, among other tasks to which they devote one generalizing research. In this way, this thesis aimed to organize and systematize the scientific studies on the subject in a coherent and harmonious way, deepening them as much as possible. To this end, after defining the concept and the object of this research, this paper took care of the historic, of the purposes and of the vehicles responsible for introducing the legal standards, measures that were necessary to, respectively, point out which were its historical-normative origins and its evolutionary path, and, also, which were its mediate and immediate purposes and the instruments capable to transmit its abstract and general and also specific and concrete previsions in the repertoire of legal forecasts. In sequence, the penalties transmitted by these standards were classified, making possible for the identification of common characteristics that enable the allocation of these standards in groups for educational research purposes, and then spell out in detail their most frequent species. The next moment was dedicated to define the main rule of incidence of these standards, necessary investigation for the understanding of its syntactic homogeneity investigation. Finally, this paper took care of the limits to the institution and implementation of these standards by providing subsidies to the legislator and to the enforcer of law for their respective labors of creation and positivization of these standards, ending this work with the conclusions.

Traditionnellement présentés comme des univers étanches et que tout semble opposer, les marchés financiers sont de plus en plus structurés comme des marchés de consommation. Au regard de l’analyse pragmatique de la réalité économique et sociale de ces deux secteurs, il apparaît donc juste et opportun d’offrir aux investisseurs particuliers une protection essentiellement comparable à celles des consommateurs. C’est d’ailleurs dans cette direction que s’oriente nettement le droit financier ces dernières années. L’émergence d’un principe d’assimilation des investisseurs aux consommateurs permet de rendre compte juridiquement de ce phénomène de « consumérisation » du droit financier et d’aller plus loin en ce sens. Techniquement, ce principe invite à la reconnaissance d’une notion juridique hybride d’investisseur consommateur.Pratiquement, les investisseurs-consommateurs pourraient revendiquer directement l’application de nombreuses dispositions du Code de la consommation. À un niveau plus théorique, ce principe invite à repenser en profondeur la manière traditionnelle de concevoir le paradigme du droit financier et les principales notions des deux disciplines mobilisées. Enfin, parce que la technique juridique d’assimilation s’est révélée être un « impensé » de la science du droit, une réflexion en retour sur ce procédé a été engagée. Il en ressort, qu’en droit, l’assimilation présente une suffisante spécificité justifiant une double reconnaissance : d’une part, en tant qu’instrument normatif, en un principe général d’assimilation et, d’autre part, en un concept de la science du droit à fonctions théoriques multiples. / Financial markets, traditionally presented as separate watertight universes, are now structured increasingly as consumer markets. With regard to the pragmatic analysis of the economic and social reality of these two sectors, it appears justified to offer to private investors a form of protection that is essentially comparable to protection offered to consumers. Moreover, financial law has been clearly oriented in this direction other the last years. The emergence of a principle of assimilation of investors with consumers makes it possible to recognize this phenomenon of ‘consumerisation’ of financial law and to go further with this idea. Technically, this principle encourages the recognition of a hybrid legal notion of investor-consumer. On a practical level, investors-consumers could demand directly the application of numerous provisions of the Consumer Code. On a more theoretical level, this principle encourages a thorough rethinking of the tradition way in which the paradigm of financial law and the principal notions of the two mobilized disciplines are perceived. Finally, because the legal technique of assimilation has proved to be an ‘unthinkable’ of legal science, a back reflection has begun. From this it has emerged that, in law, assimilation presents sufficient specificity to justify a double recognition : on the one hand, as a normative instrument of general principle of assimilation and, on the other hand, as a concept of legal science with multiple theoretical functions.

In this thesis we study a deformation of a black-hole spacetime due to another strong sources of gravity. Keeping within static and axially symmetric metrics, we consider a binary of Schwarzschild black holes held apart from each other by a repulsive effect of an Appell ring. After verifying that such a system can rest in static equilibrium (without any supporting struts), we compute its several basic geometric characteristics and we plot simple invariants determined by the metric functions (especially lapse, or, equivalently, potential) and by their first and second derivatives (gravitational acceleration and Kretschmann scalar). Then we extend the analysis below the black-hole horizon and inspect the behaviour of the scalars inside. The geometry turns out to be deformed in a non-trivial way, we even find regions of negative Kretschmann scalar in some cases. In the second part, we present a summary of the perturbative solution describing a slowly rotating system of a black hole surrounded by a thin finite circular disc, and an analysis of equatorial circular geodesics in such a spacetime. 1

This study integrates one of the most empirically tested individual characteristics (self-control) with situational factors (risky lifestyle) in an attempt to explain the risks involved in violent victimization. Data came from a diverse sample of 3,907 middle school students who participated in the G.R.E.A.T. program during the 1993-1994 school year. Gang membership is used as a proxy variable to measure risky lifestyle. It is hypothesized that 1) gang membership will mediate the effect of self-control on violent victimization and 2) self-control and gang membership will interact to amplify the risk of violent victimization. Logistic regression was used to analyze the prevalence of violent victimization and negative binomial regression was used to analyze frequency of violent victimization. When all other extraneous factors were controlled, insufficient evidence was found to support the hypotheses of this study. A discussion of the findings, as well as theoretical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Self-control and various elements comprising this construct have received much credit over the years as it has been able to account for a large amount of variance in delinquency rates. Some research has suggested that individual difference factors (e.g., self-control) can overwhelm external factors (e.g., neighborhoods; see Loeber & Wikström, 2000). Others have found that social influences (e.g., employment; see Wright, et al, 2001) have more pronounced effects for those most at-risk. Because of the equivocal nature of the empirical findings, this study seeks to replicate and extend previous efforts. Specifically, the influence of constructs derived from social learning, control, deterrence, and strain are examined to see if any vary in their influence on adolescent offending as a function of self-control. Results indicate that all of these theoretical constructs (with the exception of paternal attachment) played a more important role among those who evinced the highest levels of self-control. Implications for criminological theory and criminal justice policy are discussed.

Submitted by icict Monica (monica@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-10-17T13:20:45Z Editado por Éder Freyre No. of bitstreams: 1 Volume_Final.pdf: 2681639 bytes, checksum: e5bcf9ba15caf1e974a4866485d60266 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-17T13:20:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Volume_Final.pdf: 2681639 bytes, checksum: e5bcf9ba15caf1e974a4866485d60266 (MD5) / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / O conjunto de técnicas de Geomática tem sido um poderoso aliado no apoio à tomada de decisões e manipulação de dados espaciais. Nas últimas décadas tornou-se quase indispensável na gestão de recursos humanose recursos naturais. Na área da Saúde, a Geomática tem viabilizado estudos sobre: análise da distribuiçãode pacientes; variações na ocorrência de epidemias; monitoramento de vetores; avaliação em tempo real de situações de emergência ou catastróficas, entre outros. A associação da Medicina com a Geografia é antiga. A associação entre a saúde e a espacialização das doenças deve considerar a estruturação física do espaço geográfico a partir da caracterização de cada parte componente do sistema como preconiza a perspectiva sistêmica na Teoria Geral de Sistema, pois a população é parte integrante do espaço geográfico no qual ocorrem determinados agravos à saúde. Nestes pontos recai a relevância da presente pesquisa. O estudo foi desenvolvido na área da Bacia Hidrográfica de Jacarepaguá no município do Rio de Janeiro. Com aproximadamente 295 km2 é composta por 19 bairros e tem uma população aproximada de 682000 habitantes. O estudo pretendeu estruturar uma metodologia para inserção das técnicas de Geomática na prática de análises de dados de saúde, apoiada na Teoria Geral de Sistemas, visando contribuir no processo de vigilânciaambiental em saúde permitindo realizar um prognóstico de situações de risco de determinada população. A base cartográfica que apoiou o estudo foi construída através de cartas topográficas da DSG na escala 1:50000. Das cartas foram retiradas informações de planimetria relevantes ao estudo e as informações de altimetria que foram utilizadas na elaboraçãodo modelo digital de terreno (MDT). Com o MDT foi gerado o mapa de declividade por grau que permitiu criar divisões em 5 classes para posterior geração de mapas temáticos com osdados de saúde. Os dados de saúde foram retirados do Sistema de Informações de Notificação de Agravos (SINAN) disponibilizado pelo Ministério da Saúde. A doença analisada foi a leptospirose. Os casos foram localizados pontualmente a partir dos endereços de residência. A hipótese aventada neste estudo era a existência de um alto grau de correlação entre as partes componentes representadas pela estruturação física do espaço e a ocorrência de leptospirose. Com os resultados comprovou-se a hipótese nula, pois somente ocorrem doenças em áreas associadas ao Fundo Chato da Baixada de Jacarepaguá e nos Declives Suavesdos Morros Isolados, também localizados no Subsistema Baixada. Isto demonstra que em termos desta doença existe uma ausência de população nesta componente espacial em áreas de maiores declividades. / The collection of Geomatics’techniques has been a powerful allied to support space data decisions and handling. Last decade, it almost became essential to human and natural resources management. For health, Geomatics has made feasible some researches, such as: analyses about patients’ distribution, epidemics occurrence variation, vector tracking, assessment about emergency or catastrophic situations in real time, among others. The association between Medicine and Geography isold. The association between health and spacialization of diseases may consider the physical structure of geographic space from characterization of each system’s component part as the systemic perspective spreads in General System Theory seeing that the population is part of geographic space which occur some health disorders. Therefore, these facts are the importance of this research that was developed in Baixada de Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro. This place has approximately 295 Km2 and it is compounded by 19 neighborhoods which have an estimate of 682000 inhabitants. The research intended to structure a methodology to insert Geomatics’ techniques into practice of health data analyses, supported by General System Theory, aiming to contribute in the process of environmental monitoring in health which allows a prognosis about situations of risks of certain population. The basic mapping that supported this study was built by topographic charts of DSG on the scale 1:50000. From these charts, planimetry details were taken off and also altimetry information that were used in the development of digital terrain model (DTM). With DTM, the slope mapping by percentage was done and it allowed the creation of compartments in five classes for subsequent generation of thematic maps with health data. The data of this study were found in health information systems released by the Ministry of Health. The analyzed disease was leptospirosis. And its cases were located from addresses of residence. The hypothesis raisedhere was the existence of high correlation among component parts represented by physicalstructure of space and the occurrence of leptospirosis. By the results, it was proved the void hypothesis because diseases only happen in areas which are associated with plain area of the coastal bas of Jacarepaguá and the suave hillside of the hillock, both in subsystem coastal bas. It demonstrates that in terms of leptospirosis, an absence of population exists at this space component in areas of major steepness.